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California's Future [2021]
From the Webpage: "The past year highlighted and heightened California's key challenges. Millions of Californians lost jobs and income during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis; low-income families, communities of color, and women were hit hardest. As schools and universities shifted rapidly to remote learning, educators and parents scrambled to provide all students with high-quality instruction, technology, and support. In addition, California endured a terrible wildfire season, widespread protests pushed the state and the nation to address racial inequities, and historic numbers of Californians voted in the highly consequential November election. As California emerges from the pandemic, can policymakers pave the way for an equitable recovery? And how can California--the most diverse state in the nation--expand opportunity across all of its communities and regions? PPIC [Public Policy Institute of California] examines these questions in rigorous and innovative ways. Our nonpartisan, independent, fact-based research explores effective, efficient, and equitable public policies that improve the well-being of our state's people, communities, and environment. This multi-topic publication addresses the state's most pressing policy challenges in several key areas: [1] criminal justice; [2] economy; [3] education; [4] safety net; [5] water and a changing climate."
Public Policy Institute of California
Bohn, Sarah; Cha, Paulette; Chappelle, Caitrin . . .
2021-01
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Adversarial System Analysis of the Salvadoran Gangs
From the Introduction: "Gangs have existed for many decades in El Salvador. They did not receive a lot of attention until the 1990s. The gangs prior to the 1990s were more like the stereotypical gangs that people usually think of: misguided youth, mostly involved in petty crime and solicitation. They were not considered a very serious threat to personal or national security at that time. [...] In the mid-2010s, the gangs figured out that their violence had an extortionary effect on their ability to negotiate or manipulate society and the government to get things they wanted. When they wanted to negotiate with societal or government representatives, they ordered increased or decreased number of homicides depending on whether they were trying to force a concession or show good will to coax a favor. Such a cold attitude toward the value of human life is hard to fathom because of how foreign it is to conventional societal values, but it is precisely this callousness that gives the gangs power. The government has everything to lose in contrast to the gangs in the short term. Paradoxically, in the long-term, violence is the gangs' greatest weakness because it is what causes people to reject them. Nevertheless, as the state fails to eliminate or significantly reduce the power of the gangs in El Salvador, the people have resigned themselves to their presence and, as a result, the gangs have started to become institutionalized. The older generation of the gangs is gentrifying while simultaneously the criminal groups are being joined by large numbers of young recruits. This institutionalization of the gangs means that not only are they expanding, but they are establishing deep roots as they become increasingly embedded in Salvadoran society. This has serious security, political, economic and social implications and means that the gangs cannot be merely 'extirpated' as a security threat, but rather must be dealt with as a holistic problem. This is a much more difficult task. This study aspires to develop a holistic assessment of the Salvadoran gangs in the hopes that it can contribute to this type of comprehensive solution."
William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies
Spencer, David E.; Morales, Juan Carlos; Santos M., Herard von (Santos Méndez), 1966-
2022-02-07?
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Colombia Coca Bloom, the Mexican Heroin Surge, and the Fentanyl Crisis
From the Introduction: "Revenue from illegal drugs is the principal source of income for transnational organized crime groups in the Americas. The money is used to pay off corrupt officials, buy lethal arms, and contributes to other problems such as corruption, weak government institutions, and money laundering. In that sense, the illicit drug industry - worth an estimated $30-50 billion dollars per year - is the fuel that drives the high levels of crime and violence that make Central and South America the most dangerous regions in the world. Of all the illegal drugs produced, transported, and marketed through the Americas, cocaine is the biggest revenue generator. The cocaine market is worth billions of dollars per year and, in a region that suffers from chronic poverty, severe inequality, and an extensive informal economy, the illicit drug market can be a highly seductive temptation for inhabitants. The addictive substance is processed from coca leaves grown in highlands along the Andean Mountains, especially in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. The coca leaves are treated with chemicals to make a white paste and then baked into a powder which is then packaged and shipped to markets in North America, Europe, and Asia. Cocaine is not the only dangerous and addictive substance in the Americas. [...] This report examines the surge in cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl from the Americas. Data are draw from the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)'s National Drug Control Strategy Data Supplement from 2020 and from the ONDCP Drug Dashboard. The article is a sequel to one published in 2014, titled 'Measuring Success in the War on Drugs.' More than eight years later, a lot has changed in the Western Hemisphere."
William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies
Paterson, Patrick J.; Contreras, Daniel Chang
2022-03
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H. Rept. 116-581: Faster Act of 2020, Report to Accompany H.R. 2117, November 16, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 2117, the 'Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act of 2020' or the 'FASTER Act of 2020', introduced by Representative Doris O. Matsui (D-CA), aims to provide consumers and public health agencies with additional information related to food allergies. The bill would require the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to expand the collection of information on specific allergens that cause food allergies and include that information in reports to Congress. The bill would also amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to include sesame as a major allergen and allow the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), through regulation, to add other food ingredients as major allergens based on the prevalence and severity of allergic reactions to the food ingredient. Additionally, the bill would require FDA to include an assessment on the use of patient experience data when making regulatory decisions on treatments for patients with food allergies in its reports on patient experience data in drug development."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-11-16
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Planning and Decision Framework for Chemical Incident Consequence Management (Coordination Draft)
From the Executive Summary: "This document provides a framework for federal, state, local, tribal and territorial (FSLTT) government and non-governmental authorities for use in planning and expediting decisions regarding technical incident characterization, remediation, and site re-use/re-occupancy in the aftermath of a nationally significant or large-scale hazardous chemical release. Together, the National Incident Management System (NIMS), National Response Framework (NRF), National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF), and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) provide the general integrated structure for incident command, control, and coordination during such incidents. This integrated structure is based on a fundamental premise - namely, conducting incident management activities at the lowest jurisdictional level possible, augmented by other expertise and resources (including a Federal On-Scene Coordinator [OSC]), as appropriate. Based on the size, scope, and complexity of the incident, additional federal government assistance, including technical capabilities and other resources, may be required to support the response to and recovery from a chemical incident. Federal response and recovery activities are synchronized using the operational constructs detailed in the Oil and Chemical Incident Annex (OCIA) to the Federal Interagency Operational Plans (FIOPs) for Response and Recovery."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2022-05
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National Drug Control Strategy Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy
From the Introduction: "Criminal activity along the Southwest Border (SWB) poses a significant national security threat to the United States. The almost 2,000-mile border that separates the United States and Mexico includes major population centers, transportation hubs, Tribal lands and Tribal Trust lands, and large tracts of uninhabited desert. Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) are the greatest drug trafficking threat to the United States; they control most of the U.S. drug market and have established varied transportation routes, have advanced communications capabilities, and hold strong affiliations with criminal groups and gangs in the United States. Mexican TCOs supply the majority of the heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, and foreign-produced marijuana available in U.S. illicit drug markets. These drugs are also smuggled into the United States across other land, sea, and air borders, but not on the same scale as the substances transported across the SWB."
United States. White House Office; United States. Executive Office of the President; United States. Office of National Drug Control Policy
2022
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The Nation's Two Crime Measures, 2011-2020
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Justice administers two statistical programs to measure the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime in the nation: the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System (UCR SRS) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The NCVS was established in 1973 to complement the UCR SRS and measure crimes not reported to police. The NCVS and UCR SRS have different purposes, use different methods, and focus on different aspects of crime. The information they produce together provides a comprehensive understanding of crime in the United States. This report presents NCVS and UCR SRS statistical estimates as defined by each program."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Morgan, Rachel E.; Thompson, Alexandra
2022-02
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United States Government Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Congressional Report (June 2021)
From the Executive Summary: "The United States is a steadfast supporter of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. Long before the passage of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 in 2000 and the enactment and implementation of the first comprehensive law on WPS in 2017, the United States government (USG) has been implementing the WPS agenda through diplomacy, development, defense, and international cooperation, through its specific missions and its relevant Departments and Agencies. The WPS Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-68) (WPS Act) required the President to submit to Congress the U.S. Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS Strategy), which launched in 2019. The Strategy called for the Departments of Defense (DoD), Homeland Security (DHS), and State, as well as the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), to submit agency-specific Implementation Plans to measure and report on progress. The following public report to Congress evaluates the USG's progress in advancing the WPS Strategy's four Lines of Effort (LOEs): 1) Participation; 2) Protection; 3) Internal Capabilities; and 4) Partnerships. As each of the four departments and agencies have unique and tailored missions, the data and timeframes presented in their reports differ."
United States. White House Office
2021-06-29
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White House Blueprint for Addressing the Maternal Health Crisis
From the Executive Summary: "The United States is facing a maternal health crisis. Our country's maternal mortality rate is the highest of any developed nation in the world and more than double the rate of peer countries, and most pregnancy-related deaths are considered preventable. Beyond maternal mortality, severe maternal morbidity impacts far too many families. Each year, thousands of women experience unexpected outcomes of labor and delivery that result in significant short- or long-term consequences to their health such as heart issues, the need for blood transfusions, eclampsia, and blood infections. Systemic barriers, together with a failure to recognize, respect and listen to patients of color, has meant that Black and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women, regardless of income or education, experience a greater share of these grave outcomes, as do rural women. The challenge in front of us extends beyond healthy pregnancy and outcomes. For far too many mothers and families, pregnancy and childbirth are traumatic experiences, lacking in dignity and respect, and too often resulting in complications, mistreatment, and high medical bills. For too long, we have allowed preventable deaths, life-altering complications, and untreated mental health and substance use disorders to persist. And the continued attacks on women's fundamental rights, including restrictions on abortion and family planning, are undermining the ability for women to be safe and healthy."
United States. White House Office
2022-06
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Strengthening Food Security in the Force: Strategy and Roadmap
From the Introduction: "On March 4, 2021, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III released a message to the Force outlining his three key priorities: defend the Nation, take care of our people, and succeed through teamwork. To ensure the United States remains the world's greatest fighting Force, the Department of Defense (DoD) must continue to focus on ways to improve how we take care of our people. [...] Challenges stemming from economic security manifest themselves in a number of ways, including reports of food insecurity. Food insecurity is commonly defined as when a person or a household does not have enough nutritious food to live an active, healthy life, and can range from relying on cheaper, less-nutritious foods to skipping meals. This strategy and roadmap outlines a plan to address food insecurity, delivering a holistic approach that starts with an effort to understand the experiences of Service members and their families. These evidence-informed actions address a breadth of issues, and include goals across six lines of effort designed to: '1) increase access to healthy food, 2) enhance spouse economic opportunities, 3) review Service member pay and benefits, 4) reinforce financial resources and awareness, 5) encourage Service members and families to seek available resources and services, and 6) expand data collection and reporting.'"
United States. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness)
2022-07
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Legality in Cyberspace: An Adversary View
"The United States and its allies are in general agreement on the legal status of conflict in cyberspace. Although key principles remain unresolved, such as what precisely constitutes an armed attack or use of force in cyberspace, overall there is a broad legal consensus among Euro-Atlantic nations that existing international law and international commitments are sufficient to regulate cyber conflict. This principle is described in multiple authoritative legal commentaries. But these can imply misleadingly that this consensus is global and unchallenged. In fact, China, Russia, and a number of like-minded nations have an entirely different concept of the applicability of international law to cyberspace as a whole, including to the nature of conflict within it. These nations could therefore potentially operate in cyberspace according to entirely different understandings of what is permissible under international humanitarian law, the law of armed conflict, and other legal baskets governing conduct during hostilities. […] This Letort Paper explores the Russian approach to legal constraints governing actions in cyberspace within the broader framework of the Russian understanding of the nature of international law and commitments, with the aim of informing U.S. military and civilian policymakers of views held by a potential adversary in cyberspace. Using a Russian perspective to examine the legal status of various activities in cyberspace, including what constitutes hostile activity, demonstrates that assumptions commonly held in the United States may need to be adjusted to counter effectively--or engage with--Russian cyber initiatives."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Giles, Keir; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-03
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Effects of Scientific Messages and Narratives About Vaccination
From the Abstract: "A fundamental challenge complicates news decisions about covering vaccine side effects: although serious vaccine side effects are rare, less severe ones do occur occasionally. The study was designed to test whether a side effect message could induce vaccine hesitancy and whether that could be countered by pro-vaccine messages about vaccine safety. A large (N = 2,345), nationally representative experiment was conducted by randomly exposing participants to one of six videos about the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine edited from news programs produced during the 2019 measles outbreak in the United States. The design was a 2x3 factorial crossing the presence or absence of a hesitancy- inducing narrative message with a pro-vaccine science-supporting message (i.e., no message, science-supporting expert message, or pro-vaccine narrative message), leading to a total of six conditions. A general linear model was used to assess the effects of these videos on respondents' (1) vaccine risk perceptions, (2) policy views on vaccination, (3) willingness to encourage others to vaccinate their children, and (4) intention to send a pro-vaccine letter to their state representative. Findings indicated that the science-supporting expert message about vaccine safety led to higher pro-vaccine evaluations relative to other conditions [e.g., b = -0.17, p < .001, a reduction in vaccine risk perceptions of 0.17 as compared to the control]. There was also suggestive evidence that the hesitancy-inducing narrative may limit the effectiveness of a science-supporting expert message, although this finding was not consistent across different outcomes. When shown alone the hesitancy-inducing narrative did not shift views and intentions, but more research is needed to ascertain whether exposure to such messages can undercut the pro-vaccine influence of science-supporting (expert) ones. All in all, however, it is clear that science-supporting messages are effective and therefore worthwhile in combating vaccine misinformation."
PLoS ONE
Kuru, Ozan; Stecula, Dominik Andrzej; Lu, Hang . . .
2021-03-24
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Preparing for War? Moscow Facing an Arc of Crisis
From the Summary: "This Letort Paper explores Russian state mobilization. It first frames how Moscow sees the world and then turns to explore the range of measures that the Russian leadership is implementing to address a series of threats, both real and perceived, as well as numerous internal challenges. These are emergency measures, tantamount to putting the country onto a war footing. It has been plain for some time that the world is seen very differently by policymakers in Washington, D.C. and Moscow. However, the differences are becoming evermore stark as the United States-and many of its allies-and Moscow increasingly drawn different conclusions from the same bodies of evidence. This is true whether the topic is Euro-Atlantic security issues, such as NATO enlargement, missile defense, or-most notably-Ukraine, or whether the security questions are further afield, such as the wars in Libya and Syria. The Russian view contains a multiplicity of challenges, from the potential for war to erupt, to instability in the aftermath of U.S.-led wars of regime change. Many in the Russian leadership are particularly concerned about the possibility of such a regime change campaign being conducted against Russia itself. Russian President Vladimir Putin and others in the leadership circle have been explicit that they see events in Libya, Syria, and Ukraine in this light, and that Russia must learn lessons from these developments."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2016-12
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Extreme Temperature and COVID 19 in Texas Prisons
From the Executive Summary: "Texas is one of at least thirteen states in the U.S. that does not have universal air-conditioning in state prisons. Throughout the history of imprisonment in Texas, incarcerated people have experienced great harm from extreme heat and a lack of adequate protections. Although 87 percent of households in the U.S. use air-conditioning equipment, only 30 percent of Texas prison units are fully air-conditioned. Temperatures inside units have been shown to regularly reach 110 degrees and in at least one unit have topped 149 degrees. [...] Findings from this report demonstrate how current heat mitigation policies do not result in adequate protections against heat-related illness for incarcerated people. The experiences of incarcerated people in Texas prisons illuminate systemic issues and patterns across units and also expand the understanding of heat-related illness and death as an ongoing but preventable disaster. Additionally, surveys and letters collected in 2020 reveal how the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, which has disproportionately impacted incarcerated populations in Texas, created further challenges to the individually focused heat mitigation strategies in Texas prisons. Incarcerated people have described the environment of extreme heat and the COVID-19 pandemic as a 'living hell.' Each section includes descriptions of how heat-mitigation practices were impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in addition to a separate section which provides a more in depth look at the relationship between the two hazards of extreme heat and COVID-19."
Texas A & M University; Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center
Purdum, J. Carlee; Dominick, Amite; Dixon, Benika C.
2022-07
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Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization
"This monograph by Mr. Henry Plater-Zyberk seeks to explain the SCO [Shanghai Cooperation Organization] through reviewing its history and stated aspirations, and measuring these against actual achievements. It concludes that with the notable exception of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), the great majority of SCO accomplishments are of little significance other than to provide an additional multinational vehicle through which China, and in particular Russia, can seek to counter U.S. and Western activity in Central Asia. Specific policy aims of the SCO, (or of Russia or China through the medium of the SCO), should not be analyzed according to U.S. policy criteria. It is not necessary for an event to take place that would be considered by the United States as a substantial policy achievement, in order for Russia to believe that the SCO has contributed to countering U.S. aims as part of an overall strategy. The Strategic Studies Institute therefore recommends this monograph as a key to understanding the real implications of development of the SCO for U.S. interests, and where and how these should be resisted."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-08
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COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance
From the Document: "CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] uses several data sources and systems to track antimicrobial resistance in the United States and abroad. Knowing where and how changes in resistance are occurring helps us find solutions to prevent spread and slow resistance, especially in outbreak responses. Recently, the United States has been building a solid foundation for public health preparedness to address antimicrobial resistance. [...] More resources are needed to continue establishing a resilient public health system that can maintain capacity to respond to antimicrobial resistance while also responding to other threats. Without an infrastructure and supply chains grounded in preparedness, critical antimicrobial resistance data will be delayed again when the next threat emerges. We must address gaps identified before the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, including expanding the public health workforce, increasing local access to the best detection tools and technology, and expanding global lab capacities." This document includes charts, tables, and graphs to illustrate the text.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Antibiotic Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit
2022-06
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European Missile Defense and Russia
From the Summary: "When U.S. President Barack Obama cancelled a scheduled September 2013 summit meeting with his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, 'lack of progress on issues such as missile defense' was cited as the primary justification. Despite widespread and wellfounded assumption that the real trigger for the cancellation was the Russian decision to offer temporary asylum to Edward Snowden, the citing of missile defense was indicative. The comment marked one of the periodic plateaus of mutual frustration between the United States and Russia over U.S. attitudes to missile defense capability, stemming from a continued failure to achieve meaningful dialogue over U.S. plans and Russian fears."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Giles, Keir; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 471, Members of Congress Pension Opt Out Clarification Act
From the Bill Summary: "S. 471 would allow Members of the House of Representatives who are elected after enactment and all Senators, including those elected before enactment, to opt out of the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) but allow them to participate in the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-21
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7734, Timely Delivery of Bank Secrecy Act Reports Act
From the Document: "H.R. 7734 would require the Department of Treasury to fulfill Congressional requests for suspicious activity reports under the Bank Secrecy Act within 30 days of the request. Also, the bill would allow Congressional committees and subcommittees to subpoena financial institutions for the reports and for the information on which the reports are based. Information from the Treasury indicates that the department does not currently provide these reports directly to Congressional staff within the 30-day period specified in the bill. Using the costs of similar reporting requirements, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the costs to carry out the requirements in the bill would not be significant; any such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-20
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Tribal Broadband: National Strategy and Coordination Framework Needed to Increase Access, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "Broadband is critical to modern life. Despite federal efforts, broadband access on tribal lands has traditionally lagged behind the rest of the country. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review federal efforts for improving broadband on tribal lands. This report examines: (1) the extent to which federal funding programs have supported the deployment of broadband infrastructure on tribal lands; (2) barriers tribes and providers face in accessing federally funded programs to serve tribal lands; and (3) the extent to which federal agencies focus on tribal issues related to broadband access."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-06
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Preventing a Dirty Bomb: Vulnerabilities Persist in NRC's Controls for Purchases of High-Risk Radioactive Materials, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "Radioactive materials are commonly used throughout the U.S. in technological devices for medical, industrial, and research purposes. However, these materials, if used improperly, can be harmful and dangerous. For example, in the hands of terrorists, even a small amount could be used to construct a radiological dispersal device, also known as a dirty bomb. A dirty bomb uses conventional explosives to spread radioactive material. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review NRC's [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] license verification system for high-risk radioactive materials. This report examines (1) the effectiveness of NRC's license verification system for ensuring that high-risk radioactive materials are not purchased using a forged or altered license and (2) vulnerabilities that could affect NRC's ability to verify licenses for the purchase of high-risk radioactive material."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Economic Toll of Gun Violence
From the Document: "The loss to the victims, families and communities affected by gun violence cannot be calculated, but the harms caused by gun violence cascade through the rest of our economy in real and measurable ways. The economic toll creates costs for families, communities and society overall. [1]Gun violence injuries cost victims and their families more than $1 billion each year in initial direct medical costs alone. [2] Exposure to gun violence negatively effects educational attainment, leading to worse lifetime outcomes for children. [3] Increased school security measures in response to gun violence cost more than $3 billion each year, straining school budgets. [4] Gun violence harms local economies by slowing business development and decreasing housing prices. From health care to education and business formation to housing, the economic effects of gun violence are lasting and significant. Available research likely underestimates the economic toll of gun violence, leaving sections of costs undercounted or unaccounted for entirely. However, looking at the known costs gives insight into the wide scope of the economic impact of gun violence and huge losses it creates."
United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Beyer, Donald S., Jr.
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China's Space and Counterspace Programs: Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, February 18, 2015
This is the February 18, 2015, hearing on "China's Space and Counterspace Programs," held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Three panels covered the topics: (1) China's Civilian/Dual-Use and Military Space Programs; (2) Inputs to China's Space Program; and (3) Implications for the United States. Statements, letters and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Kevin Pollpeter, Joan Johnson-Freese, Dean Cheng, Alanna Krolikowski, Tate Nurkin, Mark Stokes, Richard Fisher, Roger Handberg, and Phillip Saunders.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015
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National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan
"The National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan (Strategy and Action Plan) will improve our Nation's preparedness to address the hazard of near-Earth object (NEO) impacts over the next 10 years. Its primary role is to help organize and coordinate NEO-related efforts within Federal Departments and Agencies (agencies), with a particular focus on efforts that are already existing and resourced. It seeks to leverage and enhance existing assets and capabilities--National and international, public and private--to effectively manage the risks associated with NEOs. The Strategy and Action Plan builds on efforts by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Department of Energy (DOE) to detect and characterize the NEO population and to prevent and respond to NEO impacts on Earth."
United States. Executive Office of the President; National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)
2018-06
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Maritime Cargo Security: CBP Should Provide Additional Guidance for Certain Non-Containerized Cargo Inspections, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "In 2020, non-containerized cargo accounted for about 32 percent of the $1.5 trillion total maritime cargo value. Non-containerized cargo includes goods, such as liquids, grains, and those transported individually or packaged and shipped on pallets or crates. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review CBP's [U.S. Customs and Border Protection 's] policies and procedures for securing non-containerized maritime cargo. This report examines the extent to which CBP's inspections of inbound non-containerized maritime cargo vary across selected U.S. seaports. GAO reviewed CBP policies, procedures, and documentation for inspecting inbound non-containerized maritime cargo. GAO also interviewed CBP headquarters and field officials to gather information about how the agency implemented the policies and procedures. This included interviewing officials from a non-generalizable sample of 11 U.S. seaports and four field offices. GAO selected seaports that varied based on port size (i.e. total volume of cargo processed), types of non-containerized maritime cargo processed, and geographic location. [...] GAO recommends that CBP (1) identify additional actions that CBP personnel at seaports should take to address the identified risks of crated cargo and (2) update national maritime cargo processing guidance to reflect the identified actions. The Department of Homeland Security concurred with these recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-06
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Promoting the Long-Term Sustainability and Security of the Space Environment
"I view this [Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN, Regional Forum, or ARF] Workshop as an opportunity to discuss how ARF participants can benefit from space and how we can work together to ensure the long-term sustainability and security of the space environment in the face of pressing dangers such as the growth of space debris. As more and more Asian-Pacific nations develop space capabilities, cooperation among Asian-Pacific governments will be essential to preserving the space environment for us all." Sections in these remarks include the following: "The Urgent Challenge of Orbital Debris," "The Contribution of Transparency and Confidence-building Measures," and "Concrete TCBMs in Action." TCBM is Transparency and Confidence-building Measure.
United States. Department of State
Rose, Frank A.
2014-10-09
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Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States Specified in Section 491 of 10 U.S.C.
"The Secretary of Defense, on behalf of the President, is submitting this report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States in accordance with Section 491 of 10 U.S.C. Section 491 states: By not later than 60 days before the date on which the President implements a nuclear employment strategy of the United States that differs from the nuclear employment strategy of the United States then in force, the President shall submit to Congress a report setting forth the following: (1) A description of the modifications to the nuclear employment strategy, plans, and options of the United States made by the strategy so issued. (2) An assessment of effects of such modification for the nuclear posture of the United States. (3) The implication of such changes on the flexibility and resilience of the strategic forces of the United States and the ability of such forces to support the goals ofthe United States with respect to nuclear deterrence, extended deterrence, assurance, and defense. ( 4) The extent to which such modifications include an increased reliance on conventional or non-nuclear strike capabilities or missile defenses of the United States. With the President's issuance of new nuclear weapons employment guidance, this report is being provided in advance of implementation and, thus, fulfills the requirements of Section 491. Implementation of this new employment strategy will consist of updating Department of Defense (DoD) military guidance and plans over the next year."
United States. Department of Defense
2013-06-12
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Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
This is the text of the Strategic Arms Threat Reduction Treaty (START). This treaty achieves the following: "1,550 developed weapons, which is about one-third below the current level; 700 deployed ICBMs -- intercontinental ballistic missile -- and anti-ballistic missiles and heavy bombers, and this represents more than twofold reduction below the current levels; and 800 deployed and non-deployed launchers for such missiles -- deployed and non-deployed heavy bombers, which again represents a twofold reduction below the level that existed prior to the signature on this treaty." The Protocol and Annexes to this treaty are a seperate document. Although this treaty is in English, it is also available in Russian.
United States. Department of State
2010-04-08
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American Nuclear Society [website]
"The American Nuclear Society is a not-for-profit, international, scientific and educational organization. It was established by a group of individuals who recognized the need to unify the professional activities within the diverse fields of nuclear science and technology. December 11, 1954, marks the Society's historic beginning at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. ANS has since developed a multifarious membership composed of approximately 11,000 engineers, scientists, administrators, and educators representing 1,600 plus corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies. It is governed by four officers and a board of directors elected by the membership."
American Nuclear Society
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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [website]
"The IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] is the world's center of cooperation in the nuclear field. It was set up as the world's 'Atoms for Peace' organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies."
International Atomic Energy Agency
