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• Combating Hate Crimes: Promoting a Responsive and Responsible Role for the Federal Government, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session on Examining How to Promote a Responsive and Responsible Role for the Federal Government on Combating Hate Crimes, Focusing on the Relationship Between the Federal Government and the States in Combating Hate Crime, Analysis of States' Prosecution of Hate Crimes, Development of a Hate Crime Legislation Model, and Existing Federal Hate Crime Law, May 11, 1999

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  From the prepared statement of Gordon Smith: "Today we meet to address a serious problem in America. This problem is not a new one, nor is it unique to the United States. It is the incidence of vicious attacks on individuals motivated by a difference in race, color, religion, ethnicity, gender, disability or sexual orientation. […] I do not stand here with my colleagues today to single out one crime as worse than another. However, there is an undeniable pattern here in the United States--certain groups have historically been singled out as targets of violent crime. In recent years, the United States has made tremendous strides toward equality and civil rights. But there remains much to be done. Hate crimes have a deep impact on our communities. They enrage, they divide. Federal laws are already in place to protect victims of crimes based on race, color, religion or national origin; however, federal prosecution has been limited to crimes committed within federal jurisdiction. This legislation would simply remove these restrictions and extend the authority of federal prosecution to crimes based on gender, sexual orientation, and disability. We are making current federal law not only more enforceable but are ensuring that this law includes the groups that are victimized by this hate. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 does not interfere with states' rights; rather, it allows federal prosecutors to assist states that do not have the resources to prosecute a case expediently and justly. The act will promote cooperation between the federal government and state governments by removing current federal hurdles and by creating uniformity." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Orrin G. Hatch, Ron Wyden, Gordon Smith, Edward M. Kennedy, Eric H. Holder, Judy Shepard, Patrick Leahy, Jeanine Ferris Pirro, Kenneth T. Brown, Robert H. Knight, Burt Neuborne, Akhil Reed Amar, American Civil Liberties Union, Center for Women Policy Studies, Catrina Durr's Law Students (Thornton Township High School, Harvey, IL), Linda Franklin's Third Period Students (Thornton Township High School, Harvey, IL), Timothy Lynch, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal Defense and Education Fund, Riki Anne Witchins.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2000
• Overview of Federal Hate Crime Laws [April 1, 2022]

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  From the Document: "Hate, in and of itself, cannot be criminalized. When hate motivates criminal conduct, however, such conduct may be classified as a hate crime--defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as a 'criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.' According to the FBI, hate crimes are 'traditional offenses like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias.' In 2020, the FBI received reports of 8,263 incidents of bias-motivated crimes involving 11,472 victims. Hate crime laws have garnered significant public attention, as evidenced by the widespread media coverage of the reported rise in hate crimes during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Over the years, Congress has maintained a perennial interest in hate crime laws, and a number of relevant proposals have been introduced in recent Congresses to either enact new or amend existing federal hate crime laws. [...] This Report begins with an overview of concepts key to understanding the applicability and scope of federal hate crime laws, and what it means for conduct to occur 'because of' a factor such as race, religion, gender, or other characteristics of a victim or person. It then examines the substantive provisions of the federal hate crime statutes listed above, and summarizes statutorily authorized penalties and the hate crime enhancement contained in the Guidelines. The Report concludes by evaluating various sources of congressional authority to legislate in the hate crime arena and discusses hate crime legislation introduced in the 117th Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Berris, Peter G.

  2022-04-01
• In the Name of Hate: Examining the Federal Government's Role in Responding to Hate Crimes

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  From the Executive Summary: "The Commission's research shows that many Americans are negatively impacted by these heinous crimes and are fearful of a rising sentiment of hate and bigotry in the United States. In response to increased reports of hate crimes including horrific acts of violence the Commission voted to investigate the federal government's role in combating hate crimes. In particular, the Commission examined three areas: (1) local law enforcement's reporting practices of hate crimes statistics and federal policies to encourage greater participation in reporting hate crimes; (2) federal prosecution and enforcement of hate crimes laws; and (3) the prevention of hate crimes."

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  Culliton-González, Katherine; Xavier-Brier, Marik; Elkhalifa, Yousra . . .

  2019-11
• Hate Crime Legislation [November 29, 2010]

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  "On October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act into law, as Division E of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (P.L. 111-84; H.R. 2647). This law broadens federal jurisdiction over hate crimes by authorizing the Attorney General to provide assistance, when requested by a state, local, or tribal official, for crimes that (1) would constitute a violent crime under federal law or a felony under state or tribal law, and (2) are motivated by the victim's actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. In other words, hate crimes are traditional crimes during which the offender is motivated by one or more biases considered to be particularly reprehensible and damaging to society as a whole. Prior to enactment, however, hate crimes were not separate and distinct offenses under federal law. Furthermore, federal jurisdiction over hate crime was limited to certain civil rights offenses. Although there is a consensus that hate crime is deplorable, determining the definitive federal role in addressing hate crime has proved contentious, as reflected in the legislative history and congressional debate. Legislation to widen federal jurisdiction over hate crime was passed by the Senate in the 106th and 108th Congresses, by the House in the 109th Congress, and by both chambers in the 110th Congress. Opponents of hate crime legislation view separate federal offenses for hate crime as redundant and largely symbolic, arguing that separate hate crime offenses would be in addition to the legal prohibitions for traditional crime that already exist under either federal or state law."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Krouse, William J.

  2010-11-29
• Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines and Training Manual, Version 3.0

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  From the Introduction: "This manual is intended to assist law enforcement agencies (LEAs) in reporting incidents of hate crime to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. It addresses policy, the types of bias crime to be reported, how to identify a hate crime, and guidelines for reporting hate crime. Federal law requires the FBI to collect hate crime data from federal, state, local, tribal, and college/university law enforcement, however the law does not require those agencies to submit hate crime data to the FBI UCR Program. Their participation in the hate crime statistics collection is voluntary. Conversely, it is mandatory for federal law enforcement agencies to report hate crime data to the FBI UCR Program. It is the law enforcement officers within these agencies who investigate offenses, determine those motivated by bias, and report them as known hate crimes that have made crucial contributions to the success of the hate crime statistics collection. Without their continued support and participation in identifying bias-motivated crimes, the FBI would be unable to annually publish 'Hate Crime Statistics'. This partnership and, ultimately, this publication serve as the cornerstone in raising the nation's awareness about the occurrence of bias-motivated offenses."

  Uniform Crime Reporting Program (U.S.)

  2022-03-01
• Hate Crime Victimization, 2003-2011

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  "From 2007 to 2011, an estimated annual average of 259,700 nonfatal violent and property hate crime victimizations occurred against persons age 12 or older residing in U.S. households. Of these hate crimes, victims perceived that the offender was motivated by bias against the victim's religion in 21% of victimizations. The percentage of hate crimes motivated by religious bias more than doubled in 2007-11, compared to the 10% motivated by religious bias in 2003-06 (figure 1) . In comparison, the percentage of hate crimes motivated by racial bias was slightly lower in 2007-11 (54%) than in 2003-06 (63%). The findings from this report came primarily from the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which has been collecting data on crimes motivated by hate since 2003. The NCVS and the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Hate Crime Statistics Program, which are the principal sources of annual information on hate crime in the United States, use the definition of hate crime provided in the Hate Crime Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. § 534). The act defines hate crimes as 'crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The NCVS measures crimes perceived by victims to be motivated by an offender's bias against them for belonging to or being associated with a group largely identified by these characteristics."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics; United States. Office of Justice Programs

  Sandholtz, Nathan; Langton, Lynn; Planty, Michael

  2013-03
• Hate Crime Technical Specification, Version 2.1

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  "Hate crime statistical reporting data may be submitted to the FBI via: (1) the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) e-mail attachment, (2) the Hate Crime Incident Report, and (3) the Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission. This manual addresses the Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission. After processing the hate crime data, an error list is created and returned to the State UCR [Uniform Crime Reporting] Program or law enforcement agency. For summary Reporting System submissions, a text file is created. […] Section 1 is a general overview of a Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission. Section 2 is the general record layout specification for a Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission. Section 3 is a detailed record layout specification for a Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission, which includes field formats, data validation rules, and error messages for each field. Section 4 describes error reporting for a Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission. Section 5 is a numerically ordered listing of all possible error messages for a Hate Crime Electronic Data Submission along with the name of the field in error."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2012-05-25
• Hate Crime Statistics [website]

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  This is a collection of Hate Crime Statistics documents from the FBI. From the text: "On April 23, 1990, Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act, which required the Attorney General to collect data 'about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The Attorney General delegated the responsibilities of developing the procedures for implementing, collecting, and managing hate crime data to the Director of the FBI, who in turn, assigned the tasks to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. Under the direction of the Attorney General and with the cooperation and assistance of many local and state law enforcement agencies, the UCR Program created a hate crime data collection to comply with the congressional mandate. The UCR Program's first publication on the subject was Hate Crime Statistics, 1990: A Resource Book, which was a compilation of hate crime data reported by 11 states that had collected the information under state authority in 1990 and were willing to offer their data as a prototype. The UCR Program continued to work with agencies familiar with investigating hate crimes and collecting related information so that it could develop and implement a more uniform method of data collection on a nationwide scale. Hate Crime Statistics, 1992, presented the first published data reported by law enforcement agencies across the country that participated in the UCR Hate Crime Statistics Program."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Hate Crime Statistics 2013

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  This is the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) 2013 Hate Crime Statistics webpage. The FBI's annual Hate Crime Statistics webpage is comprised of data collected by the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. "On April 23, 1990, Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act, 28 U.S.C. § 534, which required the Attorney General to collect data 'about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The Attorney General delegated the responsibilities of developing the procedures for implementing, collecting, and managing hate crime data to the Director of the FBI, who, in turn, assigned the tasks to the UCR Program. Under the direction of the Attorney General and with the cooperation and assistance of many local and state law enforcement agencies, the UCR Program created a hate crime data collection to comply with the congressional mandate. […] The designers of the Hate Crime Statistics Program sought to capture information about the types of bias that motivate crimes, the nature of the offenses, and some information about the victims and offenders. […] The hate crime data in this Web publication comprise a subset of information that law enforcement agencies submit to the UCR Program." This interactive webpage allows readers to browse hate crime statistics by the following five categories: Incidents and Offenses, Victims, Offenders, Location Type, and Hate Crime by Jurisdiction. For each category, readers can view statistical tables, learn important notes about the data collected, and review an overview of the data for that category.

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Hate Crime Victimization, 2004-2015

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  "In 2015, the rate of violent hate crime victimization was 0.7 hate crimes per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. This rate was not significantly different from the rate in 2004 (0.9 per 1,000). The absence of statistically significant change in rates from 2004 to 2015 generally held true for violent hate crimes both reported and unreported to police. However, between 2012 and 2015, the rate of unreported violent hate crime declined slightly, from 0.6 to 0.3 victimizations per 1,000 persons 12 or older (90% confidence level). Findings are primarily from the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which has collected data on crimes motivated by hate since 2003. The NCVS and the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Hate Crime Statistics Program are the principal sources of annual information on hate crime in the United States. BJS and the FBI use the hate crime definition established by the Hate Crime Statistics Act (28 U.S.C. § 534): 'crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The NCVS measures crimes perceived by victims to be motivated by an offender's bias against them for belonging to or being associated with a group largely identified by these characteristics."

  United States. Department of Justice; United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  Langton, Lynn; Masucci, Madeline

  2017-06
• Hate Crime, 2003-2009

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  "From 2003 to 2009, an annual average of 195,000 hate crime victimizations occurred each year against persons age 12 or older residing in the United States, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The 148,400 overall hate crime victimizations that occurred in 2009 represent a decline from 2003 when residents experienced 239,400 hate crime victimizations. During the period, the number and rate of violent hate crime victimizations also declined. The rate of violent hate crime declined from 0.8 violent hate crime victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in 2003 to 0.5 per 1,000 in 2009. Nearly 90% of the hate crime victimizations occurring during the 7-year period were perceived to be racially or ethnically motivated. The 1990 Hate Crime Statistics Act (P.L. 101-275) defines bias-motivated or hate crimes as 'crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The law has since been amended twice: once in 1994 to include crimes motivated by bias against persons with disabilities, and in late 2009 to include crimes of prejudice based on gender or gender identity."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  Planty, Michael; Langton, Lynn

  2011-06
• Hate Crime Workshop Proceedings

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  From the abstract: "The first topic of the workshop dealt with the differences between information on hate crimes available through various sources, including Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) summary data, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data, UCR crime reports, Bureau of Justice Statistic (BJS) reports, and Department of Education data. The open discussion portion of the workshop covered issues dealing with the quality of training received by law enforcement personnel on the proper collection of data, and the challenges of performing hate crime victimization surveys. Following this discussion, the workshop then dealt with the topic of hate crime legislation, concentrating on issues such as lack of interest on the part of the public towards hate crimes, and the lack of focus on the organizational aspects of hate crime. The third topic of the workshop dealt with geography and mapping of hate crimes with the open discussion focusing on challenges faced by researchers when trying to map hate crimes, and retaliation and its relationship to space and diffusion. The fourth topic dealt with research on victims and victimization, with the open discussion concentrating on the idea of quantifying how hate crimes affect victims. The final two topics of the workshop covered research on offenders and evaluation research in the area of hate crime."

  National Criminal Justice Reference Service (U.S.)

  2005-11-15
• Hate Crime Statistics 2005

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  "On April 23, 1990, Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act, which required the Attorney General to collect data 'about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.' The Attorney General delegated the responsibilities of developing the procedures for implementing, collecting, and managing hate crime data to the Director of the FBI, who in turn assigned the tasks to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. Under the direction of the Attorney General and with the cooperation and assistance of many local and state law enforcement agencies, the UCR Program created a hate crime data collection system to comply with the congressional mandate. The UCR Program's first publication on the subject was Hate Crime Statistics, 1990: A Resource Book, which was a compilation of hate crime data reported by 11 states that had collected the information under state authority in 1990 and were willing to offer their data as a prototype. The UCR Program continued to work with agencies familiar with investigating hate crimes and collecting related information so that it could develop and implement a more uniform method of data collection on a nationwide scale. Hate Crime Statistics, 1992, presented the first data reported by law enforcement agencies across the country that participated in UCR hate crime data collection."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2006-10
• Study of Literature and Legislation on Hate Crime in America

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  This report presents a summary and analysis of literature and legislation addressing hate crime1 in the United States. Our review and analysis responds to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) request for the identification of significant current issues, evidence of effective practices and innovative responses, and gaps in the law and research regarding hate and bias crime. Recognizing inadequacies in statistical reporting on hate crime and limited research on relevant criminal justice policies and practices, this review is intended to provide the DOJs National Institute of Justice (NIJ) with information to aid in the development of a program of research and evaluation. A systematic review of hundreds of documents and web sites was conducted, including sources describing: (1) federal and state hate crime data collection efforts; (2) research produced by federal and state agencies, advocacy groups and other independent organizations, and scholars; (3) crime prevention and response efforts; (4) law enforcement training; and (5) descriptions and analyses of hate crime law. Given the breadth and volume of documentation on hate crime law, research, and practice, we have focused our discussion on state and federal statutes and major sources of data. Statutes legally define hate crime and thus bound criminal justice practice and provide important parameters for research, and many elements of a major program of research will be dependent upon ongoing state and federal data collection efforts. To supplement our review and analysis we provide brief overviews and references for source materials regarding a number of topics associated with hate crime research and related criminal justice practices.

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Shively, Michaell

  2005-03-31
• Hate Crime Reported by Victims and Police

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  "An annual average of 210,000 hate crime victimizations occurred from July 2000 through December 2003. During that period an average of 191,000 hate crime incidents involving one or more victims occurred annually. Victims also indicated that 92,000 of these hate crime victimizations were reported to police. These estimates were derived from victim reports to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). As defined here, an ordinary crime becomes a hate crime when offenders choose a victim because of some characteristic " for example, race, ethnicity, or religion " and provide evidence that hate prompted them to commit the crime. Bias crime is another term for hate crime. Hate crimes that respondents report in the NCVS are based on victims perceptions of why they became crime victims."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  2005-11
• State Statutes Governing Hate Crimes [September 28, 2010]

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  "Concerns about hate crimes have become increasingly prominent among policymakers at all levels of government in recent years. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-322, Title XXVIII §280003a) defines a 'hate crime' as one in 'which the defendant intentionally selects a victim, or in the case of property crime, the property that is the object of the crime' motivated by prejudice based on the 'race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation' of the victim. Current federal law permits prosecution of hate crimes committed on the basis of the victim's race, color, religion, or national origin while the victim was engaged in a federally protected activity such as voting or attending school. On October 28, 2009, the President signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (P.L. 111-84, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 249). This law expands the scope of hate crime victims to include gender identity and disability. In addition, the law broadens the circumstances under which the federal government may assert jurisdiction to prosecute such crimes. For hate crimes prosecuted federally under these provisions, the law requires that the Attorney General certify that pertinent state or local officials (1) were unable or unwilling to prosecute, (2) favored federal prosecution, or (3) prosecuted, but the investigation's or trial's results failed to satisfy the federal interest to combat hate crimes."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Smith, Alison M., 1962-; Foley, Cassandra

  2010-09-28
• Hate Crimes on Campus: The Problem and Efforts to Confront It

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  "When a hate crime occurs on a college campus, the ideal of a university as a place for learning and growth is ruptured. Bias-motivated violence or threats targeting students, staff, or faculty not only impair the educational mission of an institution of higher learning but also deprive young men and women of the chance to live and learn in an atmosphere free of fear and intimidation. No college campus is immune to the risk of hate violence. In the past 5 years alone, the U.S. Department of Justice has brought criminal civil rights actions against students attending institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges in Massachusetts and Georgia to large state universities in Florida and California. This monograph examines four aspects of the problem of bias, prejudice, and hate crimes on our college and university campuses. First, the monograph examines the prevalence of hate crimes on campuses, who is targeted, what kinds of crime are committed, and the frequency and impact of bias incidents. Second, the monograph identifies common problems college communities have experienced in responding to hate crimes and provides recommendations for prompt, effective, and appropriate responses. Third, the monograph describes several promising efforts to respond to campus hate crimes and implement prevention programs. Finally, the monograph explains the difference between hate crimes and bias incidents and discusses the factors police consider to determine whether a hate crime has been committed."

  United States. Office of Justice Programs

  2001-10
• Hate Crime in Ohio

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  "The Ohio Advisory Committee submits this report, Hate Crime in Ohio, as part of its responsibility to advise the Commission of civil rights issues within the State. The Committee is indebted to the Midwestern Regional Office staff in the preparation of this report. Fourteen Committee members voted to approve the report, no members voted against approval, one member was out of the country and did not vote, and one member resigned prior to the vote. The Advisory Committee held two sets of fact-finding meetings with the intent to discern the nature and level of hate crime activity in the State. The first 2-day session was held in Cincinnati on August 12 and 13, 1993. The second 2-day session was held in Cleveland on August 19 and 20, 1993. As part of the fact-finding, the Committee obtained hate crime statistics from the five largest metropolitan cities in the State as well as the specific law enforcement agencies reporting hate crime to the Attorney General. The Committee finds reporting of hate crime by local law enforcement agencies to be minimal, and, further, finds wide discrepancies in the interpretation of the hate crime statute. These two factors combine to give a very murky picture of the amount of hate crime in the State. It is clear to the Committee that hate crimes are a serious problem in Ohio. It is also clear that unless law enforcement agencies throughout the State make a serious effort to recognize and report such incidents, the extent and underlying causes of the problem will never be fully understood."

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  1995-01
• Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines and Training Manual

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  From the Scope and Purpose: "This manual is intended to assist law enforcement agencies in reporting incidents of hate crime to the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. It addresses policy, the types of bias crime to be reported, how to identify a hate crime and guidelines for reporting hate crime. Since 1991, thousands of city, college and university, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies have voluntarily participated in the hate crime data collection. It is the law enforcement officers within these agencies who investigate offenses, determine those motivated by bias, and report them as known hate crimes that have made crucial contributions to the success of the hate crime data collection. Without their continued support and participation in identifying bias-motivated crimes, the FBI would be unable to annually publish Hate Crime Statistics. This partnership and, ultimately, this publication serve as the cornerstone in raising the nation's awareness about the occurrence of bias-motivated offenses."

  Uniform Crime Reporting Program (U.S.); United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2015-02-27
• Hate Crime Statistics 2004

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  "Since it was established in 1930, the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program has been the starting place for law enforcement executives, students of criminal justice, researchers, members of the media, and the public at large seeking information on crime in the Nation. With Congress's passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990, mandating the collection of those crimes that law enforcement has determined were motivated by the offenders' bias against a race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability, the Program has also become a leading source of information about hate crime. Published annually since 1992, Hate Crime Statistics is the byproduct of the joint effort between the FBI and the law enforcement agencies that identify and report hate crimes. This partnership and, ultimately, this publication serve as the cornerstone in raising the Nation's awareness about the occurrence of bias-motivated offenses. The publication has also become a statistical tool for those involved in the advocacy or the study of persons persecuted because of their inherent traits, such as the color of their skin, or the personal decisions they make, like what church they attend. Hate Crime Statistics, 2004, chronicles 7,649 criminal incidents that law enforcement agencies reported and includes information on 9,035 offenses, 9,528 victims, and 7,145 known offenders. Eleven of the 14 tables in this publication present various information about hate crime incidents, the types of offenses committed, and some aspects of the victims and the offenders. The remaining tables contain hate crime data aggregated by state or agency type and show the parameters of participation for law enforcement agencies that contributed data to the program."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2005-11
• Preventing Youth Hate Crime

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  "Teenagers and young adults account for a significant proportion of the country's hate crimes-both as perpetrators and as victims. Hate-motivated behavior, whether in the form of ethnic conflict, harassment, intimidation, or graffiti, is often apparent on school grounds. Hate violence is also perpetrated by hate groups, which actively work to recruit young people to their ranks. The good news is that children are not born with such attitudes; they are learned. It is possible for schools, families, law enforcement, and communities to work together to prevent the development of the prejudiced attitudes and violent behavior that lead to hate crimes. Prejudice and the resulting violence can be reduced or even eliminated by instilling in children an appreciation and respect for each other's differences, and by helping them to develop empathy, conflict resolution, and critical thinking skills. By teaching children that even subtle forms of hate are inherently wrong, we can hope to prevent more extreme acts of hate in the future. Educators have a tremendous opportunity to reduce or eliminate hate-motivated crime and violence. A number of school districts and individual schools have already taken action to create comprehensive anti-hate policies and programs that involve every facet of the school community, students, parents, teachers, staff, and administrators. These schools have worked to create a school climate where hateful acts are not tolerated, and to provide an equitable, supportive, and safe environment for all students."

  United States. Community Relations Service

  1998
• Improving the Identification, Investigation, and Reporting of Hate Crimes

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  From the Document: "In 2018, the Hate Crimes Enforcement and Prevention Initiative convened a law enforcement roundtable on challenges and successes in identifying, reporting, and tracking hate crimes. Although hate crimes and other bias-motivated incidents are generally investigated and prosecuted as state, local, or tribal matters, the Federal Government collaborates with state and local partners in the effort to eliminate these crimes from our communities. Through robust discussion and analysis, roundtable participants developed recommendations for enhancing hate crimes investigation and reporting that comprise a valuable roadmap for the journey ahead. [...] The body of the report is organized in four parts. Part 1 features law enforcement perspectives on creating agency cultures that prioritize hate crime and includes best practices for improving hate crimes enforcement. Part 2 discusses stakeholder and advocacy perspectives with an emphasis on how advocacy groups can collaborate and support law enforcement. Part 3 presents federal hate crimes statistics and highlights federal technical assistance and outreach resources. Part 4 documents the results of participant breakout group discussions. The report concludes with proposed action steps. Appendices include various resources, including a field-driven diagnostic checklist for law enforcement and updated information on federal resources, in addition to the roundtable agenda and participant list."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services

  2020
• Hate Crimes and the Threat of Domestic Extremism, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred and Twelfth Congress, Second Session, September 19, 2012

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  This is the hearing before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights entitled, "Hate Crimes and the Threat of Domestic Extremism." From the opening statement of Chairman Leahy: "Today's hearing is a continuation of the Committee's work to ensure that all Americans feel safe in their communities and that perpetrators of hate crimes are brought to justice. A few years ago, I offered the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act as an amendment to strengthen the civil rights of all Americans. I was heartened that the current President signed it into law. Eric Holder had fought for passage of the law for years. As Attorney General he supported its enactment and has successfully implemented the law by leading the Justice Department's effort to train local law enforcement and prosecute violent criminals under its expanded provisions. Last year the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division secured hate crimes convictions against 41 defendants. All of us deserve to feel safe regardless of who we are, who we love, or what religion we choose to practice. This new law was heralded for expanding hate crimes protections for those who are targeted based on their disability, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity. The Shepard-Byrd Act responded to law enforcement concerns about the difficulty of bringing criminal prosecutions against those who target their victims based on religion, ethnicity, gender identity or race. For example, during a recent four-year period, FBI reports showed that hate crimes against Latinos had risen 40 percent. And in many circumstances, the previous Federal hate crimes statute could not be used to protect them." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick Leahy, Dick Durbin, Scott McAllister, Roy L. Austin Jr., Michael A. Clancy, Harpreet Singh Saini, Daryl Johnson, and James B. Jacobs.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012-09-19
• Responses to the Increase in Religious Hate Crimes, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 2, 2017

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  This testimony compilation made by the HSDL staff is from the May 2, 2017 hearing, "Responses to the Increase in Religious Hate Crimes" before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. From the statement of Chairman Chuck Grassley: "The Senate Judiciary Committee today is holding a hearing on 'Reponses to the Increase in Religious Hate Crimes'. This is a subject of great bipartisan interest in the Committee. Religious hate crimes harm victims and communities. Many of these crimes would never have been committed but for hatred. They run counter to American values such as religious freedom and tolerance. Americans have the right to be safe against those who would treat them as members of religious groups rather than as individuals. Religious hate crimes are on the rise. Crimes against Jews are the most common religious hate crimes and they have increased. Religious hate crimes against Muslims are the fastest growing category. These crimes increased by 67% between 2014 and 2015, the last year for which FBI figures are available. I have been contacted by fearful Iowans. Fear for practicing one's religion should never happen in this country. This problem has been growing for some time, and is not new." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Eric Treene, Jonathan A. Greenblatt, Prabhjot Singh, Vanita Gupta, and Will D. Johnson.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary

  2017-05-02
• Hate Crime Statistics 2000

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  "This edition of Hate Crime Statistics is the latest presentation in this series aimed at better equipping law enforcement to handle the complex and difficult challenge of dealing with hate crime. A total of 11,690 law enforcement agencies in 48 states and the District of Columbia reported 8,063 bias-motivated criminal incidents (8,055 single-bias and 8 multiple-bias incidents) to the FBI in 2000. The FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program's responsibility regarding hate crime is to provide a reliable set of statistics through the Hate Crime Data Collection Program. Through this program, law enforcement agencies nationwide voluntarily submit data about hate crimes within their jurisdictions (i.e., the number of incidents, offenses, victims, and offenders) for publication in the annual report, 'Hate Crime Statistics'."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2000
• Hate Crime Statistics 2006

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  "Statistics released today by the Federal Bureau of Investigation revealed that 7,722 criminal incidents involving 9,080 offenses were reported in 2006 as a result of bias against a particular race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity/national origin, or physical or mental disability. Published by the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program, Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, includes data from hate crime reports submitted by law enforcement agencies throughout the Nation. Analysis of the 7,720 single-bias incidents by bias motivation showed that 51.8 percent were motivated by a racial bias, 18.9 percent were motivated by a religious bias, 15.5 percent were triggered by a sexual-orientation bias, and 12.7 percent of the incidents were motivated by an ethnicity/national origin bias. One percent involved bias against a disability. There were 5,449 hate crime offenses classified as crimes against persons in 2006. Intimidations accounted for 46.0 percent, simple assaults for 31.9 percent, and aggravated assaults for 21.6 percent. Three murder and non-negligent manslaughter offenses, as well as 6 forcible rapes, were reported as hate crimes. Of the 3,593 hate crime offenses classified as crimes against property, the majority (81.0 percent) were acts of damage/destruction/vandalism. The remaining 19.0 percent of crimes against property consisted of robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, and other crimes. According to data for the 7,330 known offenders reported in 2006, 58.6 percent were white, and 20.6 percent were black. The race was unknown for 12.9 percent, and other races accounted for the remaining known offenders."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2007-11-19
• Department of Justice's Role in Investigating and Prosecuting Hate Crimes [Updated March 18, 2021]

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  From the Document: "In 2019, law enforcement agencies reported 7,314 hate crimes involving 8,812 victims and 6,406 known offenders to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Most hate crimes are investigated by local law enforcement agencies and prosecuted by local district attorneys' offices. However, in some cases hate crimes are investigated and prosecuted by the Department of Justice (DOJ). In the wake of high-profile hate crimes, policymakers might have an interest in the circumstances under which DOJ has jurisdiction over hate crime cases. This In Focus describes when DOJ can investigate hate crimes and how these investigations are conducted."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  James, Nathan

  2021-03-18
• Hate Crime in America: The Debate Continues

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  "In December 2000, in Brooklyn, New York, Mohammad Awad punched Cham Spear while yelling obscenties and anti-Semitic remarks. In nearby Queens, Nicholas Minucci, a Caucasian, fractured the skull of African American Glenn Moore with a baseball bat and robbed him in June 2005. Witnesses testified that Minucci used a racial slur before and during the attack. In October 1998, near Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney robbed, beat, and tied Matthew Shepard, a gay man, to a fence. Five days after the attack, Shepard died from his injures. In Houston, Texas, David Tuck attacked and sexually assaulted a Hispanic teenager in April 2006. Tuck shouted 'white power' and racial slurs during the attack. Awad and Minucci were each convicted of a hate crime. Wyoming, where Shepard was murdered, does not have a hate-crime statute. Houston authorities did not charge Tuck with a hate crime because the charges against him already carried a life sentence. In many cases, hate may be seen or perceived by the victims, their families, witnesses, and even law enforcement to be the motivation for a crime, but perpetrators may not be charged with a hate crime for a variety of reasons-many of the same reasons that the debate on hate-crime laws continues in this country."

  United States. Office of Justice Programs

  Shively, Michael; Mulford, Carrie F.

  2007-06
• K-12 Education: Students' Experiences with Bullying, Hate Speech, Hate Crimes, and Victimization in Schools, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives

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  From the Government Accountability Office (GAO) Highlights: "Hostile behaviors, including bullying, harassment, hate speech and hate crimes, or other types of victimization like sexual assault and rape, in schools can negatively affect K-12 [kindergarten through twelfth grade] students' short- and long-term mental health, education, income, and overall well-being. According to Education's guidance, incidents of harassment or hate, when motivated by race, color, national origin, sex (including sexual orientation and gender identity), or disability status can impede access to an equal education. In certain circumstances, these kinds of incidents may violate certain federal civil rights laws, which Education's OCR [Office for Civil Rights] is tasked with enforcing in K-12 schools. GAO was asked to review hostile behaviors in K-12 schools. This report examines (1) the prevalence and nature of hostile behaviors in K-12 public schools; (2) the presence of K-12 school programs and practices to address hostile behaviors; and (3) how Education has addressed complaints related to these issues in school years 2010-11 through 2019-20."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2021-11
• Hate Crime Victimization, 2004-2012 - Statistical Tables

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  "In 2012, an estimated 293,800 nonfatal violent and property hate crime victimizations occurred against persons age 12 or older residing in U.S. households. The apparent increase from 2011 to 2012 in the rate of overall violent hate crime was not statistically significant. […] This report presents NCVS [National Crime Victimization Survey] data on the characteristics of hate crimes and hate crime victims from 2003 to 2012. Trend estimates are based on 2-year rolling averages centered on the most recent year. This method generally improves the reliability and stability of estimate comparisons over time. For ease of discussion, the report refers to all 2-year estimates by the most recent year. For example, estimates reported for 2012 represent the average estimates for 2011 and 2012. The report also compares NCVS and UCR [Uniform Crime Reports] overall trends in hate crime victimization."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics

  Wilson, Meagan Meuchel

  2014-02