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Decision: Office of Management and Budget and U.S. Department of Homeland Security--Pause of Border Barrier Construction and Obligations
From the Digest: "Congress has appropriated funds to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) specifically for constructing fencing or barrier system at the southern border of the United States, commonly referred to as the border wall. On January 20, 2021, the President issued a Proclamation directing a pause in the construction of the border wall and a pause in obligation of funds for the wall. DHS has almost fully obligated funds appropriated in previous fiscal years for border fence or barrier construction projects, and suspended work on some projects. DHS has not yet obligated funds appropriated in fiscal year 2021. We conclude that delays in the obligation and expenditure of DHS's appropriations are programmatic delays, not impoundments. DHS and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) have shown that the use of funds is delayed in order to perform environmental reviews and consult with various stakeholders, as required by law, and determine project funding needs in light of changes that warrant using funds differently than initially planned. As explained below, because the delay here is precipitated by legal requirements, the delay is distinguishable from the withholding of Ukraine security assistance funds."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-06-15
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First Responder's Toolbox: Counterterrorism Considerations for Waterfront Locations
From the Scope: "This product provides awareness for public safety personnel and private-sector partners on mitigating and responding to threats against piers and waterfront locations. In addition, this product serves to encourage communication and coordination among stakeholders to enhance security and emergency response protocols."
National Counterterrorism Center (U.S.); United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2021-06-15
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Impact of COVID-19 on the Human Rights of Migrants
From the Introduction: "The Global Detention Project (GDP) is pleased to provide this submission to the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants in response to his call for input [hyperlink] on the impact of COVID-19 on the human rights of migrants. This submission primarily focusses on the treatment of people in immigration detention during the pandemic, relying on the information developed by the GDP within the scope of our COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Immigration Detention Monitoring Platform [hyperlink]. The submission principally addresses questions 1 and 3 in the Special Rapporteur's call for input."
Global Detention Project
2021-06-15
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Virality Project Weekly Briefing #25: 'June 8, 2021 - June 15, 2021'
From the Key Takeaways: "[1] The 'ongoing data void' regarding the necessity of vaccines for people previously infected with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] 'has deepened political polarization around the vaccine' this week, as new findings from the Cleveland Clinic were used by Senator Rand Paul [hyperlink] to declare the vaccine useless for millions of previously-infected Americans. [2] Current tactics by anti-vaccine groups focus on the use of individual stories to highlight potential vaccine side effects [hyperlink] and more 'overarching legal action' through petitions [hyperlink] and lawsuits [hyperlink] in multiple states, most notably in Texas. [3] Anti-vaccine employers and employees are using Telegram [hyperlink] groups to create professional networks and job opportunities."
Virality Project
2021-06-15
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Deploying Secure Unified Communications/Voice and Video Over IP Systems
From the Executive Summary: "Unified Communications (UC) and Voice and Video over IP [Internet Protocol] (VVoIP) call-processing systems provide rich collaboration tools and offer flexible ways to communicate by combining voice, video conferencing, and instant messaging in the modern workplace. Today these systems are integrated into an enterprise's existing Internet Protocol (IP) infrastructure, use commodity software, and are likely to use open-source and standard protocols. However, the same IP infrastructure that enables UC/VVoIP systems also extends the attack surface into an enterprise's network, introducing vulnerabilities and the potential for unauthorized access to communications. These vulnerabilities were harder to reach in earlier telephony systems, but now voice services and infrastructure are accessible to malicious actors who penetrate the IP network to eavesdrop on conversations, impersonate users, commit toll fraud, or perpetrate a denial of service effects. Compromises can lead to high-definition room audio and/or video being covertly collected and delivered using the IP infrastructure as a transport mechanism."
United States. National Security Agency
2021-06-15
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1259, Safe Cribs Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on April 28, 2021. From the Document: "S. 1259 would ban the manufacture or sale of crib bumpers (defined as padded material that surrounds the slats of the crib). Based on information provided by the Consumer Safety Product Commission and the cost of similar activities, CBO estimates that staff costs associated with enforcing the ban would total less than $500,000 over the 2021-2026 period; any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2485, Access to Congressionally Mandated Reports Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform on May 13, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2485 would require the Government Publishing Office (GPO) to establish and maintain a website for the public to obtain electronic copies of all Congressionally mandated reports. Under the bill, all federal agencies would be required to provide GPO with electronic copies of reports required by law each year. Using information from GPO and federal agencies that produce thousands of Congressionally mandated reports, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost about $400,000 a year or $2 million over the 2021-2026 period. Those costs primarily consist of the salaries and expenses associated with four employees who would establish and maintain the website. In addition, there would be some costs for the agencies to collect and submit reports in the required format. Any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3239, to Make Improvements in the Enactment of Title 41, United States Code, into a Positive Law Title and to Improve the Code
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on May 18, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 3239 would make conforming, clarifying, and technical changes to most titles of the United States Code that address public contracts. Public Law 111-350, which was signed into law on January 4, 2011, enacted certain laws relating to public contracts as title 41, United States Code. The bill would make technical amendments to update statutory references and would update the United States Code to reflect newly enacted law. Information from the Office of Law Revision Counsel indicates that the bill would make no substantive changes to the law; therefore, CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 3239 would have no effect on the federal budget."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 539, Preventing Disaster Revictimization Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on March 24, 2021. From the Document: "Except in cases involving fraud, H.R. 539 would require the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to waive the collection of improper payments provided to individuals or households after major disasters declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. The bill also would require FEMA to report on its processes for determining the distribution of disaster assistance."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 198, Data Mapping to Save Moms' Lives Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on April 28, 2021. From the Document: "S. 198 would require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to incorporate data on maternal health outcomes into its most recently available broadband health mapping tools. In addition, the bill would require the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to report to the Congress on the effectiveness of Internet connectivity in reducing maternal morbidity rates. Using information about the cost of broadband mapping, CBO estimates that it would cost the FCC less than $500,000 to update its broadband health maps to incorporate maternal health outcomes."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 978, Chai Suthammanont Remembrance Act of 2021
From the Document: "H.R. 978 would require each federal agency within 60 days of enactment to publish a plan on its website for mitigating the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in its workspaces. The plan would contain details of the personal protective equipment available to employees, COVID-19 testing procedures, actions being taken to protect employees, and other information as specified in the bill. H.R. 978 also would require the Inspector General (IG) for each agency to provide to the Congress, within six months of enactment, a review of the agency's policies for reopening facilities."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-14
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Al Qaeda: Background, Current Status, and U.S. Policy [June 14, 2021]
From the Document: "Al Qaeda (AQ) is a transnational Islamist terrorist organization and network of affiliates that the U.S. intelligence community describes as one of 'the greatest Sunni terrorist threats to U.S. interests overseas' and a potential source of inspiration to domestic violent extremists. Sustained counterterrorism (CT) pressure appears to have weakened the group since it perpetrated the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks. In April 2021, the U.S. intelligence community told Congress that Al Qaeda's senior leadership 'has suffered severe losses in the past few years' but they expect that remaining leaders will continue to plot attacks and seek to exploit conflicts in different regions. In recent years, U.S. officials have characterized the AQ threat as stemming mainly from its affiliates, which have generally focused on local issues in their respective areas of operation, where they threaten local U.S. personnel, interests, and partners. [...] The U.S. campaign against Al Qaeda, now in its third decade, spans a wide array of policy areas. The United States has conducted airstrikes on AQ targets in at least seven countries since 2012, and U.S. forces have engaged in ground combat against AQ in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen in recent years. [...] U.S. policymakers also seek to combat Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups by addressing the drivers of terrorism through counter- and de-radicalization programs, by countering the financing of Al Qaeda and its affiliates, and by prosecuting individuals in the United States for providing support to the group and its affiliates."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs)
2021-06-14
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CDC's Federal Eviction Moratorium [Updated June 14, 2021]
From the Document: "On September 4, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imposed a nationwide temporary federal moratorium on residential evictions [hyperlink] for nonpayment of rent. The stated purpose of the order was to prevent the further spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), specifically by preventing homelessness and overcrowded housing conditions resulting from eviction. The action, which followed an Executive Order [hyperlink] directing the CDC to consider such a measure, was unprecedented, both in terms of the federal reach into what is traditionally state and local governance of landlord-tenant law and its use of a public health authority [hyperlink]. Since the issuance of the order, several courts have addressed challenges to the CDC's legal authority to issue the eviction moratorium. These courts have issued conflicting decisions on the eviction moratorium's legality and, while no court has issued an order enjoining the moratorium's enforcement nationwide, the conflicting judicial rulings have left a cloud of uncertainty [hyperlink] regarding the order's enforceability."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
McCarty, Maggie; Perl, Libby; Carpenter, David Hatcher
2021-06-14
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Amtrak, North Atlantic Rail Alliance Seek Support for Passenger Rail Proposals [Updated June 14, 2021]
From the Document: "Two organizations have recently released multi-year, multi-billion dollar proposals for investment in intercity passenger rail. One, the federally owned passenger railroad Amtrak, seeks roughly $75 billion to add or initiate service on dozens of routes across the country by 2035. The other, the private North Atlantic Rail Alliance, would spend an estimated $105 billion to construct a new high-speed rail alternative to the existing Northeast Corridor (NEC) line from New York to Boston, plus new or upgraded branch lines. Both organizations have requested various measures supportive of their plans to be included in federal legislation. Some of these--though not all--were included in bills advanced by the House Transportation and Infrastructure committee (H.R. 3684, the INVEST [Investing in a New Vision for the Environment and Surface Transportation] in America Act) and introduced in the Senate (S. 2016, the Surface Transportation Investment Act)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Goldman, Ben
2021-06-14
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Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources [Updated June 14, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides historical documents and other resources related to past government shutdowns, along with brief annotations that describe the contents of the documents. The report includes links to full-text documents when available. There is limited information and guidance related to shutdowns, and it is difficult to predict what might happen in the event of one, but information about past events may help inform future deliberations. The following annotated resources are meant to guide readers to relevant materials from governmental and selected nongovernmental sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nagel, Jared C.; Murray, Justin
2021-06-14
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Defense Primer: RDT&E [Updated June 14, 2021]
From the Document: "Advanced technology plays a critical role in ensuring U.S. national security. To maintain technological superiority on the battlefield, the Department of Defense (DOD) relies on scientific and technical knowledge developed in large measure through research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) funded by the department and performed by industry, universities, federal laboratories, and others. DOD also relies increasingly on technology developed by the private sector for commercial markets. This In Focus describes DOD's RDT&E appropriations structure and funding levels. DOD appropriations are provided annually through the defense appropriations act, one of the 12 regular appropriations acts. DOD RDT&E funding is generally provided in three of this act's titles (see box). Congress also sometimes provides DOD RDT&E funding through supplemental appropriations acts. DOD reports FY2021 total obligational authority (enacted) of $110.8 billion."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sargent, John F., Jr.
2021-06-14
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Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, First Session [June 14, 2021]
From the Summary: "This report describes selected health care-related provisions that are scheduled to expire during the first session of the 117th Congress(i.e., during calendar year [CY] 2021). [...] This report focuses on two types of health care-related provisions[.] [...] The first, and most common, type of provision provides or controls 'mandatory spending,' meaning it provides temporary funding, temporary increases or decreases in funding (e.g., Medicare provider bonus payments), or temporary special protections that may result in changes in funding levels (e.g., Medicare funding provisions that establish a floor). The second type of provision defines 'the authority of government agencies or other entities to act,' usually by authorizing a policy, project, or activity. Such provisions also may temporarily delay the implementation of a regulation, requirement, or deadline or establish a moratorium on a particular activity. Expiring health care provisions that are predominantly associated with discretionary spending activities--such as discretionary authorizations of appropriations and authorities for discretionary user fees--are excluded from this report."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Keyser, Julia A.; Hahn, Jim; Voorhies, Phoenix . . .
2021-06-14
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H. Rept. 117-61, Part 1: Preventing Disaster Revictimization Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 539, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, June 14, 2021
From the Purpose of Legislation: "The purpose of H.R. 539 is to amend the 'Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018' ('DRRA', Division D of P.L. 115-254) to require the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to waive certain debts owed to the United States related to covered assistance provided to an individual or household."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-06-14
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H. Rept. 117-59: Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 256) to Repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002; Providing for Consideration of the Bill (H.R. 1187) to Provide for Disclosure of Additional Material Information About Public Companies and Establish a Sustainable Finance Advisory Committee, and for Other Purposes, Report to Accompany H. Res. 473, June 14, 2021
From the Summary of Provisions of the Resolution: "The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 256, To repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, under a closed rule. The resolution provides one hour of debate equally divided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs or their designees. The resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the bill. The resolution waives all points of order against provisions in the bill. The resolution provides that the bill shall be considered as read. The resolution provides one motion to recommit. The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 1187, the Corporate Governance Improvement and Investor Protection Act, under a structured rule. The resolution provides one hour of general debate equally divided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of the Committee on Financial Services or their designees. The resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the bill. The resolution provides that an amendment in the nature of a substitute consisting of the text of Rules Committee Print 117-5 shall be considered as adopted and the bill, as amended, shall be considered as read. The resolution waives all points of order against provisions in the bill, as amended."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-06-14
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Medical/Surgical Prime Vendor Contract Emergency Supply Strategies Available Before the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Executive Summary: "When COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] struck, VA [Department of Veterans Affairs] medical facilities' demand for personal protective supplies increased dramatically. VA facilities pressed their usual suppliers for greater quantities of these supplies, as did many medical facilities everywhere, especially for personal protective equipment (PPE). In VA's case, the usual suppliers were four primary contractors participating in the Medical/Surgical Prime Vendor (MSPV) Program. Primary contractors, known as prime vendors, provide just-in-time distribution of medical, surgical, dental, and laboratory supplies. The prime vendors were also required to provide VA medical facilities, based on their designation as Federal Emergency Medical Facilities, with plans and strategies to ensure emergency and continuous supply support to prepare for major catastrophic events. In addition, VA has the All-Hazards Emergency Cache Program and its Pandemic Influenza Plan to help keep its facilities operational during a catastrophe. The VA Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducted this review of the contracts and program to determine whether the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) ensured the prime vendors met requirements by offering VA medical facilities a no-cost option to develop supply lists tailored to catastrophic events (emergency plans) and providing contingency plans and strategies for continuing service to each VA medical facility they support. In addition, the OIG assessed whether facilities took advantage of the options and strategies offered in the plans and the extent to which VHA relied on the contracts to obtain PPE during the pandemic."
United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General
2021-06-14
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S. Rept. 117-24: National Cybersecurity Preparedness Consortium Act of 2021, Report to Accompany S. 658, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, June 14, 2021
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of S. 658, the National Cybersecurity Preparedness Consortium Act of 2021, is to codify the Secretary of Homeland Security's existing authority to work with a consortium, primarily composed of nonprofit entities and academic institutions with expertise in cybersecurity, to address cybersecurity risks and incidents. The Secretary may work with such a consortium to provide assistance to the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide cybersecurity-related training and expertise to state and local first responders and critical infrastructure owners and operators."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-06-14
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FM 7-0: Training
This June 2021 Field Manual 7-0 (FM 7-0) supersedes FM 7-0, dated 5 October 2016. From the Preface: "FM 7-0 prepares the Army to compete, respond to crisis, win in conflict, and consolidate gains during large-scale ground combat in a multi-domain environment. It provides the foundational procedures Army leaders use to train Soldiers and units. The principal audience for FM 7-0 is all members of the profession of arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication."
United States. Department of the Army
2021-06-14
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Shipping, Ports, and the Federal Maritime Commission [June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "Since summer 2020, U.S. overseas containerized trade has risen to record levels as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led households to spend less on services such as vacation trips and restaurant meals and more on imported goods. The demand surge has resulted in transport delays, higher freight rates, and increased tension between shippers and ocean carriers over ancillary fees and the availability of containers. These controversies have drawn attention to the role of the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC), a federal agency with jurisdiction over ports and ocean shipping. [...] Two FMC commissioners recently reminded liner carriers about their 'common carrier obligation,' under which they may not 'unreasonably refuse to deal or negotiate' (46 U.S.C. [United States Code] §41104(a)(10)). This reminder followed complaints by exporters of low-value agricultural goods that ocean carriers are not supplying them with enough empty containers to ship their goods. The exporters are seeking FMC's assistance in obtaining firmer commitments from carriers regarding container supply. Because the United States imports more containerized goods than it exports, the ocean rates for exports are much lower than for imports. In the number of days it takes for a U.S. exporter to load a container and for the purchaser of the goods in Asia to unload the container, a carrier could return the container empty to Asia and have the container start earning the much higher Asia-to-United States freight revenue. This may be a consideration when container supply becomes tight."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Frittelli, John
2021-06-11
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Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief [Updated June 11, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and analysis on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, with a focus on the ongoing U.S. military withdrawal and its implications for a number of factors, including: [1] security dynamics and the ongoing conflict between the Afghan government and the Taliban; [2] the social and political gains made in Afghanistan since 2001; and [3] intra-Afghan negotiations, which began in Doha, Qatar, in September 2020, but appear to have since stalled. The report also provides information on questions about the future of U.S. development and security aid to Afghanistan (which has totaled approximately $144 billion since 2001)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs)
2021-06-11
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Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic [Updated June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "In late 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], was identified in Wuhan, China. The virus, which causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has contributed to significant morbidity (illness) and mortality (death), as well as severe public health and economic effects, among other impacts. Several Members of Congress have made public statements and introduced legislation calling for an investigation into the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Determining the origin and pathway by which a zoonotic disease (i.e., one that originated in animals) emerges and is transmitted to humans can help scientists prevent further outbreaks, inform the public health response, and aid in the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Further, such knowledge may guide the development of policies and practices that reduce the potential for the emergence of other zoonotic diseases. Determining the origin of zoonotic diseases can take years, and in some cases, an origin may never be conclusively identified."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji; Sheikh, Pervaze A.; Sheikh, Hassan Z. . . .
2021-06-11
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Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress [Updated June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and Space Development Agency (SDA) are currently developing elements of a hypersonic missile defense system to defend against hypersonic weapons and other emerging missile threats. These elements include the tracking and transport layers of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) and various interceptor programs. As MDA and SDA continue to develop these systems, Congress may consider implications for oversight and defense authorizations and appropriations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sayler, Kelley M.; McCall, Stephen M.
2021-06-11
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Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress [Updated June 11, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report focuses on selected precision-guided munitions (PGMs) fielded by the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Over the years, the U.S. military has relied on PGMs to execute ground, air, and naval military operations. PGMs have become ubiquitous in U.S. military operations; funding for these weapons has increased dramatically from FY1998 to the present as depicted in. In FY2021, the Department of Defense (DOD) requested approximately $4.1 billion for more than 41,337 weapons in 15 munitions programs. DOD projects requesting approximately $3.3 billion for 20,456 weapons in FY2022, $3.9 billion for 23,306 weapons in FY2023, $3.9 billion for 18,376 weapons in FY2024, and $3.6 billion for 16,325 weapons in FY2025. Congress, through the defense authorization and appropriations bills, has historically exercised its role in the decision to approve, reject, or modify DOD's proposals for PGMs. In addition, these programs pose a number of potential oversight issues for Congress. Congress's decisions on these issues could affect future U.S. military capabilities and funding requirements."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hoehn, John R.
2021-06-11
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Supreme Court: Unlawful Entrants with Temporary Protected Status Cannot Adjust to Lawful Permanent Resident Status [June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [hyperlink] [INA]) who are physically present in the United States may adjust to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status [hyperlink] if they meet certain requirements. Among other things, an applicant for adjustment of status generally must have been 'inspected and admitted or paroled' [hyperlink] into the United States by immigration authorities. For some time, courts disagreed [hyperlink] over whether aliens who unlawfully entered the United States without inspection, but later received Temporary Protected Status [hyperlink] (TPS), have been 'inspected and admitted' to qualify for adjustment. In 'Sanchez v. Mayorkas', the Supreme Court, in a unanimous opinion [hyperlink], held that the grant of TPS does not enable an unlawful entrant to pursue adjustment of status. This Legal Sidebar examines the Supreme Court's decision and its implications for unlawful entrants who seek to pursue LPR status."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2021-06-11
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Supreme Court Rules on Authority of Tribal Police to Stop Non-Indians [June 11, 2021]
From the Document: "On June 1, 2021, the Supreme Court unanimously held in 'United States v. Cooley' [hyperlink] ('Cooley') that Indian tribal law enforcement officers may stop, search, and temporarily detain a non-Indian motorist traveling on a public highway within an Indian reservation if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the motorist has violated or will violate federal or state law. The Court held that the source of this power is an Indian tribe's retained inherent authority to protect public safety. In reaching this conclusion, the opinion draws upon earlier decisions of the Court, particularly 'Montana v. United States' [hyperlink] ('Montana'). In 'Montana,' the Court noted that, although tribes generally retain no authority over the conduct of non-Indians on fee land within a reservation, they do retain some authority over 'conduct [that] threatens or has some direct effect on . . . the health or welfare of the tribe.' The Supreme Court's decision in 'Cooley' reverses a decision [hyperlink] of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit discussed in an earlier Legal Sidebar [hyperlink]. After a brief summary of background on tribal jurisdiction over non-Indians, this Sidebar discusses the Court's decision in 'Cooley' and identifies possible considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Murphy, M. Maureen
2021-06-11
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 11, 2021
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "Progress Toward Rubella Elimination -- World Health Organization European Region, 2005-2019"; "Impact of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Pandemic on Administration of Selected Routine Childhood and Adolescent Vaccinations -- 10 U.S. Jurisdictions, March-September 2020"; "Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Variants Circulating in the United States, December 2020-May 2021"; "Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 -- COVID-NET [Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network], 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021"; "Decreases in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Deaths Among Older Adults Following the Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccine -- United States, September 6, 2020-May 1, 2021"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage of Children Aged 2-17 Years Who Wear Glasses or Contact Lenses, by Sex and Age Group -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2019."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2021-06-11
