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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 93, Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Reauthorization Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on June 24, 2021. From the Document: "The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act expires on December 23, 2022. S. 93 would permanently extend the authorities and requirements of the act. The bill would also modify the President's authority to impose sanctions on individuals who commit serious human rights abuses or significant acts of corruption under current law. S. 93 would make officials of entities who commit human rights abuses subject to sanctions and would extend sanctions to the immediate family members of sanctioned persons. [...] On the basis of data for similar sanctions, CBO estimates that sanctions in the bill would affect a small number of people. Thus, enacting the bill would have insignificant effects on revenues and direct spending and would, on net, reduce deficits by insignificant amounts over the 2021-2031 period."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-13
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 115, Protecting Tourism in the United States Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on April 28, 2021. From the Document: "S. 115 would require the Department of Commerce to study and report to the Congress on the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the travel and tourism industry. The department would consult with private-sector entities, conduct interim and final studies, prepare reports based on economic data, and provide recommendations to assist the affected industries. Using information from the department, CBO expects that implementing the bill would cost about $2 million annually for 2022 and 2023; such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. Those amounts would cover the compensation of seven staff members, at an average annual cost of $200,000 each, and data contracts necessary for the studies and reports."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-13
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Potential Military Roles for Supersonic Transports [Updated August 13, 2021]
From the Document: "A new generation of supersonic (faster than the speed of sound in level flight, also called Mach 1) passenger aircraft is now under development. Using 'low-boom' technology developed through NASA research to minimize sound signatures on the ground, advanced engines, and alternative fuel concepts, these new supersonic transports (SSTs) advertise the ability to fly over populated areas with minimal disruption, cruise more economically, and avoid some of the potential negative environmental effects of carbon-based fuels in high-altitude flight. These new aircraft have attracted interest and some investment from the U.S. military, and have on occasion been proposed for military missions by their developers. The potential roles differ with the size and capabilities of each aircraft."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gertler, Jeremiah
2021-08-13
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Health Insurance Continuation Coverage Under COBRA [Updated August 13, 2021]
From the Summary: "Under Title X of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA; P.L. 99-272), a private-sector employer with 20 or more employees that provides health insurance benefits must provide qualified employees and their families the option of continuing their coverage under the employer's group health insurance plan in the case of certain events. Employers that fail to provide the continued health insurance option are subject to penalties. (COBRA also created similar requirements on state and local government employers; however, this report focuses on the requirements applicable to private-sector employers.) [...] This report provides a simplified explanation of who qualifies for COBRA continuation coverage, the nature of COBRA continuation coverage, and corresponding employer and employee responsibilities.It also incorporates descriptions of the temporary relief that was provided on May 4, 2020, by the Department of Labor Employee Benefits Security Administration and Internal Revenue Service in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (as it pertains to COBRA continuation coverage). This relief extends various COBRA time frames and was intended to help minimize the possibility that individuals would lose health insurance because they failed to comply with certain COBRA time frames during the COVID-19 pandemic. This report also includes a high-level description of the temporary COBRA premium assistance included in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. [Public Law] 117-2)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosso, Ryan J.
2021-08-13
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Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding: Background and Current Status [Updated August 13, 2021]
From the Document: "For the past decade, Members of Congress have debated Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) funding levels in the context of annual foreign affairs and defense budgets. First used by the foreign affairs agencies in FY2012, a key feature of OCO funds was their effective exemption, like emergency funds, from the discretionary spending limits established by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA, P.L. 112-25). Some Members viewed OCO funding as a tool for preventing contingency needs from encroaching on funding for core agency activities. Others criticized the OCO designation, labeling it as a 'slush fund' that provided funds for programs unrelated to contingency operations. The BCA's spending caps ended in FY2021. Under the Trump Administration, the foreign affairs agencies ceased requesting OCO funds after FY2018. However, Congress appropriated $8.0 billion designated as OCO every year between FY2019 and FY2021 in State-Foreign Operations (SFOPS) appropriations bills. FY2022 may be a turning point, as the House recently approved an FY2022 SFOPS appropriations measure (H.R. 4373) that did not include OCO funding."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Morgenstern, Emily M.
2021-08-13
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Federal Employees and COVID-19 Vaccination Attestations: Immediate Takeaways [Updated August 13, 2021]
From the Document: "Executive Order 13991 [hyperlink] established the Safer Federal Workforce Task Force [hyperlink] (Task Force) to provide ongoing guidance to heads of executive agencies on government operation and employee safety during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. On July 29, 2021, the Task Force issued revised 'model safety principles' to executive agencies and departments. Among other safety principles, this guidance [hyperlink] instructs federal agencies to determine the vaccination status of federal employees and onsite contractors, and requires employees and onsite contractors to 'sign an attestation confirming their vaccination status.' Those who decline to provide an attestation must [hyperlink] wear a mask and be subject to testing and other safety measures. This effort to promote COVID-19 vaccination, similar [hyperlink] to some state and municipal employers' requirements, follows newly reported increases in COVID-19 cases and related [hyperlink] hospitalizations attributable to the spread of the contagious Delta variant of COVID-19. [...] This Sidebar begins by providing background on the Task Force and the vaccination attestation policy. It then describes the primary authorities federal agencies may employ to implement the policy and relevant constitutional considerations. Next, the Sidebar discusses key requirements under federal antidiscrimination laws that may inform the implementation of the guidance. Finally, the Sidebar briefly considers whether COVID-19 vaccines' current emergency use authorization (EUA) status affects the federal government's ability to impose requirements related to vaccination."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Anderson, April J.; Shimabukuro, Jon O.; Shen, Wen W.
2021-08-13
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 21 Issue 32, August 12, 2021
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Webinar series from UL [Underwriters Laboratories] shares science relevant to lithium-ion battery safety for responders"; "NVFC [National Volunteer Fire Council] and PHMSA [Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration] offer pipeline response, planning, and preparedness toolkit for fire departments"; "Resources for ensuring inclusion of people with disabilities in emergency response plans" ; "FAA [Federal Aviation Administration] hosts virtual UAS [Unmanned Aircraft Systems] Symposium Sept. 14-15, invites public safety partners to learn and discuss latest regulations on drones"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] launches new Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative"; "CISA releases new cyber training guide"; "Microsoft: Zero Trust security just hit the mainstream"; "NCCoE [National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence] names 18 firms for zero trust collaboration project"; and "Indiana hospital reroutes ambulances during ransomware attack."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2021-08-12
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Small Business Administration's Implementation of Recommended Controls and the Economic Aid Act
From the Executive Summary: "The Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act (Economic Aid Act) was enacted on December 27, 2020 to continue assistance under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) for small businesses financially impacted by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. [...] Our objectives were to determine if SBA [Small Business Administration] 1) considered prior OIG [Office of the Inspector General] key recommendations to strengthen controls for ensuring eligibility and mitigating fraud and 2) implemented the PPP in accordance with the Economic Aid Act. To accomplish our objective, we reviewed the Economic Aid Act, SBA's Interim Final Rules and Frequently Asked Questions. We also assessed SBA Procedural Notices, a letter from the SBA Administrator, and PPP applications."
United States. Small Business Administration. Office of the Inspector General
2021-08-12
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Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 12, 2021]
From the Summary: "The Department of Defense (DOD) is in the process of a once-in-a-generation modernization of its approach to commanding military forces. Senior DOD leaders have stated that the department's existing command and control architecture is insufficient to meet the demands of the 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS). Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is DOD's concept to connect sensors from all of the military services--Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Space Force--into a single network. DOD points to ride-sharing service Uber as an analogy to describe its desired end state for JADC2. Uber combines two different apps--one for riders and a second for drivers. Using the respective users' positions, the Uber algorithm determines the optimal match based on distance, travel time, and passengers (among other variables). In the case of JADC2, that logic would find the optimal platform to attack a given target, or the unit best able to address an emerging threat. For JADC2 to work effectively, DOD is pursuing three new or emerging technologies: automation and artificial intelligence, cloud environments, and new communications methods."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.
2021-08-12
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Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works: Policy Primer [August 12, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress authorizes and funds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to undertake civil works activities, including planning and construction of water resource projects and maintenance of navigation improvements and other infrastructure (e.g., multipurpose dams). USACE has an estimated $109 billion construction backlog, as well as authorized but unfunded investigations and operations and maintenance (O&M) activities. Division J, Title III, of H.R. 3684, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), as passed by the Senate on August 10, 2021, would provide $17.1 billion in emergency appropriations to various USACE accounts, with the majority going to three accounts: [1] Construction (68%); [2] O&M (23%); [3] Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T, 5%)[.] IIJA also would provide the following: [1] $251 million for repair of damages to existing projects, including nonfederal levees and shore protection through the Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE) account; [2] $75 million to the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) account for USACE [hyperlink]to implement a direct loan and loan guarantee program [hyperlink], which IIJA would limit to nonfederal dam safety work (similar to a limit applied to FY2021 appropriations)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Normand, Anna E.
2021-08-12
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Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP): Replanting, Delayed Planting, and Prevented Planting [August 12, 2021]
From the Summary: "The federal crop insurance program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance coverage against financial losses caused by certain adverse growing and market conditions. FCIP policies provide indemnities for losses on planted acres and payments for replanting acres after losses. In addition, some FCIP policies provide payments for certain situations where planting is not possible. These payments can help farmers manage cash flow and financial risk for their operations. The FCIP imposes certain production and reporting deadlines that producers must meet in order to maintain eligibility for indemnity payments on their FCIP coverage. These deadlines vary by crop and location. The FCIP has specific rules around replanting, delayed planting, and prevented planting to limit opportunities for waste, fraud, and abuse in the program. [...] This report reviews the connections between crop planting cycles and FCIP policy deadlines, and provides an overview of FCIP rules for replanting, delayed planting, and prevented planting. As part of its ongoing oversight of the FCIP, Congress may wish to consider whether the rules governing delayed planning, replanting, and prevented planting provide consistent risk protection across crops and years; strike the right balance between the cost of replanting and prevented planting payments while providing adequate coverage for producers; provide incentives for farmers to engage in agricultural conservation practices; and whether there are opportunities to reduce waste, fraud, and abuse."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rosch, Stephanie
2021-08-12
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U.S. Steel Manufacturing: National Security and Tariffs [August 12, 2021]
From the Document: "Steel plays a significant role in national security and U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. While the defense industry often integrates steel into components or structures of military platforms and weapon systems, it also has other applications associated with homeland security and critical infrastructure. In recent years, some in Congress have come to view global overcapacity and excess production of steel, which has tended to result in a reliance on often cheaper imported steel instead of domestically produced steel, as a potential threat to U.S. national security. These Members have advocated boosting U.S. steel production as a means of ensuring a stable domestic supply for national security purposes."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Platzer, Michaela D.; Fefer, Rachel F.; Peters, Heidi M.
2021-08-12
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287(g) Program: State and Local Immigration Enforcement [August 12, 2021]
From the Document: "Section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), codified in 8 U.S.C. [United States Code] §1357(g), permits the delegation of certain immigration enforcement functions to state and local law enforcement agencies. Agreements entered pursuant to INA §287(g) (commonly referred to as §287(g) 'agreements') enable specially trained state or local officers to perform specific functions relating to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of noncitizens during a predetermined time frame and under federal oversight by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's)Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Although §287(g) agreements were authorized as part of the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (P.L. [Public Law] 104-208, Division C, IIRIRA), the first §287(g) agreement was implemented in 2002 after the law was given new urgency following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The number of state and local law enforcement agencies (LEAs) with §287(g) agreements increased to 72 in 2011 before declining to 35 by the end of the Obama Administration. In 2017, President Trump issued Executive Orders 13767 and 13768 directing executive agencies to encourage maximum participation of LEAs in the 287(g) program. During the Trump Administration, from January 2017 until September 2020, the number of LEAs with §287(g) agreements increased by more than 300%, from 35 to 150."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kolker, Abigail F.
2021-08-12
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Protect Brewery Chemicals from Use in a Terrorist Attack
From the Overview: "Most Americans may not think about chemicals when they open an ice-cold beer, but chemicals are critical to breweries. When used properly, chemicals assist in the production of beers, malts, and other beverages; sanitize and disinfect equipment; and keep refrigerators cold. In the wrong hands, however, some of these same chemicals can be used for great harm."
United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency
2021-08-12?
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Protect Pool and Water Park Chemicals from Use in a Terrorist Attack
From the Overview: "Every year, millions of people visit water parks and pools for exercise, therapy, and fun-filled recreation. Chemicals are critical in ensuring that the water is safe for swimming and that equipment, such as water slides and diving boards, are properly sanitized. In the wrong hands, however, some of these same chemicals can be used for great harm."
United States. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency
2021-08-12?
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U.S. Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund: Estimated Lump Sum Catch-Up Payments
From the Document: "The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, resulted in the deaths and injuries of thousands of people. In 2015, the Justice for United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act (Terrorism Act) was enacted, which established the United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund (Fund) to provide compensation for persons injured in acts of international state-sponsored terrorism. In May 2016, the Attorney General appointed a Special Master to administer the Fund. U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) personnel support the Fund. To date, the Fund has allocated approximately $3.3 billion in three payment rounds, which began in 2017, 2019, and 2020. In 2019, the United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund Clarification Act (Clarification Act) amended the groups of individuals who were eligible to claim payments from the Fund. [...] The Sudan Claims Resolution Act includes provisions for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to (1) estimate lump sum catch-up payments to eligible 9/11 victims, spouses, and dependents that would result in the percentage of claims received from the Fund being equal to the percentage of claims of 9/11 family members received from the Fund; and (2) estimate amounts of lump sum catch-up payments for 9/11 victims, spouses, and dependents. [...] In summary, we [GAO] estimated that lump sum catch-up payments to 5,364 9/11 victims, spouses, and dependents in our population would total about $2.7 billion."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-08-11
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COVID States Project: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey Report #61: Parental Concerns About COVID-19 Vaccines
From the Document: "In an online forum designed to quell parents' anxieties about the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccine for their kids, one parent wrote: 'I'm not an anti-vaxxer or an anti-masker. I'm just worried.' On May 12, 2021, the New York Times [hyperlink] published an article titled 'They're Not Anti-Vaccine, but These Parents Are Hesitant About the COVID Shot' which takes the reader through a series of online conversations between doctors and parents anxious about vaccinating their kids against COVID-19. Parents reported being nervous about the newness of the vaccine and how fast it was developed, as well as the potential for side effects and allergic reactions. Additionally, parents of adolescents raised concerns about the vaccine affecting puberty and future fertility. Since the publication of the Times article, the FDA has granted emergency authorization for the COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 12-15 and so far, 39.5% have received one dose and 29% are fully vaccinated [hyperlink] as of August 2, 2021."
Northeastern University (Boston, Mass.); Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy; Harvard Medical School . . .
Pippert, Caroline; Lin, Jennifer; Lazer, David . . .
2021-08-11
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Selected Federal Financial Assistance for Emergency Response to Extreme Heat: In Brief [August 11, 2021]
From the Document: "This report identifies federal assistance potentially available through the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Department of Agriculture, and other authorities for certain extreme heat response costs incurred by SLTTs [state, local, tribal, territorial governments] and eligible community organizations (e.g., hospitals). Given evolving and flexible program and grant guidelines, the lists in this report may not be comprehensive. Program applicability to each applicant or incident may vary. Federal assistance for other costs related to extreme heat (e.g., preparedness, infrastructural improvements, and assistance for individuals) are not detailed here, but may be available from the Department of Energy, EPA (e.g., the Heat Islands Reduction Program), and other agencies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lee, Erica A.; Wyatt, Taylor R.; Cecire, Michael H. . . .
2021-08-11
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Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design [Updated August 11, 2021]
From the Document: "Most of the world's people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to this basic feature of world geography, U.S. policymakers for the last several decades have chosen to pursue, as a key element of U.S. national strategy, a goal of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons in Eurasia. This objective reflects a U.S. perspective on geopolitics and grand strategy developed by U.S. strategists and policymakers during and in the years immediately after World War II that incorporates two key judgments: [1] that given the amount of people, resources, and economic activity in Eurasia, a regional hegemon in Eurasia would represent a concentration of power large enough to be able to threaten vital U.S. interests; and [2] that Eurasia is not dependably self-regulating in terms of preventing the emergence of regional hegemons, meaning that the countries of Eurasia cannot be counted on to be fully able to prevent, through their own choices and actions, the emergence of regional hegemons, and may need assistance from one or more countries outside Eurasia to be able to do this dependably."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-11
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Defense Primer: Department of the Navy [Updated August 11, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services--the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs--an admiral whose title is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), and a general whose title is the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Although the title 'Secretary of the Navy' includes only the term 'Navy,' the secretary serves as the civilian leader for both the Navy and Marine Corps. The CNO and the Commandant of the Marine Corps are members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The Secretary of the Navy is Carlos Del Toro, the CNO is Admiral Michael Gilday, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps is General David Berger."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-11
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Budget Submission After a Presidential Transition: Contextualizing the Biden Administration's FY2022 Request [Updated August 11, 2021]
From the Document: "Like other newly inaugurated Presidents' Administrations, the Biden Administration was expected to submit its first formal budget request to Congress later than the usual January/February statutory deadline. Unclear in such situations is the timing and format of the formal submission and any preliminary communications that are sent in advance of the full submission. This CRS [Congressional Research Service] Insight discusses the Biden Administration's first-year submission of preliminary budget materials in the context of statutory requirements and past practices."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Riccard, Taylor N.
2021-08-11
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Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 10, 2021]
From the Introduction and Issue for Congress: "The Navy wants to begin procuring a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), called the Next-Generation Attack Submarine or SSN(X), in FY2031. The SSN(X) would be the successor to the Virginia-class SSN design, which the Navy has been procuring since FY1998. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $98.0 million in research and development funding for the SSN(X) program. An issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's funding requests and acquisition strategy for the SSN(X) program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-10
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Navy Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated August 10, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the Navy's new Light Amphibious Warship (LAW) program, which envisions procuring a class of 24 to 35 new amphibious ships to support the Marine Corps, particularly in implementing a new Marine Corps operational concept called Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO). The Navy envisions the first LAW being procured in FY2023. The Navy's proposed FY2022 budget requests $13.2 million in research and development funding for the program. The LAW program poses a number of potential oversight matters for Congress. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's annual funding requests and envisioned acquisition strategy for the program. Congress's decisions regarding the program could affect Navy and Marine Corps capabilities and funding requirements and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2021-08-10
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Private Health Coverage: Results of Covert Testing for Selected Sales Representatives Listed on Healthcare.gov
From the Document: "Since 2014, millions of consumers have purchased individual market health insurance plans through the health insurance exchanges--or marketplaces--established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). PPACA directed each state to establish an exchange--referred to as a state-based exchange--or elect to use the federally facilitated exchange established by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Each year the exchanges offer an open enrollment period during which eligible consumers may enroll in or change their coverage. Consumers enroll in the federally facilitated exchange through HHS's healthcare.gov [hyperlink] website, and some state-based exchanges have chosen to also use this website for enrollment. [...] You requested that we perform additional work to obtain insights on the marketing and sales practices of sales representatives who are listed on healthcare.gov [hyperlink]. In this report, we describe the results of covert tests we conducted involving selected sales representatives listed on healthcare.gov [hyperlink] when contacted by our undercover investigators stating that they had preexisting conditions."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-08-10
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MMWR Early Release: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 10, 2021: Use of COVID-19 Vaccines After Reports of Adverse Events Among Adult Recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna): Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States, July 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This early release issue of MMWR contains the following article: "Use of COVID-19 Vaccines After Reports of Adverse Events Among Adult Recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna): Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States, July 2021." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2021.html].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-08-10
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4691, K-12 Cybersecurity Act of 2021
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on July 28, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 4691 would require the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to study cybersecurity challenges that are unique to primary and secondary schools, such as safeguarding student records and securing remote-learning technology. The bill also would require CISA to make available on a public website its recommendations on how schools can mitigate cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. On the basis of information from CISA about the costs of similar activities, CBO estimates that staff salaries and other expenses to produce the required study and recommendations would be less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period. Such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriations."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-08-10
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S. Rept. 117-37: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Report Together with Additional Views, to Accompany S. 2610, August 10, 2021
From the Document: "The Select Committee on Intelligence, having considered an original bill (S. 2610) to authorize appropriations for Fiscal Year 2022 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Intelligence Community Management Account, the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes, reports favorably thereon and recommends that the bill do pass."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-08-10
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Overview of Department of Defense Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum [Updated August 10, 2021]
From the Document: "The Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest federal user of the electromagnetic spectrum ('the spectrum'). It holds frequencies across multiple bands to support a number of technologies and uses. DOD utilizes spectrum on a day-to-day basis, for training, and for military operations. Thus, any changes to spectrum could affect DOD operations, both domestically and with allies abroad. Further, DOD has invested significantly in spectrum-dependent technologies. A summary of some of these technologies, including wireless communications, satellites, radar technologies that support situational awareness, signal intelligence and electronic warfare technologies, is provided [herein]. Changes in spectrum may affect how DOD can use, manipulate, or develop these technologies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.; Sayler, Kelley M.; Gallagher, Jill C.
2021-08-10
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Lebanon [Updated August 10, 2021]
From the Document: "Lebanon, a country of 5.5 million people, faces the worst economic crisis in its history amid ongoing political unrest, the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and an August 2020 explosion that severely damaged the port of Beirut and surrounding densely populated areas. Lebanon hosts the largest number of refugees in the world per capita (over 1 million, mostly Syrians), which has raised social tensions and strained public services. U.S. policy has focused on countering the influence of Iran and Hezbollah and on bolstering the Lebanese state while calling for reforms to counter corruption and mismanagement. Lebanon's leaders have warned that the country's economic crisis could lead to a collapse of state institutions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.
2021-08-10
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Security of Supply Arrangements (SOSAs): Background and Issues [August 10, 2021]
From the Document: "The U.S. defense industrial base (DIB) sources goods, services, and raw materials from the global marketplace to support national security and defense requirements. To facilitate the unhindered access to some key supplies, the Department of Defense (DOD) has entered into bilateral Security of Supply Arrangements (SOSAs) with selected foreign governments to secure the mutual timely provision of defense-related goods and services during peacetime, emergency, and armed conflict. SOSAs allow DOD to request prioritized performance of contracts from companies in SOSA-signatory nations, and for SOSA signatories to request the same from U.S. firms. This In Focus considers the background of SOSAs in the context of a globally integrated defense industrial base, as well as potential policy considerations for Congress to advance national security and homeland defense."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cecire, Michael H.; Peters, Heidi M.
2021-08-10
