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Learning from Past Disasters to Prepare for the Future
From the Abstract: "This chapter revisits a paradox posed by White et al. (2001): why does humankind suffer more losses while knowing more and in spite of innumerable existing disaster risk reduction policies? This paradox questions the ability of societies to learn from disasters, which is the issue that this chapter investigates. The first part presents the gap existing between a logical requirement to learn from the past while trying to mitigate if not prevent disasters. The gap --- between possessing more knowledge in the face of mounting losses --- still exists in spite of the capacities to reconsider DRR [disaster risk reduction] policies and to promote new tools helping decision-making processes, as with knowledge management systems (KMSs). Such shortcomings in addition to certain aspects of human nature, such as a government's very short interest and attention span in any given crisis, seek to identify factors explaining why capacity to learn is limited today. The second part of the chapter draws attention to why, as well as how, to take into account local settings and local knowledge when framing risk-reducing policies. The latter are still highly compartmentalized for a variety of challenging reasons. However, opportunities and challenges demand immediate consideration. Societies must bridge, blend or mainstream their policy concerns about planning for future climate change adaptation (CCA) with attempts at policy development for disaster risk reduction (DRR) today, especially because hydrological and meteorological extremes that were expected by 2050 are beginning to confront societies now."
HAL
Rebotier, Julien; Pigeon, Patrick; Glantz, Michael H.
2021
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'Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act': Weak Oversight Has Hindered Its Meaningful Implementation
From the Summary: "The Legislature has taken steps to transfer the responsibility for managing juvenile offenders from the State to counties--commonly referred to as' juvenile justice realignment.' For nearly 20 years, the State has allocated funding to counties under the Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act (JJCPA) with the goal of helping them reduce juvenile crime and delinquency by implementing crime prevention strategies, among other activities. The JJCPA requires that each county establish a Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council (Coordinating Council) that consists of representatives from a variety of local agencies and community groups to ensure the county's approach is collaborative. The Coordinating Council must develop a comprehensive multiagency juvenile justice plan (comprehensive plan) for the county. The county must annually submit this comprehensive plan to the Board of State and Community Corrections (Community Corrections), along with a separate year-end report that describes the programs the county operated with its JJCPA funds and how those programs may have affected juvenile justice trends. Although state law does not explicitly require Community Corrections to review or approve the information that counties submit to it, state law does require that Community Corrections post the information on its website and annually submit a summarized report of the information to the Governor and Legislature. Despite being required to use a multiagency approach to develop their comprehensive plans, some counties we reviewed have failed to do so."
California. State Auditor (2013- )
2020-05
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DOT's Federal Pipeline Safety Program: Background and Key Issues for Congress [Updated March 10, 2022]
From the Summary: "The U.S. energy pipeline network includes approximately 3.3 million miles of onshore pipeline transporting natural gas, crude oil, and other hazardous liquids. Over the past decade, safety incidents in California, Massachusetts, and other states have drawn criticism from stakeholders and have raised concerns in Congress about pipeline safety regulation. Recent incident statistics suggest there is opportunity for safety improvement. The 2021 ransomware attack on the Colonial Pipeline Company has also drawn attention to federal pipeline security activities, including various agency roles and the linkage between pipeline safety and security. The federal safety program for onshore pipelines is administered by the Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), which relies heavily on state partnerships for inspection and enforcement. PHMSA may reimburse states for up to 80% of their pipeline safety expenditures through State Pipeline Safety Grants."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Parfomak, Paul W.
2022-03-10
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Federal Student Loan Debt Relief in the Context of COVID-19 [February 28, 2022]
From the Summary: "Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA; P.L. 89-329, as amended) authorizes the operation of three federal student loan programs: the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program, the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) program, and the Federal Perkins Loan program. While new loans are currently authorized to be made only through the Direct Loan program, previously made FFEL and Perkins Loan program loans remain outstanding and borrowers of such loans remain responsible for repaying them. As of September 30, 2021, $1.6 trillion in loans from these programs, borrowed by or on behalf of 43.4 million individuals, remained outstanding. In response to the current COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, numerous questions have arisen regarding student loan repayment flexibilities and debt relief that may be available to individuals to alleviate potential financial effects related to COVID-19."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hegji, Alexandra
2022-02-28
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Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA): Workers' Compensation for Federal Employees [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Summary: "The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA) is the workers' compensation program for federal employees. Like all workers' compensation programs, FECA pays disability, survivors, and medical benefits, without regard to who was at fault, to employees who are injured or become ill in the course of their federal employment and to the survivors of employees killed on the job. The FECA program is administered by the Department of Labor (DOL) and the costs of benefits are paid by each employee's host agency."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Szymendera, Scott
2022-03-08
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Overseas Contingency Operations: Alternatives Identified to the Approach to Fund War-Related Activities, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Document: "Since 2001, DOD has received more than $1.8 trillion in OCO [Overseas Contingency Operations] funds. DOD defines 'contingency operations' as small, medium, or large-scale military operations, while 'base' activities include operating support for installations, civilian pay, and other costs that would be incurred, regardless of contingency operations. Congress separately appropriates amounts for base and OCO activities into the same appropriation accounts and directs how funds are to be spent by designating amounts in conference reports or explanatory statements accompanying the annual appropriations acts. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on the feasibility of separating OCO expenditures from other DOD expenditures. This report describes internal controls that selected DOD components use to separately account for OCO and base amounts during budget execution and identifies and examines alternatives that Congress or DOD could use to separate funding for OCO and base activities."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-01
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Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Ex-Im Bank, the official U.S. export credit agency (ECA), provides financing and insurance to facilitate U.S. goods and services exports to support U.S. jobs, per a renewable, general statutory charter (Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended; 12 U.S.C. [United States Code] §§635 'et seq.'). It aims to support U.S. exports when the private sector is unwilling or unable to do so, and/or when those exports compete against ECA-backed foreign exports. It is demand-driven, fee-based, and backed by the U.S. government's full faith and credit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2022-03-08
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Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations [February 28, 2022]
From the Summary: "Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and activities. One of these is the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) bill, which includes funding for U.S. diplomatic activities, cultural exchanges, development and security assistance, and participation in multilateral organizations, among other international activities. On May 28, 2021, the Biden Administration released its proposed FY2022 budget request, which called for $62.656 billion in new budget authority for SFOPS accounts ($62.121 billion net of rescissions of prior year funding). The FY2022 request was about 13% less than the total FY2021 enacted level, which included nearly $16 billion in emergency funds, but 11.4% more than enacted FY2021 levels when emergency funding is excluded."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gill, Cory R.; Lawson, Marian Leonardo; Morgenstern, Emily M.
2022-02-28
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Department of Homeland Security's 'Metering' Policy: Legal Issues [Updated March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Generally, a non-U.S. national ('alien', as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink] [INA]) who arrives in the United States without valid documentation is subject to a streamlined, expedited removal process [hyperlink], but may pursue asylum and related protections [hyperlink] if the alien demonstrates a credible fear of persecution in his or her country of origin. Before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) U.S. Customs and Border Protection [hyperlink] (CBP) had been limiting the number of asylum seekers who were processed each day at designated ports of entry along the U.S. southern border. Aliens affected by this policy generally had not yet reached the U.S. border and were required to remain in Mexico until CBP decided it could process them. This policy-- known as 'metering'--sought to address an 'unprecedented rise in asylum requests [hyperlink],' as well as safety and health concerns [hyperlink] resulting from overcrowding at ports of entry. The policy has led to [hyperlink] long wait times and overcrowded conditions on the Mexican side of the border, and has arguably incentivized [hyperlink] attempts to illegally cross the border between ports of entry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2022-03-08
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Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview [Updated March 4, 2022]
From the Document: "Cuba remains a one-party authoritarian state with a government that has sharply restricted freedoms of expression, association, assembly, and other basic human rights since the early years of the 1959 Cuban revolution. [...] Cuba's public health response to the pandemic initially kept cases and deaths low, but both increased in late 2020 and surged until August 2021. The country experienced another surge in cases in January 2022 due to the Omicron variant, but deaths remained low because of high vaccination rates. As of March 3, 2022, Cuba reported almost 8,500 deaths since the pandemic began and had fully vaccinated 87% of its population with its own COVID-19 vaccines. [...] In its initial months, the Biden Administration announced it was conducting a review of policy toward Cuba. The White House press secretary said in March 2021 that the Administration would make human rights a core pillar of policy and would review policy decisions made in the prior Administration, including the decision to designate Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2022-03-04
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Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives--Application of the Antideficiency Act to a Lapse in Appropriations
From the Document: "Thank you for the opportunity to discuss the Antideficiency Act and its application during a lapse in appropriations. A lapse in appropriations, also known as a funding gap, refers to a period of time between the expiration of an appropriation and the enactment of a new one during which an agency or program experiences a lapse in funding. For example, a fiscal year may end without the enactment of a full-year appropriation or a continuing resolution for the next fiscal year, or a continuing resolution may lapse without the enactment of a subsequent appropriation. Such a lapse may also occur if a particular appropriation becomes exhausted before the end of the fiscal year. A lapse in appropriations may vary in scope, and can affect individual agencies and programs or affect the federal government at large."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-02-06
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Cost-Benefit Analysis in Federal Agency Rulemaking [March 8, 2022]
From the Document: "Since the 1970s, federal agencies have been required to consider the costs and benefits of certain regulations that are expected to have large economic effects. Under current requirements, most agencies are to design regulations in a cost-effective manner and ensure that the benefits of their regulations justify the costs. Cost-benefit analysis of regulations is primarily required by Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, which was issued in 1993 and remains in effect. E.O. 12866 is one of the analytical requirements that are part of the federal rulemaking process, which includes other executive orders, guidance documents from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and statutory requirements. This In Focus provides a brief overview and discussion of the key cross-cutting executive orders and statutes that require cost-benefit and other types of regulatory impact analysis in the federal rulemaking process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carey, Maeve P.
2022-03-08
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Defense Production Act Authorities and U.S. Domestic Energy Supplies [Updated March 11, 2022]
From the Document: "On March 8, 2022, as part of a broader response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. issued an order [hyperlink] prohibiting the U.S. import of and investment in oil, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and coal supplies from the Russian Federation. Some Members of Congress have also introduced legislation that would prohibit the U.S. import of mineral fuels and byproducts from Russia (see for example H.R. 6968, as passed by the House). While U.S. imports of Russian petroleum [hyperlink] are relatively small and refiners have access to many substitutes, there is broader concern that a material reduction of Russia's total petroleum supply [hyperlink] could put upward pressure on oil and gasoline prices. In response, some Members of Congress [hyperlink] have called on the President to exercise authorities under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA; 50 U.S.C. §4501 et seq. [hyperlink]) to expand [hyperlink] domestic energy production. Media reports also indicated that Administration officials have considered using DPA authorities to increase U.S. production of energy-efficient heat pumps and other equipment [hyperlink] for U.S. allies in Europe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Peters, Heidi M.; Lee, Erica A.
2022-03-11
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Nation's Retirement System: A Comprehensive Re-Evaluation Needed to Better Promote Future Retirement Security, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "Strengthening the U.S. retirement system to be more accessible and financially sound is important to ensuring that all Americans can retire with dignity and security, and to managing the fiscal exposures to the federal government from various retirement-related programs. Currently, the U.S. retirement system, and many of the workers and retirees it was designed to help, face major challenges. This testimony discusses (1) the fiscal risks and other challenges facing the U.S. retirement system, and (2) the need to re-evaluate our nation's approach to financing retirement."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-02-06
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2611, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost (CBO) Estimate as introduced on April 7, 2006. From the Summary: "The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 would amend laws governing immigration, authorize numerous initiatives to improve enforcement of those laws, and increase the limits on legal immigration. Implementing those changes would increase both direct spending (i.e., mandatory spending) and discretionary spending (i.e., spending subject to annual appropriation action). S. 2611 also would affect federal revenues, directly through enactment of the bill's provisions, by increasing the size of the labor force, and through other effects of the legislation on the U.S. economy. CBO and the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimate that enacting this legislation would increase direct spending by $13 billion over the 2007-2011 period and by $54 billion over the 2007-2016 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2006-05-16
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Army Modernization: Steps Needed to Ensure Army Futures Command Fully Applies Leading Practices, Report to the Committee on Armed
Services, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "In order for the Army to maintain its technological edge over potential adversaries, it plans to invest in near-and long-term modernization efforts. However, the Army has struggled with modernization initiatives in the past. For example, the Future Combat System was canceled after a cost of $21 billion and delivery of few new capabilities. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to report on the Army's modernization strategy. This report assesses (1) the status of the Army's near- and long-term modernization efforts; and (2) the extent to which the Army has applied leading practices to these efforts."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-01
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Geographic Cost of Living Differences: In Brief [March 2, 2022]
From the Document: "The 'cost of living' (COL) is an economic term referring to the amount of money people need to achieve a certain standard of living. It is largely determined by the prices of goods and services consumers must buy to reach that standard, including housing, food, energy (e.g., electricity and gas), medical care, and leisure, among many others. The federal government produces several measures of prices in the economy. For example, the Consumer Price Index and the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index track prices paid for goods and services by households."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weinstock, Lida R.
2022-03-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Four Illustrative Scenarios for the Occupation of Iraq
This is a letter from Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Director Douglas Holtz-Eakin to Congressmember John M. Spratt Jr. regarding cost estimates for military occupation scenarios in Iraq. From the Letter: "CBO has estimated the cost of four illustrative scenarios for the occupation of Iraq. The length of the occupation and force levels associated with each scenario are based on the guidelines prescribed in your request letter. Assumptions about air operations, force rotations, and the number of mobilized reservists are based on the most recent data provided by the Department of Defense (DoD), as well as CBO's analysis of past contingency operations. Assuming enactment of the President's request for supplemental appropriations, the total budget requirement associated with the occupation of Iraq under scenario 1 would be about $200 billion over the 2004-2013 period, about $155 billion under scenario 2, about $100 billion under scenario 3, and about $85 billion for scenario 4."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2003-10-28
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How Unanimous Consent Agreements Regulate Senate Floor Action [Updated March 2, 2022]
From the Document: "The Senate often regulates consideration of a measure or other matter by means of a unanimous consent agreement (also called a 'UC agreement' or 'consent agreement'). A consent agreement typically regulates one or more of the following: (1) initiating consideration, (2) amendments, (3) time for debate, (4) motions, (5) concluding consideration, and (6) subsequent proceedings. Formerly, the Senate often entered into such an agreement before taking up a matter, and it typically covered all phases of consideration and followed a standard model. Today's agreements more often address only selected aspects, and many are reached only after consideration begins. As a result, consideration of some matters is regulated by several successive partial consent agreements or modifications of an initial one."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Heitshusen, Valerie
2022-03-02
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1771, North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2014
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 29, 2014. From the Document: "H.R. 1771 would expand existing sanctions against North Korea. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the bill would cost $10 million over the 2015-2019 period, assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures apply to this legislation because it would affect direct spending and revenues; however, CBO estimates that those effects would not be significant. Provisions of H.R. 1771 would increase administrative costs of the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury. Based on information from the Administration, CBO estimates that the departments would hire 10 additional employees to implement the bill and would require additional appropriations averaging $2 million a year over the 2015-2019 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2014-06-26
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U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Removal Operations Report
From the Executive Summary: "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) shares responsibility for administering and enforcing the nation's immigration laws with ICE Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), as well as other Department of Homeland Security (DHS) component agencies, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). ICE ERO is responsible for protecting the homeland through the arrest, detention, and removal of aliens who undermine public safety or the integrity of United States immigration laws, and its main areas of focus are interior enforcement operations, management of the agency's detained population nationwide, and repatriation of aliens who have received a final order of removal. [...] This report presents ICE ERO's FY 2020 year-end statistics in the following areas: Custody and Case Management, Administrative and Criminal Arrests, ICE Detainers, and Removals."
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2020-12-23?
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 11, 2022: Effectiveness of 2-Dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech) mRNA Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children Aged 5-11 Years and Adolescents Aged 12-15 Years -- PROTECT Cohort, July 2021-February 2022
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This Early Release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Effectiveness of 2-Dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech [Biopharmaceutical New Technologies]) mRNA [Messenger Ribonucleic Acid] Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infection Among Children Aged 5-11 Years and Adolescents Aged 12-15 Years -- PROTECT [Pediatric Research Observing Trends and Exposures in COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Timelines] Cohort, July 2021-February 2022." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from MMWR can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2022.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2022-03-11
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FY2022 NDAA: Procurement Authorizations [February 28, 2022]
From the Document: "The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) typically authorizes appropriations for Department of Defense (DOD) procurement [hyperlink] programs in Title I of Division A of the legislation. DOD procurement accounts fund [hyperlink] the purchase of new equipment and modifications to existing weapons, including ships, aircraft, ground combat vehicles, munitions, and other products and services. The Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force have multiple procurement accounts, including those related to subordinate services (i.e., Marine Corps and Space Force). The Procurement, Defense-Wide account supports Special Operations Command (SOCOM), the Missile Defense Agency, and other agencies reporting to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Congress typically appropriates [hyperlink] funding for the National Guard and Reserve Equipment Account (NGREA) to procure items for the reserve components."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McGarry, Brendan W.
2022-02-28
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Fact Sheet: Import Safety Action Plan: Increasing Protection of American Consumers [November 6, 2007]
This White House fact sheet provides information on the import safety action plan presented to President Bush by an interagency working group "which contains short- and long-term recommendations for continuing to improve the safety of imports entering the United States. The Action Plan contains 14 broad recommendations and 50 action steps that provide a road map for better protecting American consumers and enhancing the safety of the increasing volume of imports entering the United States. The Action Plan is the product of extensive coordination among Federal agencies, months of hands-on information-gathering, and feedback and suggestions from the private sector."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2007-11-06
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President Obama's Plan to Win the Future by Investing in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies [January 25, 2011]
This White House fact sheet discusses President Obama's 2011 State of the Union speech and the president's goal of investing in advanced manufacturing technologies. "The President recognizes that manufacturing is critical to America's long-term economic competitiveness and our ability to win the future. It is not enough to invent new technologies in America; we must also invest in the ability to manufacture those technologies in America. President Obama proposes to support both the development and commercial deployment of advanced manufacturing technologies. These technologies can both revitalize existing manufacturing industries and support the development of new products in emerging industries like clean energy."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2011-01-25
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Fact sheet: National Strategy for Global Supply Chain Security, January 25, 2012
This January 25, 2012 White House fact sheet includes information on the global supply chain, its complexity, and the growing risks from disruptions caused by natural hazards, accidents, and malicious incidents.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2012-01-25
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President Bush Discusses Import Safety [November 6, 2007]
This document in a transcript of President Bush's discussion of the import safety plan "which contains short- and long-term recommendations for continuing to improve the safety of imports entering the United States. The Action Plan contains 14 broad recommendations and 50 action steps that provide a road map for better protecting American consumers and enhancing the safety of the increasing volume of imports entering the United States. The Action Plan is the product of extensive coordination among Federal agencies, months of hands-on information-gathering, and feedback and suggestions from the private sector."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2007-11-06
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Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney [July 7, 2011]
In this July 7, 2011 press briefing, Press Secretary Jay Carney provides information and takes questions on the President's State of the Union Address, the debt limit talks, social security issues, health care coverage issues, current inflation in the economic market, the U.S. relationship with Pakistan, and current job creation efforts.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2011-07-07
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Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney [August 10, 2011]
In this August 10, 2011 Press Briefing, Secretary Carney answers questions on the President's thoughts regarding the situation in Syria, current efforts by Congress and the President to resolve the U.S. budget deficit, the existence of a Federal report that deems the state of the economy as weak, and the variety of political actions President Obama will take to help strengthen the economy.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2011-08-10
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Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney [June 27, 2011]
In this June 27, 2011 press briefing, Press Secretary Jay Carney provides information and takes questions on the Congressional debt crisis debates, the drawdown in Afghanistan and its effects on Taliban activities, and the $500 million dollars the President allocated to support manufacturers to modernize and create jobs.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2011-06-27
