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• FAA's Controller Scheduling Practices Can Impact Human Fatigue, Controller Performance, and Agency Costs

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  "Scientific research has shown that air traffic controller scheduling practices impact controller performance and aviation safety. Controllers generally work rotating schedules during which the start and stop times vary between day, evening, and night times. Reviews by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and FAA's Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) Work Group have shown that individuals working erratic schedules experience fatigue, which can negatively impact controller performance and safety. In response to a number of incidents of sleeping or unresponsive controllers in 2011, FAA took action to mitigate the impact of fatigue on controller performance by revising its controller scheduling policies. For example, the Agency increased the minimum rest periods between shifts, established a fatigue risk management system, and increased the number of controllers assigned to midnight shifts. In addition, FAA began to allow 'recuperative breaks' on overnight shifts to lessen the risk of fatigue experienced by working controllers. However, facility managers raised concerns about whether the new scheduling policies actually reduce fatigue. We could not determine the extent to which these new policies impact fatigue because FAA does not have metrics to measure the effect of its scheduling practices. In addition, fatigue research, which is still ongoing, may prompt additional revisions to FAA's scheduling practices to mitigate fatigue."

  United States. Federal Aviation Administration; United States. Department of Transportation. Office of Inspector General

  2013-08-27
• Stay and Defend: Is This Strategy Appropriate for Cambria?

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  "Recent attention to the Leave Early or Stay and Defend (LEOSAD) strategy pioneered by the Australian Fire Service created confusion for U. S. citizens in the proper reaction to evacuation orders during wildfires. This became a problem, for the fire department in Cambria, when residents began to question local emergency relocation and evacuation orders, citing reports of the successes of LEOSAD. Modern Shelter in Place (SIP) communities had also seen success in the Southern California area helping to further fuel controversy about the legitimacy of mandatory evacuation orders given during wildland fire campaigns. After the 2009 Black Saturday Fire claimed the lives of 173 citizens who had stayed to protect their homes; a shadow was cast on LEOSAD. What impact would this catastrophic fire have on the U.S. fire service and current SIP and mandatory evacuation strategies? Would LEOSAD and the SIP philosophies still be viewed as viable strategies and if they were, could they have any relevance to policy employed in Cambria? This work was an effort to contrast mandatory evacuation policy with LEOSAD and SIP procedures to develop standard policy for citizen life safety in Cambria, California. A descriptive style of research was used to answer the following questions: a) What home construction components are necessary to survive a wildland fire? b) What type of defensible space and local topography are necessary for a home to survive wildfire? c) What training and physical capability does a homeowner need to be capable to defend their property? d) Are there any other specific local considerations that could impact on a homeowner's decision to stay and defend their home in Cambria?"

  National Fire Academy

  Miller, Mark P.

  2009-11
• Climate Change Research: Agencies Have Data-Sharing Policies but Could Do More to Enhance the Availability of Data from Federally Funded Research, Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "Much of the nearly $2 billion annual climate change research budget supports grants from the Department of Energy (DOE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Science Foundation (NSF). Some of the data generated by this research are stored in online archives, but much remains in a less accessible format with individual researchers. As a result, some researchers are concerned about the availability of data. GAO analyzed (1) the key issues that data-sharing policies should address; (2) the data-sharing requirements, policies, and practices for external climate change researchers funded by DOE, NASA, NOAA, and NSF; and (3) the extent to which these agencies foster data sharing. GAO examined requirements, policies, and practices and surveyed the 64 officials managing climate change grants at these agencies. GAO recommends the agencies explore opportunities in the grants process to better ensure the availability of data to other researchers and determine if additional archiving strategies are warranted. In commenting on a draft of this report, the four agencies generally agreed with our findings and recommendations. We incorporated technical clarifications as appropriate."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2007-09
• Science & Technology Highlights in the First Year of the Trump Administration

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  "Since President Trump's inauguration, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has built a robust team of over 50 staff members, including a corps of scientists and engineers, policymakers, and academics to advise the President on science and technology (S&T), support the President's agenda, and ensure that S&T efforts across the Executive Branch are effectively coordinated. OSTP policy advisors are providing expert advice and developing policies on a wide range of topics, including advanced manufacturing, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, biotechnology, cybersecurity, digital economy, disaster preparedness, healthcare, infectious diseases, information technology, medicine, nano-technology, nuclear energy, ocean science, quantum information sciences, space and aeronautics, and telecommunications, among others. The Trump Administration is committed to advancing technological development and conducting re-search and development (R&D) to ensure national security, grow the economy, create well-paying jobs, and improve the lives of Americans across this great nation. Over the past year, OSTP has led coordinated Administration efforts to promote emerging technologies, empower Americans to innovate, and defend American technologies abroad."

  United States. Executive Office of the President; United States. Office of Science and Technology Policy

  2018-03-07?
• U.S.-China Strategic Dialogue: Phase VII Report

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  "In early June, 2012, eight Chinese participants, including high-ranking Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) officers, met with twenty-five Americans (a mix of officials and researchers) to discuss bilateral nuclear issues at an unofficial meeting. This dialogue, funded by DTRA [Defense Threat Reduction Agency], has been held annually for the past seven years. The Chinese delegation was the most official ever received in Hawaii, and the participants actively engaged in the discussions. The delegation included active duty military officers, retired officers, think tank researchers, academic faculty, and a space security expert. Our Chinese institutional co-host from the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association (CACDA) emphasized that these dialogues (in Hawaii and a parallel annual meeting in Beijing) are valued in Beijing and feed into the Track I process on their side both through their Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and Ministry of National Defense (MND). The overall tone was positive and substantive. Boilerplate concerns about U.S. policy in the region were kept to a minimum, although China continues to express concerns about U.S. ballistic missile defense (BMD) programs and conventional strike capabilities. China's 'no-first-use' (NFU) of nuclear weapons policy served as backdrop for some of the discussion, constraining engagement with some issues, and illustrating the depth to which that policy shapes even well-connected official perceptions. Chinese participants displayed increasing confidence in their second strike capabilities and reiterated that their view of deterrence requires a very modest number of warheads." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Contemporary Conflict

  Glosny, Michael A.; Twomey, Christopher P.; Jacobs, Ryan

  2013-05
• Can This Time Be Different? Challenges and Opportunities for Asia-Pacific Economies in the Aftermath of COVID-19

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  From the Summary: "'Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region's socioeconomic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to 'build forward better'. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition.'"

  United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

  Saxena, Sweta Chaman; Huang, Zhenqian

  2020-08-10?
• Department of Defense Instruction 1035.01: Telework Policy, April 4, 2012

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  "1. PURPOSE. In accordance with the authority in DoD [Department of Defense] Directive 5124.02 (Reference (a)), this Instruction: a. Reissues DoD Instruction 1035.01 (Reference (b)). b. Establishes policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures for implementing DoD telework programs. c. Implements the provisions of sections 6501 through 6506 of title 5, United States Code (U.S.C.), as added by Public Law 111-292 (also known as the 'Telework Enhancement Act of 2010') (Reference (c)); section 359 of Public Law 106-346 (Reference (d)); and sections 101 and 206 of title 37, U.S.C. (Reference (e)). 2. APPLICABILITY. This Instruction applies to: a. OSD, the Military Departments, the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense, the Defense Agencies, the DoD Field Activities, and all other organizational entities within the DoD (hereinafter referred to collectively as the 'DoD Components'). b. Employees (as defined in the Glossary) and Service members where indicated in the Instruction and at the discretion of the Heads of the OSD and DoD Components. […] 4. POLICY. It is DoD policy that telework shall be: a. Actively promoted and implemented throughout the DoD in support of the DoD commitment to workforce efficiency, emergency preparedness, and quality of life. Telework facilitates the accomplishment of work; can serve as an effective recruitment and retention strategy; enhance DoD efforts to employ and accommodate people with disabilities; and create cost savings by decreasing the need for office space and parking facilities, and by reducing transportation costs, including costs associated with payment of transit subsidies."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2012-04-04
• No Nation is Home Alone: Understanding the International Dimension of Homeland Security Through Global Transportation Security Programs

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  From the thesis abstract: "Terrorist actors focus on the global transportation system to introduce threats and target attacks. As the lead department for securing the transportation system into the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works both domestically and internationally to implement programs and foreign assistance activities to secure the global transportation network. This thesis examines DHS' international role by analyzing programs and policies implemented by its three largest global transportation agencies: the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency, the Transportation Security Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Due to the breadth of DHS programs and activities, their stated goals and objectives, and their legal mandates, this thesis determines that a U.S. foreign assistance framework provides minimal insight into DHS' international footprint. Instead, this research developed a simple model for understanding the primary components of DHS' international mission space and identified operations, policy, outreach and engagement, and training and technical assistance as core concepts in DHS' international mission. Using this model, DHS can pursue the additional recommendations developed in this thesis-applying systems theory as a basis for an international transportation security strategy as well as pursuing direct funding for its international transportation programs and activities as a fully integrated department-within the traditional U.S. foreign policy and national security institutions."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Tarpey, Dominique

  2016-03
• Research Tax Credit: Current Law and Policy Issues for the 114th Congress [March 13, 2015]

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  "Economists have gained notoriety for their differences of opinion on a variety of policy issues. Notable examples include the long-term economic effects of large, permanent tax cuts; the impact of illegal immigration on domestic wages; and the best way to achieve price stability, full employment, and greater income equality. But on the issues of the impact of technological innovation on economic growth in the long run and the proper role of government in the development of new technologies, there is relatively little dissent among practitioners of what is known as the dismal science. In general, economists agree that technological innovation has accounted for a major share of long-term growth in real per-capita income in the United States.[…] The federal government supports research and development (R&D) in a variety of ways. Direct support comes mainly in the form of research performed by federal agencies and federal grants for basic and applied research and development intended to support concrete policy goals, such as protecting the natural environment, exploring outer space, advancing the treatment of deadly diseases, and strengthening the national defense. Indirect support is more diffuse. The chief sources are federal funding of higher education in engineering and the natural sciences, legal protection of intellectual property rights, special allowances under antitrust law for joint research ventures, and tax incentives for business R&D investment. [...] This report examines the current status of the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit, describes its legislative history, discusses some important policy issues raised by it, and identifies legislative proposals in the 113th Congress to extend or otherwise modify the credit. It will be updated to reflect significant legislative activity and other developments affecting the credit's status."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Guenther, Gary L.

  2015-03-13
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated August 2, 2006]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported to Congress, China remains a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology. Policy issues in seeking PRC cooperation have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. On November 21, 2000, the Clinton Administration agreed to waive missile proliferation sanctions, resume processing licenses to export satellites to China, and discuss an extension of the bilateral space launch agreement, in return for another promise from China on missile nonproliferation."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2006-08-02
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated August 23, 2007]

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  From the Summary: "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran and North Korea. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. According to unclassified reports to Congress by the intelligence community, China has been a 'key supplier' of weapons technology, particularly missile or chemical technology. Policy issues in seeking PRC cooperation have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. On November 21, 2000, the Clinton Administration agreed to waive missile proliferation sanctions, resume processing licenses to export satellites to China, and discuss an extension of the bilateral space launch agreement, in return for another promise from China on missile nonproliferation. However, PRC proliferation activities again raised questions about sanctions. On 19 occasions, the Bush Administration has imposed sanctions on 32 different PRC 'entities' (not the government) for transfers (related to missiles and chemical weapons) to Pakistan, Iran, or another country, including repeated sanctions on some serial proliferators."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2007-08-23
• Strategy and Science: Toward a National Security Policy for the 1970's, Hearings Before The Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments of The Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-First Congress, First Session, March 11, 13, 18, 19, 24, and 26, 1969

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  This is the March 11, 13, 18, 19, 24, and 26, 1969 hearings titled "Strategy and Science: Toward a National Security Policy for the 1970's" held before the House Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments. From the opening statement of Clement J . Zablocki: "The subcommittee will come to order. With this session today, the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments begins hearings on a subject of vital interest and importance to all who are dedicated to the cause of peace. For the next 3 weeks--and beyond, we will be giving long overdue attention to the effects of space and weapons developments on U.S. alliances and security commitments abroad." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Charles M. Herafeld, Jerome B. Wiesner, George B. Kistiakowsky, Harold A. Linstone, Herman Kahn, Thomas Schelling, Eugene V. Rostow, Mason Willrich, Vincent P. Rock, U. Alexis Johnson, and Warren Nutter.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1969
• Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Industry Studies 2000: Space

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  The U.S space industry is in a major transition from being a child of the Cold War to becoming an adolescent commercial industry. Industry growth continued this year, but the unbridled enthusiasm of the previous few years has been undermined by significant financial, technical, and policy failures affecting the entire industry. The industry faces many challenges, largely due to a significant industrial overcapacity fueled by the excessive optimism of the past decade. The key government role is to provide strategic leadership and to establish effective policies that balance the needs of the emerging commercial sector with those of national security. Issues such as export licensing, data distribution, spectrum allocation, and research and development investment decisions require thoughtful and expert government attention to move the industry from its historical Cold War roots to a viable commercial entity capable of competing in an increasingly globalized market.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  2000
• Cybersecurity Roadmap for the United States

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  "The world has become irrevocably dependent on the convenience, access, and empowerment of the cyber world. Wireless internet, cell phones, satellite communications, and networked infrastructure allow the transfer, storage, and dissemination of massive amounts of data and touch all aspects of the economic, political, and military world. This unprecedented capability to connect a globalized world carries significant risk and opportunity for cyber criminals, spies, and state or non-state adversaries to exploit cybersecurity weaknesses for their own gain. This paper frames the discussion of cybersecurity by outlining current US policies and argues a successful national cybersecurity effort must emphasize clear prioritization and delegation of responsibilities, must leverage existing US cyber centers of excellence, and should take advantage of lessons-learned from US space policy."

  Air University (U.S.). Air War College

  Cole, Anthony R.

  2010-04
• Air Sovereignty Alert Operations, Hearing Before the Readiness Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, April 22, 2009

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  From the opening statement of J. Randy Forbes: "Today's hearing focuses on the policy and resourcing shortcomings between the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Air Force and the Air National Guard. But I know, Mr. Chairman, that we both agree that NORAD [North American Aerospace Defense Command] and Northern Command (NORTHCOM) also play a critical role in the execution of the air sovereignty alert mission. As we go through the course of the hearing today, we may find that we will also need to have a direct discussion about the air sovereignty mission with them as well." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: J. Randy Forbes, Ranking Member; Solomon P. Ortiz, Chairman; Davi M. D'Agostino, Director, Homeland Defense and Emerging Threats and Warfare, Defense Capabilities and Management Team, U.S. Government Accountability Office; Daniel J. Darnell, Deputy Chief of Staff for Air, Space and Information Operations, Plans and Requirements, United States Air Force; Peter F. Verga, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Integration and Chief of Staff, U.S. Department of Defense; Harry M. Wyatt, Director, U.S. Air National Guard.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Effects of Rules Committee Print 116-27, the Homeland Security Improvement Act of 2019, as Reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security, with Modifications

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  From the Document: "Rules Committee Print 116-27, a modified version of the text of H.R. 2203, as reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security, would make several changes to immigration policy and to the operations and oversight of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Among those changes, section 208 of the bill would terminate DHS's Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection's policy of limiting the number of prospective asylum applicants who may cross the international border based on the space available at the port of entry (known as metering). Ending MPP and metering would allow more aliens (non-U.S. nationals) who have expressed a fear of returning to their country of nationality to enter the United States while awaiting removal proceedings before an immigration judge. It is at such proceedings that affected aliens have the opportunity to seek relief from removal."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2019-09-24
• U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress [Updated February 1, 2008]

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  "This CRS Report discusses policy issues regarding military-to-military (mil-to mil) contacts with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and provides a record of major contacts since 1993. […] In 1993, the Clinton Administration began to re-engage the PRC leadership up to the highest level and including China's military, the People's Liberation Army (PLA). […] Improvements and deteriorations in overall bilateral relations have affected military contacts […] Since 2001, the Bush Administration has continued the policy of engagement with China, while the Pentagon has skeptically reviewed and cautiously resumed a program of military-to-military exchanges. […] Issues for the 110th Congress include whether the Administration has complied with legislation overseeing dealings with the PLA and has determined a program of contacts with the PLA that advances a prioritized list of U.S. security interests. Oversight legislation includes the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY1990- FY1991 (P.L. 101-246); National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000 (P.L. 106- 65); and National Defense Authorization Act for FY2006 (P.L. 109-163). Skeptics and proponents of military exchanges with the PRC have debated whether the contacts have significant value for achieving U.S. objectives and whether the contacts have contributed to the PLA's warfighting capabilities that might harm U.S. security interests. U.S. interests in military contacts with China include: communication, conflict prevention, and crisis management; transparency and reciprocity; tension reduction over Taiwan; weapons nonproliferation; strategic nuclear and space talks; counterterrorism; and accounting for POW/MIAs. U.S. defense officials report inadequate cooperation from the PLA, including denials of port visits at Hong Kong by U.S. Navy ships in November 2007."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2008-02-01
• National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress [Updated April 3, 2008]

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  "The agricultural and food infrastructure of the United States is potentially susceptible to terrorist attack using biological pathogens. In addition to the impacts of such an attack on the economy, some animal diseases could potentially be transmitted to humans. (These diseases are known as zoonotic diseases.) Scientific and medical research on plant and animal diseases may lead to the discovery and development of new diagnostics and countermeasures, reducing the risk and impact of a successful terrorist attack. The plans announced by DHS to establish the NBAF have raised several issues. Community concerns about safety and security, previously raised about PIADC and other laboratories being built to study dangerous pathogens, are also being raised about the NBAF. Coordination between DHS and USDA, as well as prioritization and investment in agricultural biodefense may be reassessed once more high containment laboratory space becomes available. By law, research on live foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus is not permitted on the U.S. mainland. This policy would need to be changed before DHS could conduct FMD research at NBAF if it were sited on the U.S. mainland. Bills (H.R. 1717, H.R. 2419, and the Senate amendment to H.R. 2419) modifying this policy are being considered by in the 110th Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Shea, Dana A.; Gottron, Frank; Monke, James

  2008-04-03
• Firm-Level Risk Exposures and Stock Returns in the Wake of COVID-19

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  From the Abstract: "Firm-level stock returns differ enormously in reaction to COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] news. We characterize these reactions using the 'Risk Factors' discussions in pre-pandemic 10-K filings and two text-analytic approaches: expert-curated dictionaries and supervised machine learning (ML). Bad COVID-19 news lowers returns for firms with high exposures to travel, traditional retail, aircraft production and energy supply - directly and via downstream demand linkages - and raises them for firms with high exposures to healthcare policy, e-commerce, web services, drug trials and materials that feed into supply chains for semiconductors, cloud computing and telecommunications. Monetary and fiscal policy responses to the pandemic strongly impact firm-level returns as well, but differently than pandemic news. Despite methodological differences, dictionary and ML approaches yield remarkably congruent return predictions. Importantly though, ML operates on a vastly larger feature space, yielding richer characterizations of risk exposures and outperforming the dictionary approach in goodness-of-fit. By integrating elements of both approaches, we uncover new risk factors and sharpen our explanations for firm-level returns. To illustrate the broader utility of our methods, we also apply them to explain firm-level returns in reaction to the March 2020 Super Tuesday election results."

  Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics

  Davis, Steven J.; Hansen, Stephen; Seminario-Amez, Cristhian

  2021-02-03
• Changes in the Purposes and Frequency of Authorizations of Appropriations [January 16, 2015]

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  "The congressional budget process distinguishes between 'authorizations,' which establish or define the activities of the federal government, and 'appropriations,' which finance those activities. The purpose of this report is to discuss the changes in the form and frequency of authorization laws that have occurred over the past century. […] The evolution of the form and frequency of authorizations since the 1920s have been characterized by a number of general themes. Annual reauthorization schedules were often adopted due to the legislative committee's desire for increased involvement in agency and congressional budgetary decisions. Annual authorizations tended to be characterized by more incremental program changes, whereas multiyear authorizations tended to involve more widespread policy changes. Over the past thirty years many agencies on annual schedules have been transitioned to multiyear or long-term schedules. These transitions have often been motivated by delays in the enactment of annual authorizations each year, or the legislative committee's decision to conduct more extensive reviews of agency programs and policies on a less frequent schedule. The amounts annually authorized have tended to be more similar to the amount eventually appropriated when compared to multiyear authorizations. In particular, the outyears of multiyear authorizations have tended to be characterized by a growing gap between the amount authorized and amount appropriated. To illustrate the themes identified in the first section of the report, the second section describes aspects of the authorization histories of the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Peace Corps. In general, all three of these agencies experienced eras of annual reauthorization, and then most recently transitioned to a more long-term or intermittent schedule."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Tollestrup, Jessica

  2015-01-16
• 2008 Federal Radionavigation Plan

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  "The Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP) reflects the official radionavigation policy and planning for the Federal Government. The FRP covers both terrestrial and space-based, common-use, Federally operated radionavigation systems. These systems are sometimes used in combination with each other or with other systems. Systems used exclusively by the military are covered in the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) Master Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Plan (MPNTP). The plan does not include systems that mainly perform surveillance and communication functions. The policies and operating plans described in this document cover the following radionavigation systems: 1. Global Positioning System (GPS) 2. Augmentations to GPS 3. Long Range Navigation (Loran) 4. Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-directional Range (VOR) 5. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 6. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) 7. Instrument Landing System (ILS) 8. Microwave Landing System (MLS); Aeronautical Nondirectional Radiobeacons (NDB)."

  United States. Department of Defense; United States. Department of Transportation; United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2008
• Enhancing U.S. Support for UN Peacekeeping

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  "As the United States establishes its strategic priorities to enhance national security, support for peacekeeping is increasingly important. Particularly following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Pentagon has viewed failed states (also referred to as 'undergoverned' or 'ungoverned spaces') as a threat to U.S. national security. President Barack Obama's restoration of the Cabinet status of his Ambassador to the United Nations (UN), Susan Rice, reflects the administration's recognition of the overall importance of the UN, including its key role in peacekeeping. Over the last 4 years, the Center for Technology and National Security Policy and, since 2008, the Center for Complex Operations at the National Defense University have hosted a unique series of offsite informal discussions designed to facilitate open and frank discussions of what more the United States might do to support burgeoning UN peacekeeping activities. In five sessions, these offthe- record, informal discussions occurred between the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO) and Department of Defense (DOD).1 The Department of Field Support (DFS) was added following its creation in 2007, and the State Department began participating at a senior level in 2009. This series was conceived by Hans Binnendijk, director of the Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, and led by Dr. Binnendijk and me. Ambassador James Dobbins, director of the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, has served as session moderator."

  National Defense University Press

  Soderberg, Nancy

  2011-03
• Next Generation Air Transportation System: Progress and Challenges in Planning and Implementing the Transformation of the National Airspace System, by Susan A. Fleming, Acting Director, Physical Infrastructure, before the Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

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  "The skies over America are becoming more crowded every day. The consensus of opinion is that the current aviation system cannot be expanded to meet this projected growth. Recognizing the need for system transformation, in 2003 Congress authorized the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) and requires the office to operate in conjunction with multiple federal agencies, including the Departments of Transportation, Commerce, Defense, and Homeland Security; the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. JPDO is responsible for coordinating the related efforts of these partner agencies to plan the transformation to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen): a fundamental redesign of the national airspace system. FAA will be largely responsible for implementing the policies and systems necessary for NextGen, while safely operating the current air traffic control system. GAO's testimony focuses on (1) the progress that JPDO has made in planning NextGen and some challenges it continues to face and (2) the challenges that FAA faces transitioning to NextGen. GAO's statement is based on our recent reports as well as ongoing work, all of which has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2007-03-22
• WMD Proliferation, Globalization, and International Security: Whither the Nexus and National Security?

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  "Throughout the 1990s, the United States national security establishment gradually embraced the idea of a growing threat posed by the proliferation of a variety weapons and weapons technologies that could cause mass casualties to combatants and non-combatants. Nuclear weapons had long occupied the rhetorical space used by policy makers to describe weapons that could kill on a mass scale, but gradually terminology associated with nuclear weapons got subsumed by term "weapons of mass destruction" (WMD), which quickly became an accepted term in the national security policy lexicon. The term is first believed to have surfaced in the media in the aftermath of the German bombing of the Guernica in April 1937. It reappeared periodically during World War II in reference to the indiscriminate killing of civilians by aircraft. Today, the term is defined in U.S. Code Title 50 as "any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; a disease organism; radiation or radioactivity." For purposes of this analysis, the term is defined as weapons that can inflict mass casualties on combatants and noncombatants using nuclear and radiological devices, long range missiles, and chemical- and biological weapons."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Contemporary Conflict

  Russell, James A. (James Avery), 1958-

  2006-07
• Guide for the Operation and Administration of Detention Facilities (DETFACS)

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  "Inherent in the nature of law enforcement and security duties is the temporary detention of individuals suspected of having committed an offense. The health, welfare, and safety of these persons under custody while in detention must be a primary concern. This instruction sets forth policies and procedures designed to ensure the safety of the command and community, the welfare of persons under custody, and compliance with legal requirements..." The purpose of this document is "to publish policies and procedures applicable to the operation and administration of detention facilities, which include detention spaces and holding cells. The instruction is a complete revision and should be reviewed in its entirety."

  United States. Department of the Navy

  2006-12-11
• Atlantic Crises: Britain, Europe, and Parting from the United States

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  "The transatlantic relationship has come under enormous stress from both sides of the ocean since the end of the Cold War and, especially, the election of President George W. Bush. The collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union threw American and European strategic thought into disarray as scholars and policy makers alike scrambled to formulate new rationales for Cold War institutions like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the much-ballyhooed special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, no one with the clear vision of the late George F. Kennan emerged to soften transatlantic squabbles over the Balkans, the post- Soviet space, and emerging security challenges in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Bush administration officials and like-minded pundits miffed many Europeans with their causal unilateralist rhetoric and apparent willingness to abandon long-standing multilateral initiatives like the Kyoto Treaty. After a brief warming of relations following the horrific attacks of 11 September, American-European interactions turned sour once again as France and Germany led the effort to prevent the UN Security Council from passing a resolution authorizing the Iraq invasion. Of the major European powers only Great Britain offered substantial assistance to the American-led coalition, an artifact of Prime Minister Blair's personal commitments and perhaps of the special relationship. Today, the gradual disengagement of other European coalition members from Iraq and the reluctance of NATO to play a more active role there further fuels discontent in Washington policy circles."

  Naval War College (U.S.). Press

  Hopkinson, William, 1943-

  2005-05
• U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, Volume II: National Security Policy and Strategy, 3rd Edition

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  This is volume II of the U.S. Army War College's latest Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy. "This edition of the Guide is in two volumes that correspond roughly to the two core courses that the Department of National Security and Strategy (DNSS) teaches: 'Theory of War and Strategy' and 'National Security Policy and Strategy.' Like its predecessors, this edition is largely an expansion of the existing materials, although over 40 percent is new, and the previously published chapters have been updated as necessary. The authors, with one exception all current or former members of the faculty, represent each of the four primary teaching departments of the college. The exception is the inclusion this year of a chapter on space power by a recent graduate-the chapter was his research project while a student. The appendix on the USAWC strategy formulation model in the second volume reflects the alterations in that fundamental document made for the 2008 academic year (2007-08). Although DNSS uses several of the chapters in this volume as readings for its core courses, and at least one other department uses chapters in its core instruction, this is not a textbook. It does reflect, however, both the method and manner we use to teach the theory of war and the formulation of national security strategy to America's future senior leaders. As we continue to refine and update the Guide, we intend to increase course-oriented essays, and several of the new chapters were written specifically to support instruction. The book is also not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either the theory of war, strategy, or the policymaking process. The Guide is organized in broad clusters of chapters addressing general subject areas."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Bartholomees, J. Boone, 1947-

  2008-06
• U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, Volume I: Theory of War and Strategy, 3rd Edition

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  This is volume I of the U.S. Army War College's latest Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy. "This edition of the Guide is in two volumes that correspond roughly to the two core courses that the Department of National Security and Strategy (DNSS) teaches: 'Theory of War and Strategy' and 'National Security Policy and Strategy.' Like its predecessors, this edition is largely an expansion of the existing materials, although over 40 percent is new, and the previously published chapters have been updated as necessary. The authors, with one exception all current or former members of the faculty, represent each of the four primary teaching departments of the college. The exception is the inclusion this year of a chapter on space power by a recent graduate-the chapter was his research project while a student. The appendix on the USAWC strategy formulation model in the second volume reflects the alterations in that fundamental document made for the 2008 academic year (2007-08). Although DNSS uses several of the chapters in this volume as readings for its core courses, and at least one other department uses chapters in its core instruction, this is not a textbook. It does reflect, however, both the method and manner we use to teach the theory of war and the formulation of national security strategy to America's future senior leaders. As we continue to refine and update the Guide, we intend to increase course-oriented essays, and several of the new chapters were written specifically to support instruction. The book is also not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either the theory of war, strategy, or the policymaking process. The Guide is organized in broad clusters of chapters addressing general subject areas."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Bartholomees, J. Boone, 1947-

  2008-06
• Serial No. 114-31: Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Sesson, July 14, 2015

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  This is the July 14, 2015 hearing on "Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II" before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The purpose of this hearing comes from the opening document: "This hearing is to examine weather data policies and acquisition strategies of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Robust data streams from multiple observing systems are essential to maintaining up-to-date information to predict weather accurately and with timeliness, especially for extreme weather events like tornadoes and severe storm systems. Sources available for weather data include U.S. government-, international-, and commercially-owned and operated satellite-, aviation-, and surface-based observing systems. This hearing will examine NOAA's policies and partnerships for integrating these myriad data sources into weather predictions." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Manson Brown

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Annual Threat Assessment Hearing: Hearing before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, Hearing held in Washington, DC, February 25, 2009

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  From the opening statement of Silvestre Reyes: "This is the third Annual Threat Assessment that I have presided over as chairman of this committee, and we are in a unique position this year. Although the new administration is just over a month old, we have seen some major changes to some of the most controversial issues which impact the Intelligence Community. President Obama's Executive orders on detention and interrogation policies and on Guantanamo Bay represent a significant departure from the previous administration's policies. I know that many of us have strong opinions on what should be done in these critical areas. My intention, though, is to give the President and his new appointees some space to work through these issues as they propose a way forward. However, I think we all recognize that we don't have an unlimited amount of time. So I hope that the executive branch will move quickly on these critical issues. Director Blair, I am also hopeful that you and the new administration will bring about an improved interaction between the executive and legislative branches on intelligence matters. Too often in the past we have been left in the dark, or simply told things too late, or told only part of the story."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2009