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SDI and Arms Control
"President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, and the pursuit of defenses to protect against ballistic missile attack are issues of significant debate. Some praise the proposal, first made in a presidential address to the nation on 23 March 1983, as a grand vision that will abolish nuclear blackmail by adopting a totally defensive posture. Others condemn it as being destabilizing, a Pandora's box of strategic transition that could precipitate armed conflict. To date, the focus primarily has been on questions of technology. Are defenses feasible? Will they work? How effective can they be? In addition, many have addressed the impact of defenses on US-Soviet stability. Will SDI defenses seem threatening? Will they destabilize the strategic equation? Is a shift toward defense necessarily away from offense? Perhaps the real questions to ask concern the strategic direction currently being pursued, how strategic defense will or should interact with strategic offense, and the relationship of strategic defense to arms control. The vision of SDI originally portrayed in March 1983-ultimately eliminating the threat of strategic nuclear missiles-is now a longer-term goal. Now deterrence is, as before, the byword; perfect defenses are recognized as being unattainable, and continued dependence on offensive ballistic missiles is envisioned. These considerations, once accepted, may precipitate further nuclear arms control agreements-with SDI as the catalyst."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Dewolf, Howard G.
1989-11
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Radiological Emergency Information for Farmers, Food Processors, and Distributors
"While it is unlikely that a serious radiological emergency will occur in this country, it is important that we be prepared for such an event. The information in this brochure may help you to more effectively respond to such an emergency."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Food Safety and Inspection Service
1989-11
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Lateral Asymmetry in Pattern Recognition: Understanding the Effects of Familiarity, Distinction, and Perspective Change
"The effects of perspective change and familiarity upon lateral asymmetry for a face recognition task are analyzed based on the results of several experiments. A four choice match-to-sample procedure involved frontal target perspective faces and choice sets which contained faces in either front perspective, 3/4 perspective, or side perspective faces. The study assesses the effects of stimulus familiarity and distinctiveness. Results taken from analysis of variance, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis suggests complex relationships between the sensitivity of faces and the ensuing development of familiarity. Conclusions are drawn in terms of implications for interpreting higher order cognition in laterality studies."
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)
McNeese, Michael, 1954-
1989-11
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Advisory Memorandom on Release of Communications Security Equipment, Material or Information to Foreign Enterprises
"National Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Advisory and Information Memorandum COMSEC/l-85, 'Release of Communications Security Equipment, Material, or Information to Foreign Enterprises , announces criteria to be considered in determining the advisability of releasing COMSEC equipment, material, or information to private enterprises which are foreign owned, controlled, or influenced. The subject of release of COMSEC information to foreign governments and international organizations is addressed separately in NCSC-6, 'National Policy Governing the Disclosure or Release of Communications Security Information to Foreign Governments and International Organizations,' dated 16 January 1981."
United States. National Security Agency
1989-10-29
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Special Access Programs and the Defense Budget: Understanding the 'Black Market' [Updated October 24, 1989, Archived]
"It us generally accepted that there is a security advantage to be gained by exploiting a technology militarily and keeping potential adversaries from learning about its application and military usefulness. However, in an open, democratic system society where constitutional checks and balances are fundamental to the system of government, a natural tension exists between those who want access to information to facilitate decision -making and oversight and those who want enhanced protection to prevent military secrets from falling into adversaries' hands…The Senate version of the FY90-91 defense authorization bill (S. 1352) established additional reporting requirements pertaining to the reclassification of special access program data. The arguments made by those in favor of these changes reflect their concern about Pentagon motives, the practice of restricting information from some Members of Congress, and the need for an informed debate of program issues and costs. The arguments made by those who oppose proposed legislative innovations reflect their fear of inadvertently exposing the programs and budgets of the intelligence agencies and a general concern about making certain sensitive information more accessible to foreign intelligence interests. It is DOD's position that additional legislation was not and continues not to be required."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
1989-10-24
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United States Fire Administration Technical Support Series: Phillips Petroleum Chemical Plant Explosion and Fire
This report examines the effectiveness of emergency response teams at a chemical plant explosion. It concludes that the emergency responders were effective in their handling of the situation and offers several suggestions for improving performance in similar circumstances.
United States. Department of Homeland Security
Yates, Jack
1989-10-23
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Unit Field Sanitation Team
To fulfill the requirements in AR 40-5, this manual provides a training program for personnel appointed as members of the field sanitation team of each company, battery, or similar unit. It contains a master schedule, a text which may serve as reference material for the instructor, and lesson plans with supporting illustrations. The lesson plans should be modified in order to place more emphasis upon special problems for your particular geographical area of operations. The demonstrations and practical exercises, which are described with the subject matter to which they pertain, maybe grouped into more comprehensive field exercises. Metric measurements used throughout this publication are approximate equivalents of the customary units of measure and are provided for the convenience of the instructor.
United States. Department of the Army
1989-10-11
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National Security Directive 28: National Security Directive on Sealift
The purpose of National Security Directive (NSD) 28 was to ensure that the U.S. maintained the capability to meet sealift requirements in the event of crisis or war -- i.e., the availability of sufficient military and civil maritime resources to meet both defense deployment and essential economic requirements. To that end, it stipulated that the U.S. owned commercial fleet should be relied upon to provide sealift in peace, crisis and war, knowing that the U.S. might need to respond unilaterally to security threats in geographic areas not covered by alliance commitments. The flag fleet was to continue to rely on U.S. owned, controlled and allied shipping resources to meet commitments to established alliances. Further, the directive called on the departments of Defense and Transportation to work together to determine the capacity of the merchant marine industries to meet and provide sealift requirements and to incorporate national defense features in new and existing ships. The directive was careful to note, however, that government programs and policies would provide for an environment which fosters the competitiveness and industrial preparedness of all U.S. industries, including the maritime industry.
United States. White House Office
1989-10-05
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Annual Summaries: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988
The 1988 hurricane season is summarized, including accounts of individual storms. Twelve tropical storms were tracked, of which five became hurricanes. Gilbert and Joan were devastating hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and Gilbert's sea level pressure fell to a new record minimum for Atlantic hurricanes.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
Lawrence, Miles B.; Gross, James M.
1989-10
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Twelve-Fatality Nursing Home Fire, Norfolk, Virginia
"On October 5, 1989, at 2218 hours, a fire in Norfolk, Virginia, was reported from the Hillhaven Rehabilitation and Convalescent Home, 1005 Hampton Boulevard. This was a 4-story masonry building, housing 161 elderly patients, most of whom were bedridden. First arriving firefighting units discovered fire coming out of the window of a second floor patient room located on the front of the building. The fire was lapping up to the third floor window. The second floor was completely filled with heavy smoke, and some flame at the ceiling level was observed. No alarms were heard and there was no apparent commotion. Second and third alarms were sounded immediately to assist in rescue efforts. Some patients were removed from their rooms by the use of ground ladders set up on the outside. Bedridden patients, trapped in their rooms, had to be carried by firefighters through heavy smoke and heat conditions. Rescue efforts on the second floor required approximately 35 minutes."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-10
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Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies And Implications for U.S. Military Forces
"This report examines five historical case studies to provide valuable insights for developing U.S. military counterinsurgency doctrine for urban areas. The report begins with an introduction to the nature of urban insurgency and then evaluates each case. The cases (Palestine [1944-19471, Algeria [1954-1957], Cyprus [1955-1958], Venezuela [1960- 19631, and Uruguay (1968-1972]) are diverse in many areas including causes, intensity, insurgent and counterinsurgent strategies and tactics, the role of cities in the overall terrorist campaign, and outcome. After discussion of the case as a whole, emphasis shifts to military forces. The role of military forces in a government's total counterinsurgency effort is examined as are the details about military execution of this role. Political, legal, and strategic factors, organization and command and control, tactics, and equipment are discussed in detail. The report develops findings and conclusions and addresses their implications for U.S. military forces in future urban counterinsurgency operations."
U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory
Miller, R.; McLaurin, R. D. (Ronald De), 1944-1995
1989-10
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Emergency Response Concept Plan for Lexington-Blue Grass Army Depot and Vicinity
The storage and disposal of the United States' chemical stockpile has the potential for accidental releases that could escape installation boundaries and pose a threat to civilian populations. This concept plan develops provides a framework for initiating an emergency preparedness program that will significantly reduce the probability of adverse effects from such releases. The report identifies the advantages and disadvantages of six categories of protective actions: evacuation, in-place sheltering, respiratory protection, protective clothing, prophylactic drugs, and antidotes.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1989-10
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Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions
At the request of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs and Senator Orrin G. Hatch, OTA undertook an assessment of the containment and monitoring practices of the nuclear testing program. This special report reviews the safety of the nuclear testing program and assesses the technical procedures used to test nuclear weapons and ensure that radioactive material produced by test explosions remains contained underground. An overall evaluation considers the acceptability of the remaining risk and discusses reasons for the lack of public confidence.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1989-10
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Counterinsurgency in the Philippines: Problems and Prospects
"This research project examines the Aquino government's response to the nationwide communist insurgency in the Philippines on three levels: the political, the socioeconomic, and the military. Each of these are interrelated and together provide a cogent picture of the insurgency movement. Additionally, the study shows that the primary New People's Army (NPA) objective is to create a new regime based on egalitarian values and centrally controlled structures designed to mobilize the people and radically transform the social structure within the existing political community. It suggests the political war in the countryside favors the NPA in many areas because it is the only organization providing basic social services to the people. While looking at some of the goals, techniques, strategies, and accomplishments of the NPA, we were able to examine possible policy options for both the Aquino government and the United States."
Army-Air Force Center for Low Intensity Conflict (U.S.)
Stephan, Robert B.
1989-10
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Aerosol Extinction Transmissometry at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths Applied to Specialized Problems in CB Defense
"The report compiles, updates, and discusses several novel techniques in aerosol extinction transmissometry, in the visible and infrared wavelength regions, that are applicable to the solution of a variety of specialized problems in CB defense. These techniques share common elements with one another, and so they are brought together here for easy reference. Complex calculations of optical scattering using high-speed electronic computers have become so commonplace that the technology has evolved into several specialty fields, e.g., extinction spectroscopy, angular scattering measurements and nephelometry. As a consequence, the overall technology and our ability to remotely characterize or quantitatively analyze atmospheric aerosols might be further advanced than is realized by workers in the individual disciplines who do not have the time to keep up with advances in other disciplines. This report examines techniques of transmission (extinction) and turbidity spectroscopy, polarization and angular scattering measurements, and related developments and concludes that computer programs can be written to optimize desired parameters in interdisciplinary investigations. An appendix discusses sampling, which is a complicated problem in aerosol physics. A technique described to monitor continuously the mass concentration of monodisperse test aerosols using a He:Ne laser."
Chemical Research, Development & Engineering Center (U.S.)
Carlon, Hugh R.
1989-10
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Using the Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 to Combat Acts of Terrorism
From the thesis abstract: "The United States has concluded that 1977 Geneva Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts legitimizes terrorist acts and should not be ratified. This study reaches the opposite conclusion regarding the Protocol's treatment of terrorist acts and finds, as in the previous law of armed conflict conventions, such acts are illegal under the provisions of Protocol . This study further finds that the law enforcement approach to combatting [sic] terrorism, an approach favored by the United States, is an insufficient vehicle for reaching the goal of universal condemnation of all terrorist acts. Under the circumstances, it seems absurd to forgo a valuable weapon in the fight against terrorism, the law of armed conflict as developed through Protocol , based on a politically biased interpretation of those rules. However, using the law of armed conflict approach alone will not provide the means for combating terrorist acts in all circumstances. The law enforcement approach, tied to the law of armed conflict approach, will provide a legal blanket that covers all situations. Using the two approaches together is the best way to combat terrorist acts and to bring such acts into the realm of customary international law that will one day convert them into crimes of universal condemnation."
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
James, Ronnie D.
1989-09-30
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Fire Apparatus and Train Collision
This U.S. Fire Administration report details the circumstances of and emergency response to the fire apparatus/train collision that occurred near Catlett, Virginia, on September 28, 1989.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-09-28?
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National Security Directive 24: Chemical Weapons Arms Control Initiatives
National Security Directive (NSD) 24 reaffirmed the U.S.'s commitment to reaching a multilateral agreement for a global ban on and elimination of chemical weapons, as well as a reduction in current stockpiles. Additionally the U.S. agreed to look into a less intrusive inspection policy -- backing down from its previous "anywhere, anytime" stance -- supported by an increase in research and development efforts to improve its capability for verifying compliance with a global ban. Finally the directive described a change in sanctions as well as incentives to discourage states from constructing "dual use" facilities.
United States. White House Office
1989-09-26
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Disaster Assistance: Crop Insurance Can Provide Assistance More Effectively than Other Programs, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives
"Since 1980, USDA has provided disaster assistance to farmers through direct cash payments, loans, and an insurance program. The federal government has incurred costs of approximately $17.6 billion in support of these programs: $6.9 billion for direct cash payments, $6.4 billion for disaster emergency loans, and $4.3 billion for crop insurance. The public policy principles we used for assessing the best way to provide disaster assistance are based largely on the premises that disaster victims should be treated equitably and consistently over time and that overall program and society costs should be minimized. Using these premises, we identified eight criteria that should be considered in devising an effective disaster assistance strategy. Although none of the three programs fully satisfy all of our criteria, crop insurance satisfies more of them than the other agriculture disaster assistance programs."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1989-09-20
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America Burning
This is a landmark document that focused attention on the Nation's fire problem and the needs of the fire services and allied professions. The report led to the passage of Public Law 93-498, The Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974, signed into law on October 29, 1974, which created the United States Fire Administration. America Burning is still recognized as the single most significant publication about fire in the history of the United States. Countless dramatic changes in fire and life safety improvements can be linked directly to the inspiration of the report and its having served as a catalyst for renewed nationwide efforts to deal with the country's staggering annual losses from fire. The momentum created by America Burning and by the Law continues even today.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1989-09
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Attack Environment Manual: Chapter 3, What the Planner Needs to Know About Fire Ignition and Spread
"This description of the fire environment following nuclear attack provides basic information needed to plan realistic actions to reduce fire casualties and loss of property. It presumes that the reader is familiar with the material in chapters 1 and 2 of the manual. Knowledge of the material in subsequent chapters is not a prerequisite; however, reference is made to pertinent issues in the chapters on fallout, the shelter environment, and emergency operations. Anyone making a study of the results of the air attacks of World War II on industrial and population centers is struck by the realization that fire effects accounted for much of the damage and loss of life. [...] Following the first two introductory panels, the next 15 panels deal with subjects of basic phenomenology, covering the thermal pulse and its transmission to ignitable materials and exposed people (3 through 7), fire starting (8 through 11 ), and fire spread (12 through 17). Next, the consequences and implications of the fires--especially mass fires-are described in panels 18 through 26, ending with an illustration of the fire effects of nuclear attack on a major industrial city of the United States. Panels 27 through 36 consider fire survival prospects of the urban population, discuss the potential for fire control and incendiary damage limitation, and offer some planning options to minimize the dynamic of protracted threat of nuclear fires and their possible climatic effects. Finally, panel 37 suggests additional reading for those interested in more information."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1989-09
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Case Study: The Effects of the British Army against the Irish Republican Army
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects British troops have had while countering the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The study involved the following research objectives. First, terrorism and the IRA as a terrorist organization was defined to form a basis for the research. Following these definitions, the Irish history, the IRA goals, and the British goals were discussed. After the British goals were defined, the significant events involving British troops or the IRA were reviewed to identify effects. Finally, the effects of the British Army and any contributing factors in the Northern Ireland situation were outlined. The study found that troops can have a wide variety of effects. In particular, this study found three major effects of troops. First, troops can prevent a civil war. Second, the Army can contain the level of violence created by a terrorist group but not totally defeat the organization. Finally, by mishandling situations and implementing unpopular policies, troops can alienate the community. Keywords: Military theses; Unconventional warfare.
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Hahn, Kenneth S.
1989-09
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Immigration Reform and Control Act: Assessing the Evaluation Process
"This report examines the United States General Accounting Office's (GAO) statutorily required evaluation of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). IRCA requires GAO to submit three annual report that evaluate the extent of discrimination and the regulatory burden on employers caused by provisions of the law. The third and final report, due in a few months, is especially important to the future of immigration policy: its findings, with congressional assent, could lead to the repeal or revision of IRCA's employer sanctions or anti-discrimination provisions. Our report, which is part of a comprehensive study, is based on public briefings held by the Commission in February 1987, December 1987, and March 1989; on extensive interviews and written exchanges with local, State, and Federal agencies and numerous private organizations; and on staff research."
United States Commission on Civil Rights
1989-09
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Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1981-1988 [August 4, 1989]
"The general decline in the value of new arms transfer agreements with the Third World seen in recent years continued in 1988. The value of all arms transfer agreements with the Third World in 1988 ($29.7 billion) was the lowest total for any year during the period from 1981-1988 (in constant 1988 dollars). The Soviet Union and the United States have clearly dominated the Third World arms market as the top two suppliers from 1981-1988. Collectively, the two superpowers accounted for half of all arms transfer agreements with and arms deliveries to the Third World during these years. In the 1980s, China has emerged as an important supplier of arms to the Third World, in large measure due to agreements with Iran and Iraq. As a nation capable and willing to supply a wide variety of basic weapons and ammunition, cheaply, and in quantity, China was well positioned to take advantage of the wartime requirements of these two nations. During the 1981- 1988 period, 61.3% of all of China's arms transfer agreements with the Third World were with Iran and Iraq collectively. Whether China will be able to sustain its level of arms sales to the Near East and South Asian region now that the Iran-Iraq war has ended remains to be seen. Despite China's sale and delivery of CSS-2 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles to Saudi Arabia in the most recent period (1985-1988), and its historic supplier relationship with Pakistan and Egypt, the notable Chinese arms sales performance from 1981-1988 was essentially based upon trade with Iran and Iraq."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1989-08-04
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United States Tsunamis (Including United States Possessions): 1690-1988
From the Introduction: "Tsunamis, commonly called seismic. sea waves - or incorrectly. tidal waves - have been responsible for at least 470 fatalities and several hundred million dollars in property damage in the United States and its territories. These events are somewhat rare. Major tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean region only about once per decade. Therefore, it is important to learn as much as possible froin the relatively short history available. The preparation of this history was undertaken because of the evident need for an up-to-date and comprehensive compilation. The previously available history of tsunamis in the United States and environs was scattered through several regional catalogs. research papers, and unpublished works. The continued research of several people has improved these now-dated catalogs. The present history incorporated all works known to the compilers into a single, comprehensive volume. [...] Although there are warning systems for tsunamis occurring around the Pacific, including local and regional warning systems in Hawaii and Alaska, the risks from future tsunamis are still not fully known. Some events, such as that in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in March 1964, can be devastating over large distances. Even over short distances along a coast, the heights of a tsunami wave will vary considerably. An important part of the risk assessment is to gain a clearer understanding of the effects of past tsunamis."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Lockridge, Patricia A.; Lander, James F.
1989-08
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Landslide Loss Reduction: A Guide for State and Local Government Planning
"The purpose of this guidebook is to provide a practical, politically feasible guide for State and local officials involved in landslide hazard mitigation. The guidebook presents concepts and a framework for the preparation of State and local landslide hazard mitigation plans. It outlines a basic methodology, provides information on available resources, and offers suggestions on the formation of an interdisciplinary mitigation planning partnership and a permanent State natural hazards mitigation organization. Individual States and local jurisdictions can adapt the suggestions in this book to meet their own unique needs."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1989-08
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Analysis Report on Firefighter Fatalities [1988]
"The purpose of this study is to analyze the circumstances surrounding firefighter fatalities in the United States in 1988 in an attempt to identify potential means for reducing the number of deaths that occur each year. In addition to the 1988 findings, this study will also include special analyses of particular recurring scenarios, using NFPA's [National Fire Protection Association] data base of fire fighter fatalities from 1979 through 1988."
United States Fire Administration
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Analysis and Research Division
1989-08
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Armed Intervention in Terrorist Hostage Situations: A Comparative Analysis
"Numerous terrorist hostage situations have occurred throughout the world since the explosion of terrorist acts in the late 1960's, and each country involved has had to make a decision on when the optimum time of armed intervention should occur. This study was conducted to provide a comparative analysis of the methods used by different countries which have dealt with terrorist hostage situations. Such information should enhance future government intervention policies formulated for dealing with these specific hostage situations. The following countries were used as a basis of analysis in this study: United States, West Germany, Israel, Italy, England, Spain, and France."
Air Force Institute of Technology (U.S.)
Gowin, Wallace Curry
1989-07-31
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Electronic Surveillance
"Monitoring and/or recording of telephone, verbal, or nonverbal communications, with or without the use of electronic or mechanical devices, fall into two principal categories: interceptions which are accomplished with the approval of a court (judicial). and those for which court approval is not required (nonjudicial). The purpose of either type of interception is to monitor the contents of the communication for criminal significance. Wiretaps and other means of intercepting wire, oral, or electronic communications are governed by 18 U.S.C. sections 2510-2520 (Public Law 99-508--commonly referred to as title III), enacted October 21, 1986. Essentially, the law provides that, with judicial approval in the form of a court order. telephone and other verbal and electronic communications may be monitored and recorded--even when no party to the communication has given prior consent. (Chapters C and D set forth procedures that must be followed with regard to court-ordered interceptions and pen register devices/trap and trace services.) [...] The fact that nonjudicial-type interceptions are outside the prohibitions of title III does not mean that such interceptions are free from restrictions. To the contrary. the Federal Communications Act and the fourth and sixth amendments to the Constitution are pertinent and present problems which, in some areas (including the use of electronic or mechanical trailing/tracking devices), are not fully resolved. The propriety and law concerning certain other nonjudicial interceptions and related disclosures require that guidance be sought on a case-by-case basis from ATF [Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms] counsel and/or the U.S. attorney, as to whether such interception should be made and the level of approval necessary."
United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1989-07-17
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Our Changing Planet: The FY 1990 Research Plan
"The Earth is a changing place. Over the past million years deserts, forests, and grasslands have migrated across the land, seashores have advanced and retreated, and wet and dry periods have come and gone. The dramatic rise in industrial activities during the 19th and 20th centuries has produced a new set of concerns, namely, that human activities may be affecting the Earth system. Consequently, wise use of the Earth for human habitation has become an important political and scientific issue. World population growth, intense industrial and agricultural activities, and the need to maintain man's health and welfare require that each individual and country exercise appropriate environmental care and sensitivity. The global changes that may affect both human well-being and the quality of life on this planet include ozone depletion, global climate warming, sea level change, drought, deforestation, desertification, and reduction in biodiversity. While dramatic and complex in and of themselves, these discrete global environmental concerns cannot be fully understood unless they are addressed collectively."
U.S. Global Change Research Program
1989-07
