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• Assessment of Global Atmospheric Effects of a Major Nuclear Conflict

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  "In 1983, evidence started emerging that a major nuclear conflict could result in substantial weather changes over vast regions of the globe, including severe surface cooling over the continents. Refined projections of the density and horizontal extent of persistent layers of smoke (soot) led to revised estimates of the magnitude of the postulated surface cooling. The impact to the post-attack environment (even given the range of uncertainty due to the assumptions made) implied heretofore unrecognized consequences to the quality of life in vast regions and to effective national defense planning and execution. Subsequent studies sought to reduce the uncertainties in the calculations, by clarifying some assumptions and replacing others with more complete and newer scientific data. They have resulted today in assessments which, while indicating smaller surface temperature effects than previous studies for a given amount of soot, do document with increased scientific certainty that secondary consequences of a nuclear exchange would complicate the quality of life of survivors for extended periods and over areas well removed from the geographic region directly involved in the exchange. The resulting period of abnormal optical path lengths due to smoke (soot) would also complicate national defense contingencies. This report includes sections dealing with (a) an early diagnosis of atmospheric effects, (b) soot; properties and production, (c) atmospheric models, (d) a review of published comments and meetings and (e) potential impact on USAF operations."

  Geophysics Laboratory (U.S.)

  Muench, H. Stuart; Banta, Robert M.; Chisholm, Donald A.

  1988-05-10
• Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1980-1987 [May 9, 1988]

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  "This report provides unclassified background data on transfers of conventional armaments to Third World nations by the major supplying nations. It covers the years from 1980-1987 and reviews in detail the values of arms transfer agreements and deliveries, as well as the specific numbers of important conventional weapons delivered to the Third World during this time period."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Grimmett, Richard F.

  1988-05-09
• Fire and Explosions at Rocket Fuel Plant, Henderson, Nevada [May 4, 1988]

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  "A series of explosions on May 4, 1988, near the City of Henderson, Nevada, claimed two lives, injured approximately 372 people including 15 firefighters, and caused damage estimated over $100 million. The explosions affected a large portion of the metropolitan Las Vegas area and caused the activation of disaster plans by several agencies. Considering the magnitude of the explosions, the loss of only two lives and the fact that only a few of the injuries were critical can be described as very fortunate. The incident presented tremendous risk and unusual challenge to the fire departments involved, but they managed the incident with relatively minor casualties. The lives of most of the plant employees were saved by their decision to evacuate the plant, prior to the major explosions. This and other key issues are summarized in the table on the following page."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration

  Routley, J. Gordon

  1988-05-04?
• Criminal Justice, New Technologies, and the Constitution: Special Report

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  From the foreword by John H. Gibbons: "In honor of the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, OTA [Office of Technology Assessment] is conducting a study of Science, Technology, and the Constitution. At the request of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, and its Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice, OTA is examining ways in which continuing scientific advances and new technological developments may influence the scope and meaning of enduring constitutional principles and protections. A background paper, Science, Technology, and the Constitution, was released in September 1987. The first of several special reports, 'Science, Technology, and the First Amendment', was released in January 1988. Articles I and III of the Constitution and four of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights address the rights of those suspected, accused, or convicted of crime. This report, 'Criminal Justice, New Technology, and the Constitution', looks at new technologies used for investigation, apprehension, and confinement of offenders, and their effects on the constitutional protection of these rights. These technological innovations offer social benefits that respond to the current pressures for reduction of crime, the just and equitable administration of justice, and relief of prison overcrowding. However, technology throughout history has been a double-edged sword, equally capable of enhancing or endangering democratic values. This report describes the new technologies being used in criminal justice and, as in all of the reports of this series, addresses that delicate balance to be maintained between the national interest and individual rights."

  United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

  1988-05
• SDI: Technology, Survivability, and Software

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  It puts Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) technologies in context by reporting the kinds of ballistic missile defense (BMD) system architectures that the SDI organization has considered for "phased deployment." It reviews the status of the various SDI technologies and system components. It analyzes the feasibility of producing dependable software of the complexity that advanced BMD systems would require. Finally, it summarizes what is now known-and unknown-about the probable survivability of such systems against concerted enemy attacks of various kinds. The study found that major uncertainties remain concerning the probable cost, effectiveness, and survivability of the kinds of BMD system (which rely on kinetic rather than directed-energy weapons) that might be deployable in the "phase-one' proposed for the mid to late 1990s. In addition, OTA believes several more years of SDI research would be needed to determine whether it is feasible to construct the kinds of directed-energy weapons contemplated as follow-ons to SDIO's "phase one" BMD system. The survivability of both short-term and longer-term BMD systems would depend heavily on the outcome of a continuing competition in weapons and countermeasures between the United States and the Soviet Union. Finally, developing dependable software for advanced BMD will be a formidable challenge because of the difficulty of testing that software realistically.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

  1988-05
• Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties

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  Like an earthquake, the force of an underground nuclear explosion creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth. A satisfactory seismic network to monitor such tests must be able to both detect and identify seismic signals in the presence of "noise," for example, from natural earthquakes. In the case of monitoring a treaty that limits testing below a certain size explosion, the seismic network must also be able to estimate the size with acceptable accuracy. All of this must be done with an assured capability to defeat adequately any credible attempt to evade or spoof the monitoring network. This report addresses the issues of detection, identification, yield estimation, and evasion to arrive at answers to the two critical questions: (1) Down to what size explosion can underground testing be seismically monitored with high confidence? (2)How accurately can the yields of underground explosions be measured? In doing so, we assessed the contribution that could be made if seismic stations were located in the country whose tests are to be monitored, and other cooperative provisions that a treaty might include.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

  1988-05
• Health Evaluation Report 84-454-1890; International Association of Fire Fighters Cincinnati, Ohio

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  "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was contact by the health and safety department of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) in 1984 and requested to conduct medical screening tests on the approximately 1,400 fire fighters who would be attending their convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. During August 12-16, 1984, NIOSH conducted pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and audiometric testing on interested fire fighters attending the 37th biennial convention of the IAFF."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  Tubbs, Randy L. (Randy Lloyd); Melius, James; Anderson, Kern E.

  1988-05
• DoD Directive 5240.1: DoD Intelligence Activities

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  This Directive: 1. Reissues DoD Directive 5240.1, December 3, 1982; implements Executive Order 12333, December 4, 1981; Executive Order 12334, December 4, 1981; Public Law No. 95-511; October 25, 1978; updates policies; and shall be the only authority used as guidance by DoD intelligence components to collect, retain, or disseminate information concerning U.S. persons. 2. Continues in effect procedures previously approved by the U.S. Attorney General for use by DoD intelligence components under Presidential Directive NSC-9, March 30, 1977. 3. Authorizes the publication of DoD 524031-R, December 11, 1982, consistent with DoD 5025.1-M, October 16, 1980, and this Directive.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1988-04-25
• Graduated Mobilization Response: A Key Element of National Deterrent Strategy

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  "On 15 September 1987, the National Security Advisor to the President made development of a mobilization doctrine and system based on graduated response to early warning one of the seven priority National Security Emergency Preparedness (NSEP) goals to be achieved by 1989. In the classic construct, mobilization is the act of preparing for war or other emergency through assembling and organizing national resources. It is the process of marshalling industrial, economic, intrastructure, human, and government resources needed to support responses to national security threats and domestic crises Y-e, the U.S. and other democratic nations cannot afford to maintain full preparedness for every contingency conceivable. The purpose of Graduated Mobilization Response (GMR) is to provide the National Command Authorities a range of political, economic, and military options that will assist in the management of a national security crisis. These options are designed with two goals in mind: first, to improve deterrence and avoid war; and second, to prepare for war should it come."

  National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies

  Taibl, Paul

  1988-04
• Contracting in the National Interest: Establishing the Legal Framework for the Interaction of Science, Government, and Industry at a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory

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  "Sandia National Laboratories, the nation's nuclear ordnance laboratory, is operated on a no-profit, no-fee basis by AT&T Technologies, Inc., as a prime contractor for the Department of Energy. This unique arrangement began in 1949 when President Harry Truman personally requested that AT&T assume management of the nuclear weapons laboratory as a service in the national interest. The story of how this unusual relationship came about makes for an interesting chapter in the annals of US legal and institutional history. This report describes the historical background, political negotiations, and prime contract provisos that established the legal framework for the Labs."

  Sandia National Laboratories

  Furman, N.S.

  1988-04-01
• Annual Summary: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1987

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  "The general overview of the 1987 hurricane season in the North Atlantic is presented together with detailed accounts of all named storms. In addition, an unnamed tropical storm and a tropical depression that required watches and/or warnings on the U.S. coastline are discussed."

  National Hurricane Center (2012- )

  Case, Robert A.; Gerrish, Harold P.

  1988-04
• Critical Technologies Newsletter, April/May 1988

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  This edition of the Critical Technologies Newsletter (CTN) includes the following articles: "Chinese Strategic Weapons and the Plutonium Option" which "draws heavily on unclassified PRC [People's Republic of China] sources for its short look at this important subject," and "The Emerging Nuclear Suppliers: Some Guidelines for Policy" which "notes that although most emerging suppliers are cautious, many are not party to existing nonproliferation treaties."

  United States. Department of Energy. Office of Classification

  1988-04
• Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program Student's Workbook

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  This publication is issued under the authority of, and in accordance with DoD Instruction 6050.5, "Hazardous Material Information System" January 25, 1978. This publication, "Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program, Student Workbook, " when used with "Department of Defense Federal Hazard Communication Training Program, Trainer's Guide" and the associated 90-minute videotape provides training resources to help DoD comply with the training requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Hazard Communication Standard (29 C.F. R. 1910. 1200).

  United States. Department of Defense

  1988-04
• Significant Incidents of Political Violence against Americans 1987

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  "Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans: 1987, published by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security's Office of Intelligence and Threat Analysis (DS/DSS/ITA), is intended to provide a comprehensive picture of the range of political violence that American citizens and interests have encountered abroad during 1987. In addition to examining terrorism-related acts, this study also includes other instances of violence affecting Americans. This chronology is designed to encompass major anti-U.S. incidents that occurred in 1987. Unfortunately, to keep the publication at the unclassified level, some incidents had to be omitted due to the sensitive nature of the information associated with them. The selection of incidents used in this study was based upon the following criteria: (a) lethality; (b) major property damage; (c) unusual tactics or weapons used; and (d) perceptibility of targets as U.S. or representative of U.S.interests."

  United States. Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security

  1988-04
• Guide to Understanding Configuration Management in Trusted Systems

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  Throughout this guideline there will be recommendations made that are not included in the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) as requirements. Any recommendations that are not in the TCSEC will be prefaced by the word "should," whereas all requirements will be prefaced by the word "shall." It should be noted that a TCSEC rating will only be based upon meeting the TCSEC requirements. Recommendations are made in order to provide additional ways of increasing assurance. It is hoped that this will help to avoid any confusion. The guidelines described in this document provide a set of good practices related to configuration management in Automated Data.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1988-03-28
• Executive Order 12630: Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights

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  "The purpose of this Order is to assist Federal departments and agencies in undertaking such reviews and in proposing, planning, and implementing actions with due regard for the constitutional protections provided by the Fifth Amendment and to reduce the risk of undue or inadvertent burdens on the public fisc resulting from lawful governmental action. In furtherance of the purpose of this Order, the Attorney General shall, consistent with the principles stated herein and in consultation with the Executive departments and agencies, promulgate Guidelines for the Evaluation of Risk and Avoidance of Unanticipated Takings to which each Executive department or agency shall refer in making the evaluations required by this Order or in otherwise taking any action that is the subject of this Order. The Guidelines shall be promulgated no later than May 1, 1988, and shall be disseminated to all units of each Executive department and agency no later than July 1, 1988. The Attorney General shall, as necessary, update these guidelines to reflect fundamental changes in takings law occurring as a result of Supreme Court decisions."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Reagan, Ronald

  1988-03-15
• Potential Terrorist Threat to Commercial Nuclear Facilities

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  From the Introduction: "In recent years, increases both in the total volume of terrorist incidents worldwide and the casualties resulting from such incidents have prompted renewed concern that terrorists might attack a nuclear facility. Among the reasons cited to explain the likelihood of such an attack is that as terrorism has become more frequent, public attention is not so readily claimed as it once was. Terrorists, therefore, have been forced to undertake more spectacular and, unfortunately, bloodier deeds. Accordingly, actions involving nuclear material or weapons may have become more attractive to some terrorist groups. In addition, state-sponsorship of terrorism, that is, support of terrorist organizations by foreign governments, has also increased significantly, providing terrorists with far greater capabilities than they have had in the past, while eliminating some of their constraints. As a result of these developments, in 1986 the Department of Energy (DOE) reviewed its adversary characterization and threat definition guidelines then in force and decided to place greater emphasis on guard weaponry, training, and tactical response exercises and to upgrade some physical security measures."

  United States. Department of Energy

  Hoffman, Bruce, 1954-

  1988-03
• Animal Welfare Program: Federal Regulation Relating to the Transportation of Dogs, Report to the Honorable Manuel Lujan, Jr., House of Representatives

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  This GAO [Government Accountability Office] Report is a correspondence between Brian P. Crowley and Representative Manuel Lujan, Jr. regarding the regulations of the transportation of animals.

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  1988-03
• Defense Technology Base: Introduction and Overview

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  Keeping ahead of the Soviet Union technologically is a central element of U.S. national security strategy, and the Nation spends a large amount of money in order to do so. In recent years, however, there have been troubling indications that the U.S. technological lead is slipping, and that it is increasingly difficult to maintain a meaningful edge. These concerns-expressed both by the Administration and within Congress- prompted the Senate Committee on Armed Services to request that the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) undertake a major assessment on "Maintaining the Defense Technology Base. ' This special report is the first product of that assessment. It provides an overview of the subject, including specific concerns about the health of the defense technology base and the related issues before Congress. Subsequent reports will probe aspects of this immense problem in greater detail.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

  1988-03
• Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 85-274-1879; Evaluation of Zinc Chloride Smoke Generating Devices International Association of Fire Fighters Washington, D.C.

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  "In March 1985 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) to evaluate the hazard of smoke clouds produced by zinc chloride smoke generating devices. The requestor noted that the devices, advertised as 'medically proven to be non-toxic', had been implicated in a number of training exercises during which participants experienced adverse health effects, including breathing difficulties, chest pains, joint pains, chills, fever, and death. [...] Dense clouds generated by zinc chloride smoke generating devices should be considered hazardous. [...] While a properly operating self-contained breathing apparatus worn by a well-trained individual offers adequate protection against the smoke, even short-term exposure without respiratory protection to the components of the dense smoke cloud presents a health hazard."

  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

  Zey, John N.; Richardson, Fred

  1988-03
• Government Actions to Control Terrorist Violence; A Case Study on Northern Ireland

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  From the thesis abstract: "Using the historical method, this study of terrorism in Northern Ireland examines the variables of conflict, the existing violence and government endeavors to eradicate the violence. This study does so within the framework of the United States' interests. Irish terrorism has been a problem for the British government for centuries. The current round since 1969 has produced , vast improvements in the security forces and enforcement techniques, yet the I.R.A. [Irish Republican Army] and its political wing, Sinn Fein, survive. Government actions must include measures aimed at the root causes of terrorist movements. The relative degradation of the Catholic community within Northern Ireland has received international attention and has been the focus of much of the British government's efforts to legislate improvements in Northern Ireland. It appears that only through this process can peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland take place."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Naughton, Maura Katherine

  1988-03
• COMSEC Supplement to Industrial Security Manual for Safeguarding Classified Information

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  This supplement report to the Industrial Security Manual for Safeguarding Classified Information is issued in accordance with Department of Defense Directive 220.22, "Department of Defense Industrial Security Program. " It establishes uniform security practices within facilities used by prime and subcontractors having custody of classified or unclassified Communications Security (CCMSIX) equipment of the Department of Defense and certain other Executive Departments and Agencies. Included in this supplement are provisions relative to Controlled Cryptographic Items (CCI's). These provisions delineate the minimum requirements for the acquisition and ownership, transportation, physical security and access control, key accounting, reporting of insecurities and disposition of CCI materials at contractor facilities.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1988-03
• Department of Defense Manpower Requirements Report, FY 1989

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  This report explains the Department of Defense manpower program incorporated in the amended President's Budget for FY 1989. The report is organized into two major parts and three annexes that are submitted separately. The annexes are sent to Congress at the same time as this report. The structure of our armed forces is based on the DoD Total Force Policy which recognizes that all elements of the structure contribute to success. Those elements include the Active and Reserve Components, civilian workforce, and retired military, host nation support, and DoD contractors. Each Service chapter explains why military manpower is assigned to either the Active or the Reserve components. This section communicates our overall policy toward Defense manpower in general. Mobilization manpower is the increased manpower we need above our current peacetime strength to mobilize and conduct wartime military operations. Additional military and civilian personnel are necessary to bring our current peacetime forces up to their full wartime strengths; to man activated units, ships, and squadrons; and to replace casualties. Defense Planning and Programming Categories (DPPCs) are used throughout this report to describe and explain the defense manpower program. All three types of Defense manpower are allocated to specific DPPCs, no position being counted more than once.

  United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/Force Management and Personnel

  1988-03
• National Security Decision Directive 301: Establishment and Operation of the U.S. Nuclear Risk Reduction Center

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  National Security Decision Directive 301 directs policy for the establishment and maintenance of a National Nuclear Risk Reduction Center (U.S. NRRC): The U.S. objective is to use the NRRC Agreement to enhance U.S. efforts to reduce further the risk of conflict with the Soviet Union that could result from accident, miscalculation, or misunderstanding.

  United States. White House Office

  1988-02-22
• Establishment and Operation of the U.S. Nuclear Risk Reduction Center

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  The United States will establish and maintain a national Nuclear Risk Reduction Center (U.S. NRRC), which will operate in accordance with the Agreement Between the United States of America and the Soviet Socialist Republics on the Establishment of Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers of September 15, 1987. The U.S. objectives to use the NRRC Agreement to enhance U.S. efforts to reduce further the risk of conflict with the Soviet Union that could result from accident, miscalculation, or misunderstanding. The U.S. NRRC will provide a permanent, rapid, reliable and private means by which the United States and the Soviet Union may [consult] notifications agreed between the two Parties, including those required under certain existing and possible future arms control and confidence building agreements. The U.S. NRRC will not supplant existing channels of communication with the Soviet Union, nor will it have a crisis management role

  National Security Council (U.S.)

  1988-02
• Nuclear Materials: Section 604, Omnibus Diplomatic Security Antiterrorism Act of 1986: Fact Sheet for Congressional Requesters

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  Section 604 of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 2986 requires that the Secretaries of defense, Energy, and State; the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission shall each review and report on the adequacy of physical security standards for the shipment and storage oE certain amounts of plutonium and enriched uranium outside the United States. The reports were to be provided to the Congress within 6 months of the act's becoming law (by February 27, 1987). This report chronologically outlines key events in the preparation of reports to the congress under section 604 of the omnibus diplomatic security and antiterrorism act of 1986. Retrieved from: www.archive.gao.gov

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1988-02
• Aviation Security: Improved Controls Needed To Prevent Unauthorized Access at Key Airports, Report to the Secretary of Transportation

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  GAO reviewed the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) domestic civil aviation security program. GAO found that, at the nation's highest-risk airports, aviation services firms: (1) could not properly account for their terminated employees' identification badges; (2) failed to challenge unidentified personnel who gained access to restricted airport areas; and (3) allowed employees with identification to bypass screening. GAO also found that FAA: (1) required airport and airline employees to undergo full security screening, effective December 21, 1987; and (2) plans to require all U.S. airports to acquire automated identification systems.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1988-01-29
• National Security Decision Directive 298: National Operations Security Program

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  From the Document: "The objective of National Security Decision Directive 298 is to apply the operations security (OPSEC) process to promote operational effectiveness by helping prevent the inadvertent compromise of sensitive or classified U.S. Government activities, capabilities, or intentions. The five-step OPSEC process entails: identification of critical information, analysis of threats, analysis of vulnerabilities, assessment of risks, and application of appropriate countermeasures."

  United States. White House Office

  1988-01-22
• Computer Security Act of 1987

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  The Congress declares that improving the security and privacy of sensitive information in Federal computer systems is in the public interest, and hereby creates a means for establishing minimum acceptable security practices for such systems, without limiting the scope of security measures already planned or in use.

  United States. Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office

  1988-01-08
• FAA Technical Center: Mission and Role in National Airspace System Plan Implementation, Briefing Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate

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  In response to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Technical Center's roles and responsibilities in the development and implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) Plan. GAO found that the Technical Center: (1) provides the test facilities, skills, and services necessary to support the development, testing, and evaluation of NAS equipment, systems, and procedures; (2) supports the modernization of the air traffic control system; (3) maintains the operation of computer systems; (4) provides research into aircraft safety and aviation security; (5) assists program managers in developing procurement specifications and soliciting contractor proposals; and (6) is responsible for the management of the Automated En Route Air Traffic Control II program. GAO also found that: (1) the number of Technical Center employees has decreased, while the number of contractor personnel has quadrupled; (2) funding for contract services increased from $28 million in 1985 to about $59 million in 1987; and (3) overall funding increased from $114 million in 1984 to $144 million in 1987, due to increased appropriations for facilities and equipment for NAS.

  United States. General Accounting Office

  1988-01-06