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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4561, Security Assessment Feasibility for Equipment Testing and Evaluation of Capabilities for Our Homeland Act
"Under current law, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is responsible for testing facilities, equipment, and systems related to transportation security. As an alternative, H.R. 4561 would direct TSA to establish a program to allow technology developers to obtain testing from a third party, subject to requirements specified in the bill. H.R. 4561 also would require the Government Accountability Office to study the effects of the proposed program and would direct TSA to develop, in consultation with the European Civil Aviation Conference, processes to promote reciprocal recognition of security-related standards among international organizations."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2018-01-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5830, Wright Amendment Reform Act
"H.R. 5830 would amend provisions of federal law that set certain restrictions on commercial air transportation to and from Love Field, an airport located near the cities of Dallas and Forth Worth, Texas. Based on information from the Department of Transportation, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that enacting H.R. 5830 would have no significant impact on the federal budget. The bill would not affect direct spending or revenues. H.R. 5830 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The bill would make the necessary changes in federal law to implement an agreement among the cities of Dallas and Forth Worth and American and Southwest Airlines. Any costs to those cities or the state of Texas would be incurred voluntarily. On July 21, 2006, CBO transmitted a cost estimate for S. 3661, a bill to amend section 29 of the International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979 relating to air transportation to and from Love Field, Texas, as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on July 19, 2006. The two bills are similar, and our cost estimates are the same."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-07-24
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Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Summary: "The federal government supports homeownership in different ways. One of the main ways is through programs or support from quasi-government entities that promise lenders or investors that if a homeowner defaults on a covered mortgage, the lender or investor will still receive some--or all--of the amount it was owed. These types of guarantees can support homeownership by making private lenders more willing to offer certain types of mortgages. Additionally, they can increase the number of private investors who are willing to invest in mortgages, thereby increasing the amount of capital available for mortgage lending. The details of the programs differ, but most have limits on the size of mortgages that are eligible. This report contains brief program descriptions and discusses the maximum mortgage amounts for each."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sacks-Jones, Katharine; Perl, Libby; Scott, Andrew P.
2022-06-09
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NATO: Finland and Sweden Seek Membership [June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "On May 18, 2022, Finland and Sweden applied [hyperlink] to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO[...]). Prompted by growing security concerns about Russia and its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Finland's [hyperlink] and Sweden's decisions [hyperlink] mark a historic shift [hyperlink] for these traditionally militarily nonaligned countries. The Biden Administration [hyperlink] and many Members of Congress [hyperlink] have responded positively to the prospect of Finland and Sweden joining NATO, arguing that the addition of these two mature democracies [hyperlink] with advanced militaries [hyperlink] will enhance security [hyperlink] in the Baltic Sea region and the broader EuroAtlantic area. NATO enlargement must be approved by all 30 current NATO members; U.S. approval requires Senate advice and consent."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin; Belkin, Paul; Bowen, Andrew S.
2022-06-10
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School Safety and Target Hardening [June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "The May 2022 deaths of 19 students and 2 teachers in a mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, TX, has led some Members of Congress to discuss a range of policy options to address gun violence in schools, several of which have been considered after previous mass shootings in schools. One option that has again gained the attention of policymakers is 'target hardening' of schools, which generally involves attempts to fortify schools against gun violence through their physical design and additional security measures."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
James, Nathan
2022-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Public Transportation Safety Act of 2010
From the Summary: "The Public Transportation Safety Act of 2010 would authorize the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to establish uniform safety standards for public transportation systems and would authorize appropriations for grants to certain states to implement those standards. Assuming appropriation of the specified amounts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $61 million over the 2011-2015 period. Pay-as-you-go procedures apply to this legislation because enacting it could affect revenues. The bill would allow the Department of Transportation (DOT) to impose civil penalties in certain situations where safety standards are violated; such collections are classified as revenues in the budget. Based on information from the FTA, however, CBO estimates that the new penalties would have no significant impact on the federal budget in any year. The bill would impose an intergovernmental mandate as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) by preempting state laws related to public transportation safety if those laws do not meet the minimum requirements of a uniform national standard. While that preemption would limit the application of state law, CBO estimates that it would impose no duty on state, local, or tribal governments that would result in additional spending. The legislation contains no new private-sector mandates."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2010-07-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3566, Maritime Administration Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011
From the Summary: "S. 3566 would authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2011 for programs carried out by the Maritime Administration (MARAD). Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 3566 would cost $169 million over the 2011-2015 period. Enacting S. 3566 would not affect revenues or direct spending; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. The bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2010-09-17
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Congressional Budget Cost Estimate: S. 554, Motorcoach Enhanced Safety Act of 2009
From the Summary: "S. 554 would require two agencies within the Department of Transportation (DOT) to establish new safety standards and regulations for most interstate buses, complete research on bus safety, and create a new training curriculum for operators of interstate buses. Based on information from DOT, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $34 million over the 2010-2015 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2010-05-11
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Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Siting: FERC Policy and Issues for Congress [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Summary: "Growth in U.S. natural gas production has driven the development of new pipelines from producing regions to consuming markets. Over 300,000 miles of transmission pipeline already transport natural gas across the country. However, if domestic natural gas trends continue, the need for new pipelines could still be substantial. As a result of military conflict in Europe, demand for U.S. liquefied natural gas exports is growing as well, which is driving associated natural gas infrastructure development. This new infrastructure could amount to several thousand miles of new interstate pipeline and on the order of $40 billion in capital investment. Under the Natural Gas Act (NGA), companies seeking to build interstate natural gas pipelines need certificates of public convenience and necessity from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The commission's regulatory process for certificate applications consists of pre-filing, certificate application, application review (including environmental review), authorization, and post-certificate proceedings. Several aspects of FERC's review practices have been the subject of FERC dissent, debate in Congress, or litigation. Key challenges to FERC certification involve environmental review, evaluating project need, review timing, relations with other agencies, changes in industry structure, export issues, environmental justice, and public participation. The Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden Administrations issued executive orders intended to change federal permitting of infrastructure, specifically including energy infrastructure. Exactly how these orders may have affected natural gas pipeline siting is not clear."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Parfomak, Paul W.
2022-06-09
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FY2022 Defense Appropriations Act: Context and Selected Issues [June 9, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2022, enacted as Division C of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 2471; P.L. 117-103), provided $719.6 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Department of Defense (DOD)--excluding supplemental funding-- $22.5 billion (3.2%) more than the Administration's budget request. The annual defense appropriations bill typically funds all military-related activities of DOD except for the construction of facilities (covered by a separate appropriations bill) and accrual payments to the TRICARE medical insurance program for military retirees. On July 15, 2021, the House Committee on Appropriations reported H.R. 4432, a FY2022 defense appropriations bill that would have provided 0.04% less than the budget request. The House took no action on that bill. On October 20, 2021, the majority (Democratic) caucus of the Senate Committee on Appropriations introduced S. 3023, a consolidated FY2022 appropriations bill that incorporated the defense appropriations bill as Division A, which would have provided 2.7% more than the request. Neither the Senate committee nor the Senate took any action on the bill."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Towell, Pat
2022-06-09
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Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations [Updated June 10, 2022]
From the Document: "The five Nordic countries--Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden--share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous market economies with relatively high standards of living. With a total population of roughly 27 million people, the Nordics collectively form the world's 12th -largest economy. They have extensive social welfare systems and relatively high tax rates but are considered to be innovative, business-friendly countries. The Nordics generally rank high on global competitiveness indexes. Foreign trade plays a key role in their economies. They also enjoy substantial natural resources. Norway in particular benefits from vast North Sea oil and natural gas deposits."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2022-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 275, Pipeline Transportation Safety Improvement Act of 2011
From the Summary: "The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) oversees the safety of pipelines that transport gas or hazardous liquids and provides grants to states for programs to ensure pipeline safety. For those activities, S. 275 would authorize the gross appropriation of $420 million over the 2012-2016 period. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] expects that about $365 million of those appropriations would be offset by fees paid by pipeline operators over the three-year period. In addition, subject to provisions in appropriation acts, CBO estimates that the bill would authorize PHMSA to collect and spend about $10 million over the 2012-2016 period to recover its costs of conducting safety reviews at a pipeline project in the state of Alaska. Altogether, CBO estimates that implementing S. 275 would have a net cost of $46 million over the 2012-2016 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures apply because enacting the legislation could affect revenues. S. 275 would increase certain civil penalties for violating pipeline safety regulations. Civil penalties are recorded in the budget as revenues and deposited in the general fund of the Treasury. However, CBO estimates that any increase in civil penalties would be small and would have no significant effect on the federal budget. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2011-06-09
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What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? [Updated June 9, 2022]
From the Document: "This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by September 30, 2022, and allowed to lapse."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.
2022-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 456, Gang Abatement and Prevention Act of 2007
From the Summary: "S. 456 would authorize the appropriation of $849 million over the 2008-2012 period, nearly $170 million annually, for Department of Justice (DOJ) programs to investigate and prosecute criminal street gangs and to prevent gang activity. In addition, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the bill would authorize the appropriation of about $550 million over the 2008-2012 period for programs to protect witnesses of crimes and for other crime-prevention activities. The bill also would establish new federal offenses and increase penalties for criminal activities committed by street gangs. Assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO estimates that implementing S. 456 would cost $1.1 billion over the 2008-2012 period. The bill could affect direct spending and revenues, but CBO estimates that any such effects would not be significant."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-07-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 650, Railroad Safety and Positive Train Control Extension Act
"Under current law, Class I railroads (there are currently 7 such large railroads in the United States), most passenger rail lines, and any rail lines that transport hazardous materials are required to install and operate by December 31, 2015, certain automated safety equipment to avoid collisions in the event of a mistake by a train operator. This combined use of equipment and wireless communications is known as positive train control. Under provisions of the bill, the 2015 deadline to implement positive train control would be delayed by five years until December 31, 2020. The bill also would require the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to delay by five years the regulatory timeframes for implementing positive train control for smaller (Class II and III) railroads. […] S. 650 would impose an intergovernmental and private sector mandate, as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA), by requiring some railroads, including intercity and commuter passenger railroads, to annually submit reports on the progress of implementing positive train control technology."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2015-04-17
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Congressional Budget Office: H.R. 233, Railroad Antitrust Enforcement Act of 2009
"H.R. 233 would expand the authority of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to prosecute, under the Sherman and Clayton Acts, certain antitrust violations relating to railroads. Currently, the Surface Transportation Board (STB) has the primary authority to regulate mergers, acquisitions, rate-setting, and pooling arrangements under the Interstate Commerce Act. The roles of DOJ and FTC are generally limited to investigating potential violations and providing advice to the STB. Based on information provided by DOJ, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 233 would have no significant effect on the federal budget. We expect that DOJ would continue to perform investigations of railroads (investigations under current law are similar to those that would be performed under the bill) and that few of those investigations would result in enforcement actions. Accordingly, CBO expects that DOJ's workload would not increase substantially under the bill. CBO also expects that DOJ, rather than FTC, would handle antitrust enforcement matters specified under the bill; thus, we do not anticipate that FTC would incur significant additional enforcement costs."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2009-10-06
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Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations [Updated June 7, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report analyzes Mexico's criminal landscape, including pervasive violence and corruption. It also discusses categories of illicit drugs in Mexico and profiles nine major criminal organizations in Mexico, as well as the phenomena of fragmentation and competition among these major drug trafficking organizations (DTOs)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Beittel, June S.
2022-06-07
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Electronic Health Records: Outcome-Oriented Metrics and Goals Needed to Gauge DOD's and VA's Progress in Achieving Interoperability, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "DOD and VA [Veterans Affairs] operate two of the nation's largest health care systems, serving approximately 16 million veterans and active duty service members and their beneficiaries, at a cost of more than $100 billion a year. For almost two decades, the departments have been engaged in various efforts to advance DOD and VA electronic health record interoperability. Among their most recent efforts, the DOD and VA Secretaries have committed the departments to achieving interoperability between their separate electronic health record systems. The 'Consolidated Appropriations Act', 2014, and accompanying Joint Explanatory Statement, included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review the departments' efforts. GAO evaluated the actions taken by DOD, VA, and the IPO [Interagency Program Office] to plan for and measure the progress toward achieving interoperability between the departments' electronic health record systems. GAO reviewed relevant program documents and interviewed agency officials. […] GAO recommends that DOD and VA, working with the IPO, establish a time frame for identifying outcome-oriented metrics; define related goals to provide a basis for assessing and reporting on the status of interoperability; and update IPO guidance to reflect the metrics and goals identified. DOD and VA concurred with GAO's recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2015-08
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Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA): Workers' Compensation for Federal Employees [Updated June 7, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA) is the workers' compensation program for federal employees. Like all workers' compensation programs, FECA pays disability, survivors, and medical benefits, without regard to who was at fault, to employees who are injured or become ill in the course of their federal employment and to the survivors of employees killed on the job. The FECA program is administered by the Department of Labor (DOL) and the costs of benefits are paid by each employee's host agency. [...] This report provides an overview of the FECA program and also focuses on several key policy issues facing the program, including the payment of FECA benefits after retirement age, the overall level of FECA disability benefits as compared with those offered by the states, the administration of the FECA program, efforts to limit the use of opioids by FECA beneficiaries, and the coverage of anomalous health incidents (AHIs) commonly referred to as 'Havana Syndrome.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2022-06-07
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Regulatory Guidance Processes: Agencies Could Benefit from Stronger Internal Control Practices, Statement of Michelle A. Sager, Director, Strategic Issues, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Regulatory guidance is an important tool agencies use to communicate timely information about regulatory and grant programs to regulated parties, grantees, and the public. Guidance provides agencies flexibility to articulate their interpretations of regulations, clarify policies, and address new issues more quickly than may be possible using rulemaking. The potential effects of guidance and risks of legal challenges underscore the need for consistent processes for the development, review, dissemination, and evaluation of guidance. This statement discusses four key questions addressed in GAO's [Government Accountability Office] April 2015 report on regulatory guidance: (1) what it is; (2) how agencies use it; (3) how agencies decide whether to use guidance or undertake rulemaking; and (4) steps agencies can take to en sure more effective guidance processes. To conduct that work, GAO reviewed relevant requirements, written procedures, guidance, and websites, and interviewed agency officials. […] GAO is making no new recommendations in this statement. In the April 2015 report, GAO recommended steps to ensure consistent application of OMB [Office of Management and Budget] requirements for significant guidance and to strengthen internal controls in guidance production processes. The agencies generally agreed with the recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Sager, Michelle A.
2015-09-23
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Older Americans Act: Updated Information on Unmet Need for Services
From the Document: "The Older Americans Act (OAA) of 1965 was enacted, among other things, to help older adults remain in their homes and communities. Programs authorized and funded by OAA Title III grants provide a broad range of assistance to older adults in need of such services, including congregate and home-delivered meals, home-based care, and transportation services. […] The GAO [Government Accountability Office]examined what is known about older Americans' reported need for home and community-based services like those funded by the OAA and the potential unmet need for these services, based on national survey data. GAO's methodology is consistent with the methodology it used for its 2011 report. Specifically, to estimate likely need and receipt of meals services like those funded by Title III programs, GAO analyzed the most recent data from the CPS Food Security Supplement (2013). GAO estimated likely need for meals services by examining the percentages of low-income older adults who were food insecure, using the U.S. Department of Agriculture's measure of food insecurity, or had one or more types of functional impairments that may make it difficult to obtain or prepare meals. To estimate likely need and receipt of home-based care, GAO analyzed the most recent data from HRS (2012) on whether respondents of all incomes age 60 and older reported having difficulty with one or more daily activities and whether they received help. Finally, to estimate potential need for transportation services, GAO analyzed HRS data on driving capabilities and car access for respondents of all incomes age 65 and older."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2015-06-10
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Civil Support: DOD is Taking Action to Strengthen Support of Civil Authorities, Statement of Joseph W. Kirschbaum, PHD, Director, Defense Capabilities and Management, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "Threats to the homeland and major disasters and emergencies, such as hurricanes and wildfires, are frequently unpredictable or occur with little or no notice. DOD is often expected to play a prominent role supporting civil authorities and must be prepared to provide rapid response when called upon during disasters and declared emergencies (both natural and man-made). DOD also must provide support for restoring public health and services and civil order; support for national special security events; and periodic planned support. DOD provides this support to the American people through its defense support of civil authorities mission. In this statement, GAO [Government Accountability Office] describes progress DOD has made in implementing recommendations to strengthen (1) DOD's strategy, plans, and guidance; (2) interagency coordination; and, (3) capabilities to support civil authorities. This testimony is primarily based on GAO products issued from March 2010 through December 2014 that examined DOD's support of civil authorities mission. In June 2015 GAO obtained selected updates about DOD's support of civil authorities mission. GAO previously made recommendations to help DOD address management challenges or gaps in guidance regarding support of civil authorities. In response, the agency has taken some steps and plans to do more."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Kirschbaum, Joseph W.
2015-06-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 664, Navajo Utah Water Rights Settlement Act of 2018
From the Summary: "S. 664 would secure up to 81,500 acre-feet of water annually for the Navajo Nation by ratifying a settlement being negotiated between the United States, the state of Utah, and the Navajo Nation. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $209 million to capitalize the Navajo Utah Settlement Trust Fund, an interest-bearing fund established under the bill. After the parties meet certain conditions, the federal government would transfer ownership of the fund (including any earned interest that is appropriated to the fund) to the nation for constructing projects to deliver water to the reservation of the Navajo Nation in Utah. The bill also would direct the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) to survey water use on the reservation. Using information from BOR, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that enacting those provisions would cost $242 million over the 2019-2023 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized and necessary amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2018-11-28
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Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution [Updated June 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "The budget resolution reflects an agreement between the House and Senate on a budgetary plan for the upcoming fiscal year. [...] When the House and Senate do not reach final agreement on this plan, it may be more difficult for Congress to reach agreement on subsequent budgetary legislation, both within each chamber and between the chambers. In the absence of agreement on a budget resolution, Congress may employ alternative legislative tools to serve as a substitute for a budget resolution. These substitutes are typically referred to as 'deeming resolutions,' because they are deemed to serve in place of an annual budget resolution for the purposes of establishing enforceable budget levels for the upcoming fiscal year. Since the creation of the budget resolution, there have been 11 years in which Congress did not come to agreement on a budget resolution. In each of those years, one or both chambers employed at least one deeming resolution to serve as a substitute for a budget resolution. While referred to as deeming resolutions, such mechanisms are not formally defined and have no specifically prescribed content. Instead, they represent the House and Senate, often separately, engaging legislative procedures to deal with enforcement issues on an ad hoc basis. As described below, the mechanisms can vary significantly in content and timing. This report covers the use of deeming resolutions pertaining to fiscal years for which the House and Senate did not agree on a budget resolution."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lynch, Megan Suzanne
2022-06-08
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CBO Presentation: Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017
"This report provides information on spending by federal, state, and local governments for transportation and water infrastructure, which totaled $416 billion in 2014." This is the abstract taken from [https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49910].
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Musick, Nathan
2018-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 685, Clean Water for Rural Communities Act
From the Summary: "S. 685 would authorize the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) to study, plan, and construct projects to secure water supplies in rural areas in Montana and North Dakota. Using information from BOR, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $52 million over the 2019-2023 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized and necessary amounts. Enacting S. 685 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting S. 685 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2029. S. 685 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2018-11-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2154, Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas Water Rights Settlement Agreement Act
"S. 2154 would authorize, ratify, and confirm the Kickapoo Tribe Water Rights Settlement Agreement reached between the Kickapoo Tribe and the state of Kansas. Using information from the Department of the Interior, CBO estimates that implementing S. 2154 would cost less than $500,000 over the 2019-2023 period, subject to the availability of appropriated funds. The bill also would direct the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to complete a study on a watershed plan for the Upper Delaware River and its tributaries and to submit recommendations to the Congress on how best to implement that plan in accordance with Kickapoo tribal water rights provided under S. 2154."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2018-11-20
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 22 Issue 22, June 2, 2022
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "USFA [U.S. Fire Administration] publishes EMS [emergency medical services] Safety Practices manual"; "AT&T launches first location-based routing for wireless 911 calls using device location rather than cell towers"; "E15 [15% ethanol by volume] gasoline misfuelling risks and fire hazards: Public education resources for fire departments"; "ERSI [Emergency Responder Safety Institute] offers Wildland Fires and Traffic Management training"; "Alert (AA22-152A) - Karakurt Data Extortion Group"; "Compromised US academic credentials identified across various public and dark web forums"; "Verizon 2022 DBIR [Data Breach Investigations Report]: 4 of 5 data breaches caused by 'human element,' business partners involved in 3 of 5"; "DDoS [distributed denial of service] threats growing in sophistication, size, and frequency"; "Feature Article: S&T [Science and Technology Directorate] Hackathon addresses emerging threats to critical infrastructure"; and "Lumos system can find hidden cameras and IoT [Internet of Things] devices in your Airbnb or hotel room."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2022-06-02
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Stablecoins: Legal Issues and Regulatory Options (Part 2) [June 9, 2022]
From the Document: "In November 2021, the President's Working Group on Financial Markets (PWG) recommended [hyperlink] that Congress enact legislation limiting stablecoin issuance to insured depository institutions. Other commentators have advocated different regulatory strategies [hyperlink], ranging from a bespoke federal licensing regime to an outright ban on stablecoin issuance. This Legal Sidebar--the second in a two-part series--explores regulatory options for stablecoins. The first part [hyperlink] of the Sidebar series provides an overview of the existing legal framework governing stablecoins."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sykes, Jay B.
2022-06-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3342, Sanctioning Hizballah's Illicit Use of Civilians as Defenseless Shields Act
"H.R. 3342 would require the President to identify and impose sanctions on foreign people or entities affiliated with Hizballah that he determines have used civilians as human shields or have provided, tried to provide, or facilitated the provision of material support to that terrorist group. The bill also would require the President to provide to the Congress a list of people or entities so identified along with periodic updates. Finally, the bill describes several people and entities and would require the President to determine and report to the Congress if they meet the criteria to be sanctioned. Based on information from the Administration on the cost of similar requirements, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that administering the sanctions and implementing the reporting requirements would cost less than $500,000 annually and would total $1 million over the 2018-2022 period, subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2017-10-13
