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• Space Policy Directive 3: National Space Traffic Management Policy

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  From the Policy: "For decades, the United States has effectively reaped the benefits of operating in space to enhance our national security, civil, and commercial sectors. Our society now depends on space technologies and space-based capabilities for communications, navigation, weather forecasting, and much more. Given the significance of space activities, the United States considers the continued unfettered access to and freedom to operate in space of vital interest to advance the security, economic prosperity, and scientific knowledge of the Nation. [...] The future space operating environment will also be shaped by a significant increase in the volume and diversity of commercial activity in space. Emerging commercial ventures such as satellite servicing, debris removal, in-space manufacturing, and tourism, as well as new technologies enabling small satellites and very large constellations of satellites, are increasingly outpacing efforts to develop and implement government policies and processes to address these new activities. To maintain U.S. leadership in space, we must develop a new approach to space traffic management (STM) that addresses current and future operational risks. This new approach must set priorities for space situational awareness (SSA) and STM innovation in science and technology (S&T), incorporate national security considerations, encourage growth of the U.S. commercial space sector, establish an updated STM architecture, and promote space safety standards and best practices across the international community."

  United States. White House Office

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2018-06-18
• Executive Order 13326: President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy

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  "There is hereby established the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy (the 'Commission'). [...] The mission of the Commission shall be to provide recommendations to the President, in accordance with this order, on implementation of the vision outlined in the President's policy statement entitled 'A Renewed Spirit of Discovery' and the President's Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2005 (collectively, 'Policy'). [...] The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shall provide, to the extent permitted by law, administrative support and funding for the Commission. The Commission is established in NASA for administrative purposes only."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-

  2004-01-27
• Presidential Policy Directive 4: National Space Policy of the United States of America

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  "The legacy of success in space and its transformation also presents new challenges. When the space age began, the opportunities to use space were limited to only a few nations, and there were limited consequences for irresponsible or unintentional behavior. Now, we find ourselves in a world where the benefits of space permeate almost every facet of our lives. The growth and evolution of the global economy has ushered in an ever-increasing number of nations and organizations using space. The now-ubiquitous and interconnected nature of space capabilities and the world's growing dependence on them mean that irresponsible acts in space can have damaging consequences for all of us. For example, decades of space activity have littered Earth's orbit with debris; and as the world's space-faring nations continue to increase activities in space, the chance for a collision increases correspondingly. As the leading space-faring nation, the United States is committed to addressing these challenges. But this cannot be the responsibility of the United States alone. All nations have the right to use and explore space, but with this right also comes responsibility. The United States, therefore, calls on all nations to work together to adopt approaches for responsible activity in space to preserve this right for the benefit of future generations. From the outset of humanity's ascent into space, this Nation declared its commitment to enhance the welfare of humankind by cooperating with others to maintain the freedom of space. The United States hereby renews its pledge of cooperation in the belief that with strengthened inter¬national collaboration and reinvigorated U.S. leadership, all nations and peoples--space-faring and space-benefiting--will find their horizons broadened, their knowledge enhanced, and their lives greatly improved."

  United States. Executive Office of the President

  2010-06-28
• United States National Space Security Policy and the Strategic Issues for DOD Space Control

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  "The list of how space technology contributes to the world economy grows almost daily. Space globalization is racing faster than U.S. National Security Strategy can keep up. The U.S. Strategy calls for the military to develop capabilities to protect U.S. assets in outer space. This is to ensure the use of space assets during time of conflict. Potential adversaries understand the vulnerabilities. America must deny the enemy use of space if called upon to do so and ensure its ability to operate freely. Space Control actions will increasingly encounter strategic issues as adversaries use third party space assets to enhance their military and intelligence operations. What are the implications for military and national security planners when third party space assets and services are interwoven into an adversary's capabilities? Will current U.S. space policy meet the needs of the nation in an era of space globalization? To answer these questions this paper will review the national and military policies on space. It will also summarize the effects of space globalization, to include the world's increasing reliance on civilian space assets. Finally, a strategic analysis of space control policies and doctrine will determine if there is a sound space strategy in the face of globalization and if not, suggest recommendations for possible action."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Perdomo, Maurice

  2005-03-18
• Space Policy Directive-4: Establishment of the United States Space Force

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  "Space is integral to our way of life, our national security, and modern warfare. Although United States space systems have historically maintained a technological advantage over those of our potential adversaries, those potential adversaries are now advancing their space capabilities and actively developing ways to deny our use of space in a crisis or conflict. It is imperative that the United States adapt its national security organizations, policies, doctrine, and capabilities to deter aggression and protect our interests. Toward that end, the Department of Defense shall take actions under existing authority to marshal its space resources to deter and counter threats in space, and to develop a legislative proposal to establish a United States Space Force as a sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces within the Department of the Air Force. This is an important step toward a future military department for space. Under this proposal, the United States Space Force would be authorized to organize, train, and equip military space forces of the United States to ensure unfettered access to, and freedom to operate in, space, and to provide vital capabilities to joint and coalition forces in peacetime and across the spectrum of conflict."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2019-02-25
• Examining Space Warfare: Scenarios, Risks, and US Policy Implications

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  "Militaries plan for contingencies involving space, but few studies have examined the issue with the intent of helping guide policies necessary for shaping military planning. This article takes a practical approach by examining space warfare, beginning with current US political policy and military space doctrine. After examining how the United States intends to fight, the author addresses current fielded capabilities that exist to conduct these battles, both in the United States and in nations considered potential space opponents. Analyzing possible confrontations with space competitors, he concludes that realistic scenarios involving military confrontation in space are extremely limited and, as a corollary, that space weaponization is neither an efficient nor effective way to reduce US vulnerabilities. [...]. The simultaneous rise in the necessity and vulnerability of space assets led the 2001 Space Commission to warn of a potential space 'Pearl harbor'--a warning that confirmed the beliefs of those who seek increased militarization of space, including space-based weapons, to ensure the nation's security. Since that time, others have argued that the deployment of space-based weapons, at best, will lead to a destabilizing space-weapons race and, at worst, will result in the long-term, catastrophic contamination of highly useful regions of the space environment in a truly Pyrrhic defense of national interests. This article contends that the very concept of a space Pearl harbor conflicts with the reality of current space-warfare possibilities and that, contrary to the beliefs of 'space dominance' advocates, it is still possible to maintain space as a sanctuary while protecting US military capabilities."

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  Weston. Scott A.

  2009-02
• United States Space Policy -- A Policy We Got Right...So Far

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  "Since the race to place a man on the moon was won, the United States has enjoyed a dominant advantage in space, both economically and militarily. From that time, practically every administration pursued policies and programs that ensured dominance of space. This was possible because only the wealthiest countries could afford space technologies and access. Now, even commercial companies (both foreign and U.S. owned) have access to space capabilities. The United States military has transformed in ways that make space dominance essential to the conduct of operations. Information superiority provided by space-based intelligence and communications assets allows commanders information dominance over adversaries. Global positioning systems allow for precision strike capabilities in difficult access areas as well as visibility on blue forces. Space-based broadband assets provide logistics and medical capabilities. While U.S. military access to space is essential, military commanders voice concern that allowing U.S. adversaries access to state-owned or commercially produced space-based products could wipe away the information advantage it has learned to rely on. Information superiority, a hinge pin of U.S. military strategy, like facets of the U.S. economy, could be crippled by attacks to key space-based assets. The United States Government has used a 'right time' approach toward space policy. This paper explores how the United States has used policy to maintain the lead, both economically and militarily, in space."

  Army War College (U.S.)

  Hagg, David

  2006-03-26
• Report on U.S. Space Policy

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  "The International Security Advisory Board (ISAB) welcomes and supports the National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) of August 31, 2006, 'U.S. National Space Policy,' and its articulation of the importance of space to U.S. national security, economic well-being, and technological advancement. While the broad outlines and the specifics of the current policy do not differ significantly from the 1996 National Space Policy, the new national space policy is an important public document that articulates key points in an unclassified summary. It should be used as the basis for national and international dialogue on the importance of space. The ISAB also wishes to note that the bipartisan Rumsfeld Commission report (Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization), issued on January 11, 2001, is a useful and logical companion to the U.S. National Space Policy directive. It set forth important recommendations to implement the policy described by that directive. It also emphasized that space can become a real national priority only through strong and continuing leadership from the highest levels of the U.S. Government. The United States does not seek to deny other nations' access to and use of space for peaceful purposes. It only seeks to preserve its own free access to and use of space for peaceful purposes. The document does reaffirm, however, that space is of such critical importance to the United States, commercially and militarily, that it is a vital national interest; and it does recognize that space is an arena of growing competition and challenge, as well as opportunity."

  United States. International Security Advisory Board

  2007-04-25
• National Space Transportation Policy

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  From the Introduction: "Space activities are critical to the Nation's technological advancement, scientific discovery, security, and economic growth. As outlined in the 'National Space Policy,' the utilization of space has transformed every aspect of society, and the United States remains committed to maintaining its role as the leading space-faring nation. Space transportation capabilities play a vital role in enabling these space activities by providing the United States with access to diverse regions of space. The U.S. space transportation sector is undergoing a period of change as new actors and capabilities emerge and nontraditional public-private partnerships are established. At the same time, the sector faces challenges to include increased proliferation concerns and international competition. To assure continued leadership in this arena, it is essential that the United States foster more efficient and capable space transportation systems and approaches that can address such challenges and enable new activities and discoveries in and from space. Maintaining an assured capability to meet United States Government needs, while also taking the necessary steps to strengthen U.S. competitiveness in the international commercial launch market, is important to ensuring that U.S. space transportation capabilities will be reliable, robust, safe, and affordable in the future. Among other steps, improving the cost effectiveness of U.S. space transportation services could help achieve this goal by allowing the United States Government to invest a greater share of its resources in other needs such as facilities modernization, technology advancement, scientific discovery, and national security. Further, a healthier, more competitive U.S. space transportation industry would facilitate new markets, encourage new industries, create high technology jobs, lead to greater economic growth and security, and would further the Nation's leadership role in space."

  United States. White House Office

  2013-11-21
• Future of NASA: Space Policy Issues Facing Congress [January 14, 2010]

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  "For the past several years, the priorities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have been governed by the Vision for Space Exploration. The Vision was announced by President Bush in January 2004 and endorsed by Congress in the 2005 and 2008 NASA authorization acts (P.L. [Public Law] 109-155 and P.L. 110-422). It directed NASA to focus its efforts on returning humans to the Moon by 2020 and some day sending them to Mars and 'worlds beyond.' The resulting efforts are now approaching major milestones, such as the end of the space shuttle program, design review decisions for the new spacecraft intended to replace the shuttle, and decisions about whether to extend the operation of the International Space Station. At the same time, concerns have grown about whether NASA can accomplish the planned program of human exploration of space without significant growth in its budget. [...] As Congress considers these broad space policy challenges, the major issues it faces can be summarized as three broad questions: What is NASA for? [...] What should NASA do? [...] How? This report analyzes these questions and some possible answers. It also addresses a number of cross-cutting issues, such as NASA's interactions with other federal agencies and the growing role of the commercial space industry."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Morgan, Daniel (Daniel L.)

  2010-01-14
• Defense Acquisitions: Improvements Needed in Space Systems Acquisition Policy to Optimize Growing Investment in Space, Statement by Robert E. Levin, Director, Acquisition and Sourcing Management, before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, Senate Committee on Armed Services

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  DoD has recently implemented a new acquisition policy, which sets the stage for decision making on individual space programs. GAO was asked to testify on its assessment of the new policy. Similar to all weapon system programs, GAO found that commitments were made to satellite launch dates, cost estimates, and delivering certain capabilities without knowing whether technologies being pursued could really work as intended. Thus, time and costs were consistently underestimated. As currently written, and from discussions with DoD officials about how the new acquisition policy will be implemented, GAO determined that the policy will not result in separating technology development from product development to ensure that a match is made between needs and resources. Instead, it allows major investment commitments to be made with unknowns about technology readiness, requirements, and funding. By not changing its current practice, DoD will likely perpetuate problems within individual programs that require more time and money to address than anticipated. More important, over the long run, the extra investment required to address these problems will likely prevent DoD from pursuing more advanced capabilities and from making effective tradeoff decisions between space and other weapon system programs. Although GAO did not make recommendations in this testimony, it reiterated a previous recommendation that DoD modify its policy to separate technology development from product development. GAO's past work has consistently shown that time and risk are reduced and capability is increased when programs begin with knowledge that technologies can work as intended.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  2003-11-18
• National Space Traffic Management Policy, Space Policy Directive

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  "Memorandum for the Vice President[,] the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Commerce[,] the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Director of National Intelligence[,] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget[,] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[,] the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration[,] the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy[,] the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism[, and] the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  2018-06-21
• National Information Assurance Policy for Space Systems Used to Support National Security Missions [March 20, 2007]

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  "The primary objective of this policy is to ensure the success of national security missions that use space systems by fully integrating IA into the planning, development, design, launch, sustained operation, and deactivation of those space systems used to collect, generate, process, store, display, or transmit national security information, as well as any supporting or related national security systems. Effective with its date of signature, this policy supersedes National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy (NSTISSP) No. 12, National Information Assurance (IA) Policy for U.S. Space Systems (U//FOUO), dated January 2001. Further, National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) No. 49, Subject: National Space Policy, dated 31 August 2006, states that United States national security is critically dependent upon space capabilities, and this dependence will grow. Space activities are also closely linked to the operation of the U.S. Government's critical infrastructures, and have increasingly been leveraged to satisfy national security requirements. Based on the importance of these activities and increasing threats to them, it is imperative that the national-level information assurance (IA) space policy be updated, promulgated, and adopted, further ensuring the availability, confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and survivability of the national security information environment under a wide range of peace or war time threat scenarios. Also, In accordance with the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) Secretariat has initiated an Issuance Compliance Process for reporting annual status of Department and Agency implementation of new/revised CNSS Issuances. The first report for the attached policy, which will be promulgated by CNSS action memorandum, is due six months following its issuance."

  Committee on National Security Systems

  2007-03-20
• National Information Assurance Policy for Space Systems Used to Support National Security Missions [November 28, 2012]

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  "Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-4), 'National Space Policy of the United States of America', (Reference a) reiterates that United States national security is critically dependent upon space capabilities and this dependence will grow. Space activities are also closely linked to the operation of the United States Government's (USG) critical infrastructures and have increasingly been leveraged to satisfy national security requirements. Therefore, increased assurance and resilience are needed for the mission-essential functions of national security space systems, including their supporting infrastructure, to help protect against disruption, degradation, and destruction, whether from environmental, mechanical, electronic, or hostile means. […] The primary objective of this policy is to help ensure the success of national security missions that use space systems, by fully integrating information assurance into the planning, development, design, launch, sustained operation, and deactivation of those space systems used to collect, generate, process, store, display, or transmit national security information, as well as any supporting or related national security systems. Fully addressing information assurance is especially important for the space platform portion of space systems, since any vulnerability in them normally cannot be eliminated once launched."

  Committee on National Security Systems

  2012-11-28
• Policy, Influence, and Diplomacy: Space as a National Power Element

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  From the thesis abstract: "This study investigates how United States space systems can be used to directly achieve diplomatic objectives. While space systems are widely acknowledged as vital enablers of terrestrial-based forces, they are often overlooked as a critical component of national power capable of directly pursuing national objectives. A brief review of space doctrine and policy from the Department of Defense, Joint Staff, Unified Command, and Air Force perspectives reinforces the thesis that space systems' ability to independently shape events and achieve objectives, beyond their support to terrestrial forces, is overlooked. Historical precedent for the use of space systems and other military forces in directly supporting diplomatic objectives is then established through case studies on Sputnik's effect on global affairs, the use of U-2 imagery during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the use of the United States Navy as a tool of diplomacy. The study then presents the Space-Diplomacy model that posits seven facets to the diplomatic power of space assets and shows when they can be effective over the spectrum of conflict: prestige, technology partnerships, access to space services, legal precedent, objective information, presence, and threat of punishment. Based on the model, the study offers six ways in which the United States could better leverage its existing space assets for diplomatic advantage."

  Air University (U.S.). School of Advanced Airpower Studies

  Whiting, Stephen N.

  2002-06
• Weaponizing Space: Is Current U.S. Policy Protecting our National Security? Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 23, 2007

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  From the opening statement of John F. Tierney: "Since the dawn of the space age, the U.S. leadership has put a man on the Moon, has allowed us to see to the edge of the universe, saved countless lives by helping to better predict hurricanes, and revolutionized the way the peoples of the world communicate. Our country's leadership over the years in helping to establish a clear understanding among all nations that the peaceful use of space is of paramount importance has repaid us untold benefits, and it promises to increasingly do so in the future. Our country owns or operates 443 of the 845 active satellites around our planet. It is a $100 billion a year industry. Global Positioning System technology is taking off, and even space tourism is becoming more and more of a reality. And our military and intelligence capabilities have become huge beneficiaries of a weapons-free space. Without space, our smart bombs would not be precise. Without space, our troops in Afghanistan and Iraq would not have the real-time information they need. Without space, crucial intelligence gathering would simply vanish. Satellites have, quite literally, become the eyes and ears of our national security. However, there are potentially ominous clouds on the horizon. Space experts, some of whom we will hear from at today's hearing, charge that over the last handful of years the current administration has undertaken a series of actions and changes in policies that could have a profound impact on the future of space and the future of our national security." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Laura Grego, Donald Mahley, James B. Armor, David Cavossa, Theresa Hitchens, Jeff Kueter, and John F. Tierney

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2007
• Department of Defense Directive 3100.10: Space Policy, October 18, 2012 [Incorporating Change 1, November 4, 2016]

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  "This Directive reissues DoD Directive (DoDD) 3100.10 (Reference (a)) to update established DoD space policy and assigned DoD responsibilities for space-related activities in accordance with the National Space Policy, Presidential Policy Directive-4 (Reference (b)), and the National Security Space Strategy (Reference (c)). It addresses the need to deter aggression, promote stability and responsible use of space, integrate space capabilities, and improve space mission assurance."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2016-11-04
• Space Policy Directive 1: Reinvigorating America's Human Space Exploration Program

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  This directive is an amendment to Presidential Policy Directive-4. "Presidential Policy Directive-4 of June 28, 2010 (National Space Policy), is amended as follows: The paragraph beginning 'Set far-reaching exploration milestones' is deleted and replaced with the following: 'Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations;.'"

  United States. White House Office

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2017-12-11
• Space Policy Directive-2: Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space

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  From the Policy: "It is the policy of the executive branch to be prudent and responsible when spending taxpayer funds, and to recognize how government actions, including Federal regulations, affect private resources. It is therefore important that regulations adopted and enforced by the executive branch promote economic growth; minimize uncertainty for taxpayers, investors, and private industry; protect national security, public-safety, and foreign policy interests; and encourage American leadership in space commerce."

  United States. White House Office

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2018-05-24
• U.S. Civilian Space Policy Priorities: Reflections 50 Years After Sputnik [February 2, 2009]

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  From the Document: "This report describes Sputnik and its influence on today's U.S. civilian space policy, the actions other nations and commercial organizations are taking in space exploration, and why the nation invests in space exploration and the public's attitude toward it. The report concludes with a discussion of possible options for future U.S. civilian space policy priorities and the implication of those priorities. [...] If policymakers identify priorities for U.S. civil space exploration, this might help Congress determine the most appropriate balance of funding for NASA's programs during its authorization and appropriation process. For example, if Congress believes that national prestige should be the highest priority, they may choose to emphasize NASA's human exploration activities, such as establishing a Moon base and landing a human on Mars. If they consider scientific knowledge the highest priority, Congress may emphasize unmanned missions and other science-related activities as NASA's major goal. If international relations are a high priority, Congress might encourage other nations to become equal partners in actions related to the International Space Station. If spinoff effects, including the creation of new jobs and markets and its catalytic effect on math and science education, are Congress' priorities, then they may focus NASA's activities on technological development and linking to the needs of business and industry, and expanding its role in science and mathematics education." This report also includes three figures, two tables and one appendix.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Stine, Deborah D.

  2009-02-02
• Office of Science and Technology Policy: Examining Priorities and Effectiveness of the Nation's Science Policies, Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, June 20, 2012

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  This is the June 20, 2012 hearing, "Office of Science and Technology Policy: Examining Priorities and Effectiveness of the Nation's Science Policies," before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of Ralph Hall: "The Office of Science and Technology Policy [OSTP] that we know today is a result of the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282), which formally created both the Office and established the roles of the Director. The House Committee on Science and Technology was instrumental in the passage of this Act, and it is our responsibility to make sure that the Office continues to function in a way that is beneficial to American citizens. […] In addition to reviewing OSTP's responsibilities, operations, and management, we will also look at its function in shaping our Nation's policies. It should come as no surprise that I remain concerned about a number of this Administration's science and technology policy issues, ranging from an unprecedented emphasis on clean energy at the expense of other priorities to a larger focus on applied research at the expense of basic scientific research to the lack of a clearly defined and compelling long-term mission for human space flight. Further, there are other areas still awaiting action from OSTP and the Administration. These include transparency and data access issues, a position on the transfer of the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) from NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] to NASA, a position statement on INKSNA [Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act], and a Strategic Plan for STEM [Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics] Education." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Ralph Hall, Eddie Bernice Johnson, Jerry F. Costello, and John P. Holdren.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• U.S. National Space Policy

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  "The President authorized a new national space policy on August 31, 2006 that establishes overarching national policy that governs the conduct of U.S. space activities. This policy supersedes Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-49/NSTC-8, National Space Policy, dated September 14, 1996. [...] Freedom of action in space is as important to the United States as air power and sea power. In order to increase knowledge, discovery, economic prosperity, and to enhance the national security, the United States must have robust, effective, and efficient space capabilities."

  United States. Office of Science and Technology Policy

  2006-08-31
• Fact Sheet: The National Space Policy [June 28, 2010]

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  On June 28, 2010 "President Obama announced the administration's new National Space Policy. The National Space Policy expresses the President's direction for the Nation's space activities. The policy articulates the President's commitment to reinvigorating U.S. leadership in space for the purposes of maintaining space as a stable and productive environment for the peaceful use of all nations."

  United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

  2010-06-28
• Department of Defense Directive 3100.10: Space Policy [October 18, 2012]

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  "This Directive reissues DoD [Department of Defense] Directive (DoDD) 3100.10 (Reference (a)) to update established DoD space policy and assigned DoD responsibilities for space-related activities in accordance with the National Space Policy, Presidential Policy Directive-4 (Reference (b)) and the National Security Space Strategy (Reference (c)). It addresses comprehensively the challenges posed in an increasingly congested, contested, and competitive space domain."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2012-10-18
• S. Hrg. 108-669: Space Acquisition Policies and Processes, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, November 18, 2003

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  From the opening statement of Wayne Allard: "The hearing has been called to order, and the Strategic Forces Subcommittee meets today to receive testimony on Department of Defense (DOD) space acquisition policies and processes. [...] Space acquisition processes and policies may strike some as a rather arcane subject, but I believe that it is a vitally important one. This Nation relies heavily on its space assets to achieve decisive advantages over our adversaries on the battlefield. That reliance is increasing and, in all likelihood, will continue to grow. Yet we have ample evidence that the development and acquisition of space systems has been anything but trouble-free. While we have the most capable space systems in the world, there has been a consistent history of management problems, cost overruns, technical complications, and schedule delays." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Peter Teets, Brian Arnold,Thomas Young, and Robert Levin.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2004
• Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities [Updated January 6, 2020]

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  From the Introduction: "Space weather refers to the dynamic conditions in Earth's outer space environment. This includes conditions on the Sun, in the solar wind, and in Earth's upper atmosphere. Space weather phenomena include [1] solar flares or periodic intense bursts of radiation from the sun caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy, [2] coronal mass ejections composed of clouds of solar plasma and electromagnetic radiation, ejected into space from the sun, [3] high-speed solar wind streams emitted from low density regions of the sun, and [4] solar energetic particles or highly-charged particles formed at the front of solar flares and coronal mass ejections. [...] This report provides an overview of federal government policy developed under the existing legislative framework, and describes the specific roles and responsibilities of select federal departments and agencies responsible for the study and mitigation of space weather hazards."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lipiec, Eva; Humphreys, Brian E.

  2020-01-06
• H.A.S.C. No. 115-83: Space Warfighting Readiness: Policies, Authorities, and Capabilities, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, March 14, 2018

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  This is the March 14, 2018 hearing titled "Space Warfighting Readiness: Policies, Authorities, and Capabilities" held before the House Committee on Armed Services. From the opening statement of William M. "Mac" Thornberry: "First, space is a domain of warfare, not just an enabler. Second, we are falling behind where we should be when it comes to space. Today's hearing will discuss how we catch up. As we refocus our defense efforts on strategic rivals, it is clear that they are putting significant effort into space. I believe the American people still do not fully realize how dependent our country is on space, not just for military and intelligence purposes, but in our everyday lives as well. That dependence creates a vulnerability, which, like in the other domains, we must count on the American military to protect." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Todd Harrison, C. Robert Kehler, and Doug Loverro.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2019
• Space Policy Institute [website]

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  "The Space Policy Institute focuses its activities on policy issues related to the space efforts of the United States and cooperative and competitive interactions in space between the United States and other countries. The Institute provides a setting in which scholars, policy analysts, practitioners, and students can work together to examine and evaluate options for the future in space."

  George Washington University. Space Policy Institute
• Military Space Organization, Policy, and Programs, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 17, 2017

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  This testimony compilation is from the May 17, 2017 hearing on "Military Space Organization, Policy, and Programs," before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. From the opening statement of Senator Deb Fischer (NE): "The committee meets today to receive testimony on space organization, policy, and programs. [...] Space-based capabilities are integral to the way our military operates and our society functions. As previous hearings in this subcommittee have documented, our adversaries are developing increasingly sophisticated ways to attack U.S. space assets and exploit the domain for their own purposes." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Heather A. Wilson, David L. Goldfein, John W. Raymond, and Samuel A. Greaves.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services

  2017-05-17
• Serial No. 112-116: New Technologies and Innovations in the Mobile and Online Space, and the Implications for Public Policy, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet, of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, June 19, 2012

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  This is the June 19, 2012 hearing on "New Technologies and Innovations in the Mobile and Online Space, and the Implications for Public Policy," held before the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet. From the opening statement of Bob Goodlatte: "Today we are holding a hearing to examine the public policy issues raised by new technologies in the mobile and online spaces. It is clear that some of the central policy issues for both consumers and companies are the issues of privacy and data collection. Privacy continues to take on greater importance as more Americans not only use the Internet and mobile devices, but also share their personal information with companies on the Web. Privacy policies and the technological safeguards that companies implement will help guide consumers on what they should expect from those who handle their personal information and set expectations for companies that use personal data. As Congress continues to look at privacy issues online, it is important to have a firm understanding of what the industry practices are. Today's hearing will explore what mechanisms the private sector is currently employing to protect Internet and mobile users. It will also highlight the technological innovation and development that has occurred in this space." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Bob Goodlatte, Melvin L. Watt, Lamar Smith, John Conyers, Jr., Scott R. Shipman, Morgan Reed, Chris Babel, and James Grimmelmann.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012