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• Executive Order 14040: Declassification Reviews of Certain Documents Concerning the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

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  From the Document: "Many Americans continue to seek full accountability for the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11), including 9/11 survivors and victims' family members. As the 20th anniversary of 9/11 approaches, the American people deserve to have a fuller picture of what their Government knows about those attacks. Although the indiscriminate release of classified information could jeopardize the national security--including the United States Government's efforts to protect against future acts of terrorism--information should not remain classified when the public interest in disclosure outweighs any damage to the national security that might reasonably be expected from disclosure. The significant events in question occurred two decades ago or longer, and they concern a tragic moment that continues to resonate in American history and in the lives of so many Americans. It is therefore critical to ensure that the United States Government maximizes transparency, relying on classification only when narrowly tailored and necessary. Thus, information collected and generated in the United States Government's investigation of the 9/11 terrorist attacks should now be disclosed, except when the strongest possible reasons counsel otherwise."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Biden, Joseph R., Jr.

  2021-09-03
• Public Law 107-39: Joint Resolution Expressing the Sense of the Senate and House of Representatives Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Launched against the United States on September 11, 2001

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  "Joint Resolution expressing the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives regarding the terrorist attacks launched against the United States on September 11, 2001."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-18
• Public Law 107-37: To Provide for the Expedited Payment of Certain Benefits for a Public Safety Officer Who Was Killed or Suffered a Catastrophic Injury as a Direct and Proximate Result of a Personal Injury Sustained in the Line of Duty in Connection with the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

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  "An Act to provide for the expedited payment of certain benefits for a public safety officer who was killed or suffered a catastrophic injury as a direct and proximate result of a personal injury sustained in the line of duty in connection with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-18
• Letter from CBO Director Dan L. Crippen to the Honorable Carolyn B. Maloney Regarding [Appropriations to Assist New York City Following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks] [October 29, 2002]

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  From the Letter: "This letter and the attached tables provide the information on enacted funding for assistance to the city of New York, as outlined in my letter of October 11, 2002. Of the almost $65 billion in budget authority enacted through the three emergency supplemental appropriations acts dealing with recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the United States (Public Laws 107-38, 107-117, and 107-206), $15.7 billion was provided for assistance to the city of New York. In addition, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] and the Joint Committee on Taxation estimate that businesses and individuals in New York City will receive about $5 billion in tax relief over the 2002-2012 period under Public Law 107-147. Table 1 summarizes the appropriations for New York City, as well as the estimated revenue impact for Public Law 107-147. The above amounts exclude compensation to victims of the September 11 attacks--the majority of which will go to families who lost relatives in the attack on the World Trade Center."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  Crippen, Dan L., 1952-

  2002-10-29
• To the Congress of the United States [September 10, 2009]

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  This is a September 10, 2009 White House press release regarding President Barack Obama's statement on the continuation of the national emergency with respect to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

  United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

  2009-09-10
• Notice: Disaster Relief for Taxpayers Affected by the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack [September 13, 2001]

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  "This notice provides tax relief under sections 6081, 6161, and 7508A of the Internal Revenue Code for taxpayers affected by the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack, which included the destruction of the two World Trade Center towers and other buildings in the World Trade Center complex, damage to the Pentagon, and the airplane crash in Pennsylvania on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The President issued federal disaster declarations on September 11 and 13, 2001. The September 11, 2001, declaration covers five New York counties: Bronx, Kings, New York (boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan), Queens, and Richmond. The September 13, 2001, declaration covers Arlington County in Virginia, where the Pentagon is located. These counties constitute a 'covered disaster area' within the meaning of section 301.7508A-1(d)(2) of the Procedure and Administration Regulations. In addition, the Internal Revenue Service [IRS] has determined that other taxpayers affected (as defined below) by the terrorist attack are also entitled to relief, regardless of where they reside. Taxpayers who believe they are entitled to relief under this notice should mark 'September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack' in red ink on the top of their return and other documents submitted to the IRS ."

  United States. Department of the Treasury

  2001-09-13
• National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims Of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001: By the President of the United States of America: A Proclamation [September 13, 2001]

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  "On Tuesday morning, September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked America in a series of despicable acts of war. They hijacked four passenger jets, crashed two of them into the World Trade Center's twin towers and a third into the Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense at the Pentagon, causing great loss of life and tremendous damage. The fourth plane crashed in the Pennsylvania countryside, killing all on board but falling well short of its intended target apparently because of the heroic efforts of passengers on board. This carnage, which caused the collapse of both Trade Center towers and the destruction of part of the Pentagon, killed more than 250 airplane passengers and thousands more on the ground. [...] NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Friday, September 14, 2001, as a National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001. I ask that the people of the United States and places of worship mark this National Day of Prayer and Remembrance with noontime memorial services, the ringing of bells at that hour, and evening candlelight remembrance vigils. I encourage employers to permit their workers time off during the lunch hour to attend the noontime services to pray for our land. I invite the people of the world who share our grief to join us in these solemn observances."

  United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

  2001-09-13
• S.J. Res. 22: Expressing the Sense of the Senate and House of Representatives Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Launched Against the United States on September 11, 2001, September 12, 2001

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  "Expressing the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives regarding the terrorist attacks launched against the United States on September 11, 2001. Whereas on September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked and destroyed four civilian aircraft, crashing two of them into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and a third into the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.; Whereas thousands of innocent Americans were killed and injured as a result of these attacks, including the passengers and crew of the four aircraft, workers in the World Trade Center and in the Pentagon, rescue workers, and bystanders; Whereas these attacks destroyed both towers of the World Trade Center, as well as adjacent buildings, and seriously damaged the Pentagon; and Whereas these attacks were by far the deadliest terrorist attacks ever launched against the United States, and, by targeting symbols of American strength and success, clearly were intended to intimidate our Nation and weaken its resolve".

  United States. Congress. Senate

  2001-09-12
• H. J. Res. 61: Expressing the Sense of the Senate and House of Representatives Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Launched Against the United States on September 11, 2001, September 12, 2001

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  "Expressing the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives regarding the terrorist attacks launched against the United States on September 11, 2001. Whereas on September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked and destroyed four civilian aircraft, crashing two of them into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and a third into the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.; Whereas thousands of innocent Americans were killed and injured as a result of these attacks, including the passengers and crew of the four aircraft, workers in the World Trade Center and in the Pentagon, rescue workers, and bystanders; Whereas these attacks destroyed both towers of the World Trade Center, as well as adjacent buildings, and seriously damaged the Pentagon; and Whereas these attacks were by far the deadliest terrorist attacks ever launched against the United States, and, by targeting symbols of American strength and success, clearly were intended to intimidate our Nation and weaken its resolve".

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-12
• H. Doc. 107-126: Declaration of National Emergency in Response to Terrorist Attacks: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting His Declaration of a National Emergency in Response to the Unusual and Extraordinary Threat Posed to the National Security, Foreign Policy, and Economy of the United States by Grave Acts of Terrorism and Threats of Terrorism Committed by Foreign Terrorists, Including the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks and His Executive Order Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism, Pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1703(b) and 50 U.S.C. 1631. September 25, 2001

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  This document concerns the President's declaration of a national emergency in response to the unusual and extraordinary threat posed to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States by grave acts of terrorism and threats of terrorism committed by foreign terrorists, including the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center, New York, at the Pentagon, and in Pennsylvania. It also addresses the issuance of an Executive Order to help deal with this threat by giving the United States more powerful tools to reach the means by which terrorists and terrorist networks finance themselves and to encourage greater cooperation by foreign financial institutions and other entities that may have access to foreign property belonging to terrorists or terrorist organizations.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-25
• H. Con. Res. 224: Expressing the Sense of the Congress that, as a Symbol of Solidarity Following the Terrorist Attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Every United States Citizen is Encouraged to Display the Flag of the United States, September 12, 2001

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  "Expressing the sense of the Congress that, as a symbol of solidarity following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, every United States citizen is encouraged to display the flag of the United States. Whereas on September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked and destroyed four commercial aircraft, crashing two of them into the World Trade Center in New York City, and crashing another aircraft into the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.; and Whereas thousands of innocent people were killed and injured as a result of those attacks, including the passengers and crew of the four aircraft, workers and visitors in the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, rescue workers, and bystanders".

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-12
• S. J. Res. 22: One Hundred Seventh Congress of the United States of America, at the First Session, Joint Resolution, Expressing the Sense of the Senate and House of Representatives Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Launched Against the United States on September 11, 2001, September 12, 2001

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  "Whereas on September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked and destroyed four civilian aircraft, crashing two of them into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and a third into the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.; Whereas thousands of innocent Americans were killed and injured as a result of these attacks, including the passengers and crew of the four aircraft, workers in the World Trade Center and in the Pentagon, rescue workers, and bystanders; Whereas these attacks destroyed both towers of the World Trade Center, as well as adjacent buildings, and seriously damaged the Pentagon; and Whereas these attacks were by far the deadliest terrorist attacks ever launched against the United States, and, by targeting symbols of American strength and success, clearly were intended to intimidate our Nation and weaken its resolve".

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-12
• Review of the General Accounting Office Report on FEMA's Activities After the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety and the Committee of Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, September 24, 2003

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  Form the opening statement of George V. Voinovich, Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety, Before the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety and the Committee of Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, from the hearing entitled "Review of the General Accounting Office Report on FEMA's Activities After the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001" held on September 24, 2003: "Today's hearing is also the first FEMA oversight hearing we have held since the Agency was transferred into the Department of Homeland Security. The attacks of September 11 were unprecedented in scope and have served as a catalyst for major reform within the Federal Government in its ability to prevent and respond to such events in the future. Also unprecedented was our Nation's response to the attacks. Thousands of workers and volunteers from around the country responded to those in need at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, including 74 Ohioans who arrived in New York City within 24 hours of the attacks as part of Ohio Task Force One, one of FEMA's urban search and rescue teams. The attacks of September 11 were the most costly disaster in U.S. history. President Bush pledged $20 billion in aid, and approximately $7.4 billion of it is being distributed through FEMA's Public Assistance Program. The Public Assistance Program is used throughout the country to provide grants to State and local governments to respond and to recover from disasters." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Michael D. Brown, JayEtta Hecker, Bud Larson, Dale Shipley and Rick Skinner.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2003-09-24
• H. Res. 239: Providing Capitol-flown Flags to Each Surviving Victim, and the Family of Each Deceased Victim, of the Terrorist Attacks which Occurred on September 11, 2001, September 14, 2001

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  "Resolution providing Capitol-flown flags to each surviving victim, and the family of each deceased victim, of the terrorist attacks which occurred on September 11, 2001."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-14
• H. Con. Res. 227: Condemning Bigotry and Violence Against Arab-Americans, American Muslims, and Americans from South Asia in the Wake of Terrorist Attacks in New York City, New York, and Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001, September 14, 2001

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  "Concurrent Resolution condemning bigotry and violence against Arab-Americans, American Muslims, and Americans from South Asia in the wake of terrorist attacks in New York City, New York, and Washington, D.C., on September 11, 2001"

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001-09-14
• 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001': Dismissals of Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [December 20, 2012]

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  "Numerous legal and practical obstacles, such as the infeasibility of locating al Qaeda operatives, stand in the way of victims seeking to establish liability in U.S. courts against, and recover damages from, the terrorists who planned and carried out the September 11, 2001, attacks. Victims, however, have sued numerous individuals and groups with only indirect ties to the attackers, including defendants who allegedly provided monetary support to al Qaeda prior to September 11, 2001. 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001', is a consolidated case that includes, among other claims, claims against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, several Saudi princes, a Saudi banker, and a Saudi charity. Plaintiffs argued that these Saudi defendants played a 'critical role' in the September 11 attacks by giving money to Muslim groups, which in turn funded al Qaeda. However, in August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of the claims against the Saudi defendants. This report examines the legal bases for those dismissals."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Elsea, Jennifer

  2012-12-20
• 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001': Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [May 17, 2016]

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  "Numerous legal and practical obstacles, such as the infeasibility of locating Al Qaeda operatives, stand in the way of victims seeking to establish liability in U.S. courts against, and recover damages from, the terrorists who planned and carried out the September 11, 2001, attacks. Victims, however, have sued numerous individuals and groups with less direct ties to the attackers, including defendants who allegedly provided monetary support to Al Qaeda prior to September 11, 2001. 'In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001', is a consolidated case that includes, among other claims, claims against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, several Saudi princes, a Saudi banker, and a Saudi charity. Plaintiffs argued that these Saudi defendants played a 'critical role' in the September 11 attacks by giving money to Muslim groups, which in turn funded Al Qaeda. In August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of the claims against the Saudi defendants. However, part of the reasoning for the dismissals was later overturned, and the plaintiffs were permitted a second chance to bring their suit against the Saudi government and government-owned charity. This effort also failed on sovereign immunity grounds at the district court, however, and is once again on appeal at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. This report explains the legal bases for the dismissals and provides an update to the status of the case."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Elsea, Jennifer

  2016-05-17
• 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001': Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [January 22, 2015]

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  From the introduction: "Numerous legal and practical obstacles, such as the infeasibility of locating al Qaeda operatives, stand in the way of victims seeking to establish liability in U.S. courts against, and recover damages from, the terrorists who planned and carried out the September 11, 2001, attacks. Victims, however, have sued numerous individuals and groups with only indirect ties to the attackers, including defendants who allegedly provided monetary support to al Qaeda prior to September 11, 2001. 'In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001', is a consolidated case that includes, among other claims, claims against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, several Saudi princes, a Saudi banker, and a Saudi charity. Plaintiffs argued that these Saudi defendants played a 'critical role' in the September 11 attacks by giving money to Muslim groups, which in turn funded al Qaeda. In August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of the claims against the Saudi defendants. However, part of the reasoning for the dismissals was later overturned, and the plaintiffs may now get a second chance to bring their suit against the Saudi government and government-owned charity. This report explains the legal bases for the initial dismissals and provides an update to the status of the case."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Elsea, Jennifer

  2015-01-22
• Joint Resolution 22: Expressing the Sense of the Senate and House of Representatives Regarding the Terrorist Attacks Launched against the United States on September 11, 2001: On Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session, January 3, 2002

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  Senate Joint Resolution 22 of the one hundred seventh Congress was held on Wednesday, January 3, 2001. It briefly addresses the Senate and House of Representatives' response regarding the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Moreover, it notes the following resolutions--that Congress: "(1) condemns in the strongest possible terms the terrorists who planned and carried out the September 11, 2001, attacks against the United States, as well as their sponsors; (2) extends its deepest condolences to the victims of these heinous and cowardly attacks, as well as to their families, friends, and loved ones; (3) is certain that the people of the United States will stand united as our Nation begins the process of recovering and rebuilding in the aftermath of these tragic acts; (4) commends the heroic actions of the rescue workers, volunteers, and State and local officials who responded to these tragic events with courage, determination, and skill; (5) declares that these premeditated attacks struck not only at the people of America, but also at the symbols and structures of our economic and military strength, and that the United States is entitled to respond under international law; (6) thanks those foreign leaders and individuals who have expressed solidarity with the United States in the aftermath of the attacks, and asks them to continue to stand with the United States in the war against international terrorism; (7) commits to support increased resources in the war to eradicate terrorism; (8) supports the determination of the President, in close consultation with Congress, to bring to justice and punish the perpetrators of these attacks as well as their sponsors; and (9) declares that September 12, 2001, shall be a National Day of Unity and Mourning, and that when Congress adjourns today, it stands adjourned out of respect to the victims of the terrorist attacks."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2001
• Statement by Secretary Napolitano on the Eighth Anniversary of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks [September 11, 2009]

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  This Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Press Release highlights Secretary Janet Napolitano's statement which addresses the eighth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2009-09-11
• Immigration Removal Procedures Implemented in the Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 Attacks: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, June 30, 2005

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  From the opening statement of John N. Hostettler: "On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked and crashed four airplanes killing more than 2,900 people including all 246 people aboard the four airplanes. The FBI immediately thereafter initiated a massive investigation called 'PENTTBOM' into this coordinated terrorist attack. This investigation focused on identifying the terrorists who hijacked the airplanes and anyone who aided their efforts, as well as on preventing follow-up attacks. In the wake of those attacks, and in advance of the invasion of Iraq, the Justice Department and INS implemented procedures that they deemed necessary to protect the American people from alien terrorists. Some of those procedures have been criticized because of their effects on the aliens involved. One procedure that has been so criticized is the closure of removal proceedings under the so-called 'Creppy memo.' While investigating the September 11th attacks, the Government became aware of numerous aliens who were present in this country in violation of immigration laws. A few of those aliens, as well as some aliens already in Government custody, were identified as 'special interest' cases on the basis of law enforcement or intelligence information that 'they might have connections with, or possess information pertaining to, terrorist activity.' In a memo issued 10 days after the attacks, Chief Immigration Judge Michael Creppy issued guidance on the handling of special interest cases instructing immigration judges to close to the public hearings in such cases. That guidance, which was last followed in December 2002, has been superseded by a regulation that allows Immigration Judges to issue protective orders for specific information on a case-by-case basis. Some have been critical of the procedure used for charging aliens with immigration violations. Nine days after the September 11th attacks, the INS amended its regulations to extend the time period in which an arrested alien must be notified of the charges against him from 24 to 48 hours or a longer period where there is, 'an emergency or other extraordinary circumstance.'… Other immigration procedures that have been the subjects of criticism are the detention policies for certain asylum seekers… pending appeal just like a Federal Court's stay of removal. We will consider each of these procedures at today's hearing. It should be noted that none of the procedures relied on any of the provisions of the PATRIOT Act." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, John Conyers, Jr., Howard Berman, Sheila Jackson Lee, Martin T. Meehan, Zoe Lofgren, William D. Delahunt, Daniel E. Lungren, Lily Swenson, Joseph Greene, Paul Rosenzweig, and William West.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2005
• Chronology of the September 11 Attacks and Subsequent Events Through October 24, 2001

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  This document contains a detailed timeline of events related to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States and subsequent anthrax attacks as they occurred from September 11, 2001 to October 24, 2001.

  United States. Federal Aviation Administration
• Impact of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on U.S.-China Relations

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  The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on the United States had minimal impact on U.S.-China relations. The attacks merely rearranged U.S. strategic priorities in Asia while having no effect on Chinese strategic priorities. Before September 11, U.S. strategic priorities in Asia were U.S.-China relations, and containing North Korean aggression and its development of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). After September 11, U.S. strategic priorities in Asia became the U.S. war on terror (WOT), containing North Korean Aggression and its development of WMD, and U.S.-China relations. This reordering of priorities did not result from stabilizing U.S.-China relations, but rather because of the increased threat of international terrorism towards the United States and U.S. interests. The Chinese strategic priorities of regime stability, territorial integrity, and increasing international prestige and power, did not change because of the attacks. The change in U.S. strategic priorities in Asia made the U.S.-China relationship more stable. Going forward, the PRC is likely to favor stable relations with the United States as long as China does not consider the expanding United States presence in Asia, because of the U.S. WOT, an immediate threat to Chinese strategic priorities.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Epstein, Daren Adam

  2003-03
• How Now Shall We Fight? The Relevance of the Law of Armed Conflict to the United States and It's Coalition Members in Light of the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September 2001

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  The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 and the war in Afghanistan that followed have presented situations never before encountered by the United States in armed conflict and have changed some of the ways in which the U.S. conducts warfare. The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) has not kept up with those changes. As a result, the U.S. must examine whether the application of the LOAC is still relevant to how we fight wars and against whom we fighting in the twenty-first century, and make necessary adjustments so that operational commanders will have a framework to use in warfare that is current and relevant to helping them maintain superiority on the battlefield. This paper points to some of what has changed on the battlefield with regard to U.S., coalition and enemy forces since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It discusses what issues those changes have created, and where the LOAC needs changes, suggests changes designed to make the LOAC more relevant to how the U.S. fights wars in order to provide operational commanders with an improved framework to use in armed conflicts. This paper also addresses the point that not as much has changed as one might think and that the LOAC will remain basically intact.

  Naval War College (U.S.)

  De Alicante, Tony F.

  2002-02-04
• How Now Shall We Fight? The Relevance of the Law of Armed Conflict to the United States and Its Coalition Members in Light of the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September 2001

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  This Naval War College Point Paper was prepared in response to the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The Naval War College commissioned more than thirty papers addressing strategy and policy, operational concepts, and national security decision making related to the terror war. These papers were intended as contributions to U.S. national security policy deliberations, and to assist the U.S. Navy as it planned its response to future terrorist threats. "This paper addresses three issues regarding LOAC [Law of Armed Conflict] relevance and its impact on how we are to fight this new war. First, it analyzes what has changed on the battlefield since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Second, it discusses the issues such changes have created. And third, where appropriate it suggests changes to make the LOAC more relevant to U.S. war conduct in order to afford operational commanders an improved framework to use in armed conflicts."

  Navy Warfare Development Command (U.S.)

  DeAlicante, Tony F.

  2002-05-23
• 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001': Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [December 27, 2013]

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  "Practical and legal hurdles, including the difficulty of locating hidden al Qaeda members and the infeasibility of enforcing judgments in terrorism cases, hinder victims' attempts to establish liability in U.S. courts against, and recover financially from, those they argue are directly responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks. Instead, victims have sued numerous individuals and entities with only indirect ties to the attacks, including defendants who allegedly provided monetary support to al Qaeda prior to September 11, 2001. […] A threshold question in 'In re Terrorist Attacks' was whether U.S. courts have the power to try these Saudi defendants. In August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of all claims against the Saudi defendants, holding that U.S. courts lack jurisdiction over the claims. Specifically, the court of appeals held that in this case, U.S. courts lack (1) subject matter jurisdiction over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because the Kingdom is entitled to immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (the FSIA) and no statutory exception to immunity applies; (2) subject matter jurisdiction over the Saudi charity and Saudi princes acting in their official capacities, because they are 'agents or instrumentalities' of the Kingdom and thus, under the FSIA, are entitled to immunity to the same extent as the Kingdom itself; and (3) personal jurisdiction over Saudi princes sued in their personal capacities, because the princes had insufficient interactions with the forum to satisfy the 'minimum contacts' standard for personal jurisdiction under the Fifth Amendment due process clause."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Elsea, Jennifer

  2013-12-27
• In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001: Dismissals of Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [October 29, 2008]

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  "In response to congressional inquiries, this report summarizes the FSIA and jurisdiction in cases against foreign defendants and analyzes the recent court of appeals decision. […] Practical and legal hurdles, including the difficulty of locating hidden al Qaeda members and the infeasibility of enforcing judgments in terrorism cases, hinder victims' attempts to establish liability in U.S. courts against, and recover financially from, those they argue are directly responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks. […] Within the consolidated case In Re Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, one such group of defendants was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, several Saudi princes, a Saudi banker, and a Saudi charity. Plaintiffs argued that these Saudi defendants funded groups that, in turn, assisted the attackers. […] In August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of all claims against the Saudi defendants, holding that U.S. courts lack jurisdiction over the claims. Specifically, the court of appeals held that in this case, U.S. courts lack: 1) subject matter jurisdiction over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because the Kingdom is entitled to immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (the FSIA) and no statutory exception to immunity applies; 2) subject matter jurisdiction over the Saudi charity and Saudi princes acting in their official capacities, because they are 'agents or instrumentalities' of the Kingdom and thus, under the FSIA, are entitled to immunity to the same extent as the Kingdom itself; and 3) personal jurisdiction over Saudi princes sued in their personal capacities, because the princes had insufficient interactions with the forum to satisfy the 'minimum contacts' standard for personal jurisdiction under the Fifth Amendment due process clause."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Henning, Anna C.

  2008-10-29
• Findings of the Final Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

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  While the Intelligence Community had amassed a great deal of valuable intelligence regarding Usama Bin Ladin and his terrorist activities, none of it identified the time, place, and specific nature of the attacks that were planned for September 11, 2001. Nonetheless, the Community did have information that was clearly relevant to the September 11attacks, particularly when considered for its collective significance.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence

  2002-12-10
• 'In Re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001': Claims Against Saudi Defendants Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) [Updated May 17, 2016]

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  From the Document: "'In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001', is a consolidated case that includes, among other claims, claims against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, several Saudi princes, a Saudi banker, and a Saudi charity. Plaintiffs argued that these Saudi defendants played a 'critical role' in the September 11 attacks by giving money to Muslim groups, which in turn funded Al Qaeda. In August 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed dismissals of the claims against the Saudi defendants. However, part of the reasoning for the dismissals was later overturned, and the plaintiffs were permitted a second chance to bring their suit against the Saudi government and government-owned charity. This effort also failed on sovereign immunity grounds at the district court, however, and is once again on appeal at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. This report explains the legal bases for the dismissals and provides an update to the status of the case. To address some issues involving the interpretation of the FSIA [Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act], among other related matters, Congress is considering the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (S. 2040, H.R. 3815). This report addresses relevant legislative developments in its final section."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Elsea, Jennifer

  2016-05-17
• Psychological Consequences of the September 11 Terrorist Attack: Transcript of the Interview of Dr. Robert Ursano by Sam Donaldson, Sept. 18, 2001

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  This is a transcript of the interview of Dr. Robert Ursano (Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences) by Sam Donaldson on September 18, 2001 regarding trauma-related responses to the September 11 attacks on the United States. He discusses post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated conditions that people may experience after this event.

  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress

  Ursano, Robert J., 1947-; Donaldson, Sam, 1934-

  2001-09-18