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Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis in Ukraine [Updated March 18, 2022]
From the Document: "The humanitarian situation in Ukraine continues to deteriorate following Russia's invasion on February 24, 2022. Russia's war against Ukraine threatens to trigger a wider humanitarian crisis and has resulted in massive refugee flows to neighboring countries. The U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stated [hyperlink] that the war could cause 'Europe's largest refugee crisis this century.' With strong bipartisan support for the humanitarian response, Congress has increased U.S. humanitarian funding for Ukraine (see P.L. 117-103) while considering related challenges such as humanitarian access and protection."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda; Mix, Derek E.
2022-03-18
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Immigration: Public Charge Updates [Updated March 10, 2022]
From the Document: "Under federal immigration law, a noncitizen (alien) who is likely to become a public charge is deemed 'inadmissible', or ineligible to be admitted to the United States as a lawful permanent resident (LPR [Lawful Permanent Resident] or green card holder). Public charge determinations are made based on the totality of the circumstances for each case. In recent years, the criteria considered in public charge determinations have shifted. Longstanding public charge guidance directed immigration officials to consider whether an individual has become or is likely to become dependent on cash benefits for income maintenance or long-term institutionalization at government expense, among other factors. In 2019, under the Trump Administration, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued a new federal regulation that expanded the definition of public charge to consider whether a noncitizen was 'more likely than not at any time in the future' to use certain public benefits and added consideration of certain noncash benefits. The regulation was subsequently challenged in court. The Biden Administration chose not to defend the regulation [hyperlink] and, in March 2021, reverted to previous guidance. In February 2022, DHS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking [hyperlink] (NPRM) intending to implement a new regulation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.; Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly
2022-03-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4698, Disaster Relief Volunteer Protection Act of 2006
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on March 15, 2006. From the Document: "H.R. 4698 would provide immunity to volunteers, nonprofit organizations, or governmental entities from liability in certain civil suits alleging harm resulting from such individuals or entities providing disaster relief supplies or services. CBO estimates that implementing the legislation would result in no significant costs to the federal government. Enacting H.R. 4698 would not affect direct spending or revenues."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-05-16
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Financial Technology: Agencies Should Provide Clarification on Lenders' Use of Alternative Data, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review several fintech lending issues. This report, among other things, (1) describes recent trends in fintech [financial technology] lending and (2) examines fintech lenders' use of alternative data and the extent to which federal agencies monitor lenders' use of the data. GAO reviewed literature and agency documents; analyzed relevant federal guidance; conducted interviews with agency officials and industry stakeholders; and collected data from 10 fintech lenders (selected based on size, products offered, and other factors)."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2018-12
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Dodd-Frank Regulations: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Needs a Systematic Process to Prioritize Consumer Risks, Report to Congressional Addressees
From the Highlights: "The Dodd-Frank Act created CFPB [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau] to regulate the provision of consumer financial products and services. Congress included a provision in statute for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to study financial services regulations annually, including CFPB's related activities. This eighth annual report examines steps CFPB has taken to (1) identify, monitor, and report on risks to consumers in support of its rule makings and other functions and (2) retrospectively assess the effectiveness of certain rules within 5 years of their effective dates. GAO reviewed CFPB policies and procedures, internal and public reports, and memorandums documenting key decisions, assessment plans, and requests for public comment. GAO also interviewed officials from CFPB, three federal agencies with which it coordinated, and representatives of consumer and industry groups."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2018-12
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CBO Paper: Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2005
From the Summary and Introduction: "Decisions about national defense that are made today - whether they involve weapon systems, military compensation, or numbers of personnel - can have long-lasting effects on the composition of the U.S. armed forces and on the budgetary resources needed to support them. In the past two years, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has published a series of reports projecting the resources that might be needed each year over the long term to carry out the plans contained in the Administration's fiscal year 2003 and then 2004 Future Years Defense Program (FYDP). The Department of Defense (DoD) has since prepared a new FYDP reflecting changes that have been made to the department's programs and priorities over the past year. This paper updates CBO's projections to be consistent with the plans contained in the 2005 FYDP, which covers fiscal years 2005 through 2009. The total resources that the new FYDP anticipates for defense over the 2005-2009 period do not differ substantially from those in the 2004 FYDP."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2004-09
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CBO Briefing: Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005
From the Document: "[1] In January 2003, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) published 'The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans', which was based on the President's budget for fiscal year 2003 and the Department of Defense's 2003 Future Years Defense Program (FYDP). [2] CBO updated that analysis in July 2003 in 'The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004' and in February 2004 in 'The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004.' Those publications revised CBO's earlier work to take into account changes incorporated in the President's budget for fiscal year 2004 and the 2004 FYDP. [3] This briefing updates the February 2004 'Detailed Update' to account for changes incorporated in the President's budget for fiscal year 2005 and the 2005 FYDP. It is a companion piece to CBO's fiscal year 2005 'Summary Update.' [4] This briefing does not incorporate changes to the FYDP resulting from Congressional action on the President's 2005 budget request. [5] The Congress has passed a 2005 appropriation bill for the Department of Defense (DoD), excluding military construction and family housing, which are appropriated in a different bill. CBO estimates that Congressional appropriations will reduce DoD's total obligational authority (TOA) by approximately $1 billion in 2005 relative to the President's request of $402 billion. [6] Numerous charts in this detailed update use the concepts of 'steady state' and 'half-life' for DoD investment plans and weapon systems."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5316, Restoring Emergency Services to Protect Our Nation from Disasters Act of 2006
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on May 17, 2006. From the Summary: "H.R. 5316 would remove the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and make it a cabinet-level agency reporting directly to the President of the United States. FEMA had a similar status prior to the formation of DHS in 2003. Under the bill, DHS's responsibilities for ensuring the nation is prepared to respond to man-made and natural disasters would be transferred to FEMA. The bill also would authorize FEMA to coordinate an all-hazards emergency management system that includes federal government activities related to preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation for terrorism, natural disasters, and other emergencies. [...] Assuming appropriation of the necessary and specified amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 5316 would cost about $1.1 billion over the 2007-2011 period. Enacting this legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-06-02
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International Monetary Fund [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Document: "The International Monetary Fund (IMF, the Fund), founded in 1945, is an international organization that works to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. The United States is a founding member of the IMF and the largest financial contributor. Congress helps shape the U.S. participation in the IMF through oversight, appropriations, and other legislation. Key issues for Congress include IMF support for Ukraine, possible IMF sanctions on Russia, China's role at the IMF, and COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] response efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weiss, Martin A.
2022-03-07
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Locomotive Idling, Air Quality, and Blocked Crossings [Updated March 4, 2022]
From the Document: "When a train is not moving but its engines are running, it can present risks and disruptions for the surrounding community. Locomotives emit fuel exhaust that degrades air quality and generates noise and vibrations. If the idling train is stopped at a highway-rail grade crossing, local road transportation could be significantly impacted, especially if the nearest open railroad crossing is not close by. This could create serious conditions if first responders are unable to reach emergencies on the other side of the tracks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Ben
2022-03-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4133, National Flood Insurance Program Further Enhanced Borrowing Authority Act of 2005
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services on October 28, 2005. From the Summary: "H.R. 4133 would increase the amount that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) could borrow from the U.S. Treasury to cover expenses of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). CBO estimates that H.R. 4133 would increase direct spending by $5 billion in 2006. Enacting the legislation would not affect revenues. H.R. 4133 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-11-02
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Renewed Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense--Issues for Congress [Updated March 10, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a brief overview of implications for U.S. defense of the emergence of great power competition with China and Russia. The issue for Congress is how U.S. defense planning should respond to the renewal of great power competition, and whether to approve, reject, or modify the Biden Administration's proposed defense funding levels, strategy, plans, and programs for addressing great power competition. Congress's decisions on these issues could have significant implications for U.S. defense capabilities and funding requirements. This report focuses on defense-related issues and does not discuss potential implications of the renewal of great power competition for other policy areas, such as foreign policy and diplomacy, trade and finance, energy, and foreign assistance."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-10
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Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 2, 2022]
From the Introduction: "The Navy's DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy's Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2028. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $121.8 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-02
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Navy Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 2, 2022]
From the Document: "The Navy's new Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) program envisions procuring a class of 24 to 35 new amphibious ships to support the Marine Corps, particularly in implementing a new Marine Corps operational concept called Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO). (A June 17, 2021, long-range Navy shipbuilding document envisions procuring a total of 24 to 35 LAWs, while other Navy documents refer to a requirement for 35 LAWs.) The Navy envisions the first LAW being procured in FY2023. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $13.2 million in research and development funding for the program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-02
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Analysis of the U.S. Military's Ability to Sustain an Occupation of Iraq
From the Summary and Introduction: "In performing its analysis, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] made no assumptions about how long the occupation might last or about the size of the force that might be necessary. Instead, CBO's work focused on determining how large an occupation the U.S. military could sustain in Iraq indefinitely--while still maintaining acceptable levels of military readiness and not jeopardizing the quality of the all-volunteer force--under various policy options. Those options include using only combat troops from the Army's active component for the occupation, employing other existing U.S. ground forces as well, and expanding current forces to incorporate two additional Army divisions. CBO's analysis indicates that the active Army would be unable to sustain an occupation force of the present size beyond about March 2004 if it chose not to keep individual units deployed to Iraq for longer than one year without relief."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2003-09-03
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Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated March 2, 2022]
From the Summary: "This report discusses two types of amphibious ships being procured for the Navy: LPD [landing platform/dock]-17 Flight II class amphibious ships and LHA [Landing helicopter assault]-type amphibious assault ships. Both types are built by Huntington Ingalls Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding (HII/Ingalls) of Pascagoula, MS. Section 124 of the FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (H.R. 6395/P.L. 116-283 of January 1, 2021) provides authority for the Navy to use a block buy contract for the procurement of three LPD-17 class ships and one LHA-type amphibious assault ship."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2022-03-02
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Analysis of the U.S. Military's Ability to Sustain an Occupation in Iraq: An Update
This analysis is preceded by a letter from Douglas Holtz-Eakin of Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to Congressmember John M. Spratt Jr. regarding his request to compare CBO's prior estimates of the size of an occupation force that the U.S. military can sustain in Iraq with the military's actual practice. From the Letter: "The Department of Defense (DoD) has made some policy decisions over the past two and a half years that have increased its ability to sustain a larger occupation force compared with CBOs previous estimate. Those decisions include terminating the U.S. military mission in Bosnia, reducing the U.S. presence in North East Asia, and adopting somewhat more demanding goals for how rapidly U.S. forces should rotate through extended deployments. However, the majority of the difference between the size of an occupation force in Iraq over the past two and a half years and CBOs estimate of the size of a sustainable force derives from DoDs employing practices that depart from the standards that DoD states are preferable and that CBO uses in its analysis. The most significant such practice has been deploying active- and reserve-component units at rates in excess of what are generally considered sustainable."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-10-05
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1361, RECOVER Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Small Business on March 15, 2007. From the Summary: "H.R. 1361 would make various changes to existing and future loans made by the Small Business Administration (SBA) in response to a disaster. Those changes would increase the cost of assistance that SBA will provide after future disasters, and also would increase the cost of certain loans SBA has already made or obligated. In addition, the bill would: increase the maximum loan that can be made for certain categories of individuals and businesses for hazard mitigation purposes; authorize SBA to guarantee disaster bridge loans to businesses; establish a program to authorize certain types of private lenders to process, approve, disburse, and service SBA disaster loans; and create a grant program for small businesses affected by the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes. Moreover, the bill would expand the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program to include private, nonprofit organizations."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-03-29
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1716, Emergency Health Care Relief Act of 2005
This is a letter from Douglas Holtz-Eakin of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to Senate Chairman Charles E. Grassley regarding a preliminary CBO estimate of S. 1716, the Emergency Health Care Relief Act of 2005. From the Letter: "The Congressional Budget Office has estimated the effect on direct spending and revenues of an amendment in the nature of a substitute to S. 1716, the Emergency Health Care Relief Act of 2005, version ERN05801.LC. The bill would provide assistance to survivors of Hurricane Katrina by modifying eligibility rules and payment formulas for the Medicaid, TANF [Temporary Assistance for Needy Families], and unemployment compensation programs, and by establishing a disaster relief fund to pay for health care services and health insurance. CBO estimates that the bill would increase direct spending by $7.5 billion in 2006 and by $8.9 billion over the 2006-2010 and 2006-2015 periods."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-09-22
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1736, An Act to Provide for the Participation of Employees in the Judicial Branch in the Federal Leave Program for Disasters and Emergencies
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Government Reform on March 9, 2006. From the Document: "S. 1736 would provide for the participation of employees of the judicial branch in the federal emergency leave transfer program. CBO estimates that the legislation would have no significant budgetary impact. Enacting S. 1736 would not affect direct spending or revenues. The legislation contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-03-15
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New Zealand [Updated March 3, 2022]
From the Document: "Congress has taken an interest in how the United States and New Zealand work together in bilateral, regional, and global contexts to address common interests in the areas of defense, foreign affairs, and trade. Bilateral and multilateral military-to-military exercises involving the two countries, such as the 23-nation RIMPAC [Rim of the Pacific] naval exercise, have increased in number since the signing of the Wellington Declaration of 2010 and the Washington Declaration of 2012. These declarations marked turning points in bilateral relations after differences over nuclear policy in the 1980s prompted the United States to suspend its alliance commitments to New Zealand (see below). The renewed strength of the bilateral relationship was also demonstrated by the 2016 visit of the USS 'Sampson', the first U.S. warship to visit New Zealand in more than 30 years. More recently, the Arleigh Burke-class Destroyer USS 'Howard' visited Wellington in 2021. This strengthening of relations has been building since New Zealand's commitment of military forces to Afghanistan in 2003. New Zealand is a member of the Five Eyes intelligence group along with the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Many believe this return to close cooperation has put to rest past differences over nuclear policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Vaughn, Bruce, 1963-
2022-03-03
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as approved by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on October 20, 2005. From the Summary: "The Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005 would amend existing law regarding the Federal Communications Commissions (FCCs) authority to auction licenses to use the electromagnetic spectrum, resulting in additional auction proceeds. The Department of Commerce would spend a portion of those proceeds on television converter boxes for consumers, communications systems, and assistance to coastal regions affected by hurricanes and other disasters. In addition, funds would be made available for the Department of Transportation's Essential Air Service program. CBO estimates that enacting this legislation would reduce direct spending by $6.0 billion over the 2006-2010 period and by $5.1 billion over the 2006-2015 period. Enacting the legislation would not affect federal revenues."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-10-24
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3672, TANF Emergency Response and Recovery Act of 2005
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as cleared by the Congress on September 15, 2005, and signed by the President on September 21, 2005. From the Summary: "H.R. 3672, enacted as Public Law 109-68, extends the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and child care entitlement programs through December 31, 2005, makes those funds available to states immediately, and provides additional funds to states that were damaged by Hurricane Katrina or that are hosting evacuees from the hurricane. In extending the TANF and child care entitlement programs for three months, this act provides a total of $6 billion in additional funding for those programs. However, CBO already assumes that level of funding in its baseline, as required by section 257 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Deficit Control Act). Therefore, the extension of those programs - with the exception of TANF supplemental grants - has no cost relative to the baseline. CBO estimates that H.R. 3672 will increase direct spending, relative to the baseline, by an insignificant amount in 2005, $350 million in 2006, and $396 million over the 2006-2010 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-09-26
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1803, Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as reported by the Senate Committee on Armed Services on October 27, 2005. From the Summary: "S. 1803 would authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2006 for intelligence activities of the U.S. government, the Intelligence Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System (CIARDS). This estimate addresses only the unclassified portion of the bill. On that limited basis, CBO estimates that implementing certain provisions of the bill would cost $539 million in 2006 and just over $1 billion over the 2006-2010 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary funds. S. 1803 would affect direct spending, but CBO cannot estimate those effects because the data required to prepare such an estimate are classified."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-11-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1777, Katrina Emergency Assistance Act of 2006
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as cleared by the Congress on March 3, 2006, and signed by the President on March 6, 2006. From the Summary: "S. 1777, enacted as Public Law 109-176, expands the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) authority to help individuals by providing 13 additional weeks of unemployment benefits under the Disaster Unemployment Assistance Program (DUA). Under current law, unemployment benefits are limited to 26 weeks. CBO expects that FEMA would pay for the cost of increasing this benefit with funds provided by two supplemental appropriation acts enacted after Hurricane Katrina (Public Laws 109-61 and 109-62). Because this legislation would provide a new use for those funds, CBO expects that more of the appropriated funds will be spent over the next five years. CBO estimates that enacting S. 1777 would increase spending by $250 million in 2006, but would have no net impact on total outlays over the next five years because it would reduce spending within the 2007-2010 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-03-22
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Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons [Updated March 7, 2022]
From the Introduction: "This report provides basic information about U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons. It begins with a brief discussion of how these weapons have appeared in public debates in the past few decades, then summarizes the differences between strategic and nonstrategic nuclear weapons. It then provides some historical background, describing the numbers and types of nonstrategic nuclear weapons deployed by both nations during the Cold War and in the past decade; the policies that guided the deployment and prospective use of these weapons; measures that the two sides have taken to reduce and contain their forces, and the 2018 NPR's [Nuclear Posture Review] recommendation for the deployment of new U.S. nonstrategic nuclear weapons. The report reviews the issues that have been raised with regard to U.S. and Russian nonstrategic nuclear weapons, and summarizes a number of policy options that might be explored by Congress, the United States, Russia, and other nations to address these issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2022-03-07
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CBO Testimony: Budgetary Treatment of Subsidies in the National Flood Insurance Program: Statement of Donald B. Marron before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, January 25, 2006
From the statement of Donald B. Marron, Acting Director of the Congressional Budget Office: "Chairman Shelby, Ranking Member Sarbanes, and Members of the Committee, thank you for offering the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) the opportunity to discuss issues related to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Established in 1968, the NFIP now includes over 20,000 communities that adhere to certain minimum standards for floodplain management. Within those participating communities, nearly 4.7 million policyholders pay more than $2.0 billion in premiums each year to receive over $800 billion in coverage. By law, some policyholders - primarily those whose properties were built before their local community joined the program - receive coverage at rates that are explicitly subsidized. Lawmakers built those subsidies into the program partly on the grounds that actuarial (full-risk) premiums for many existing structures would be unattractively high. The subsidies have both benefits and costs. The immediate benefits to current property owners encourage communities to participate in the program, thereby reducing future flood losses through improved floodplain management and tighter building standards. Moreover, charging flood insurance premiums, even if they are subsidized, may encourage policyholders to take at least some notice of the risks to their properties. However, subsidized premiums provide less incentive than full-risk premiums would for policyholders to reduce their flood risks - and, of course, they impose costs on taxpayers."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Marron, Donald B. (Baird)
2006-01-25
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4146, Hurricanes Rita and Wilma Financial Services Relief Act of 2005
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services on October 27, 2005. From the Document: "H.R. 4146 would provide certain forms of relief to financial institutions whose deposits are largely derived from residents and businesses located in areas designated as disaster areas after Hurricanes Rita and Wilma. It would direct the Federal Reserve to waive or rebate transaction fees for wire transfer services that otherwise would be due from eligible institutions. The waiver would be in effect for at least 180 days after enactment; it could be extended for an additional 30 days by an action of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Other provisions in the bill would authorize the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) to temporarily use different criteria when evaluating the financial condition of institutions in those disaster areas if doing so would facilitate their recovery and be consistent with safe and sound practices."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2005-11-09
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Ninth Circuit Holds That Criminal Penalties for Encouraging or Inducing Illegal Immigration Violate First Amendment [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) governs the admission, removal, and presence of non-U.S. nationals ('aliens', as the term is used in the INA [hyperlink]) in the United States. Although it is generally not a crime [hyperlink] for a removable alien to be present in the United States, Congress has established criminal sanctions for certain conduct [hyperlink] that undermines immigration rules. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1324 [hyperlink], it is a crime for an individual to smuggle, transport, harbor, or conceal unlawfully present aliens. One provision of this statute--8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) [hyperlink] (subsection (iv)--makes it a crime for any individual to 'encourage[] or induce[] an alien to come to, enter, or reside in the United States, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such coming to, entry, or residence is or will be in violation of the law.' The INA does not define the terms 'encourage' or 'induce,' which has led to some debate over the type of conduct encompassed by subsection (iv). [...] This Legal Sidebar discusses the recent decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) in 'United States v. Hansen' [hyperlink], in which the court held that the criminal offense of encouraging or inducing illegal immigration under subsection (iv) violates the First Amendment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Santamaria, Kelsey Y.
2022-03-08
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1495, Water Resources Development Act of 2007
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on March 15, 2007. From the Summary: "H.R. 1495 would authorize the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to conduct water resource studies and undertake specified projects and programs for flood control, inland navigation, shoreline protection, and environmental restoration. The bill would authorize the agency to conduct studies on water resource needs, to complete feasibility studies for specified projects, and to convey ownership of certain federal properties. Finally, the bill would extend, terminate, or modify existing authorizations for various water projects and would authorize new programs to develop water resources and protect the environment."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-03-29
