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• Immigration-Related Detention: Current Legislative Issues [January 12, 2012]

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  "There are many policy issues surrounding detention of aliens. The Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) increased the number of aliens subject to mandatory detention, and raised concerns about the justness of mandatory detention, especially as it is applied to asylum seekers arriving without proper documentation. Additionally, as DHS [Department of Homeland Security] increases its ability to identify aliens who are subject to removal from local jails in more remote locations, the nationwide allocation of detention space may become an issue. [...] One bill related to immigration detention has received Congressional action in the 112th Congress. H.R. 1932 was placed on the Union Calendar on October 17, 2011. After a removal order has been issued against an alien, the law provides that the alien subject to a final removal order be removed within 90 days, except as otherwise provided in the statute. Certain aliens subject to a removal order 'may be detained beyond the removal period and, if released, shall be subject to [certain] terms of supervision.' This provision had been interpreted as permitting indefinite detention where removal was not reasonably foreseeable, but in 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court in Zadvydas v. Davis, interpreted it as only permitting detention for up to six months where removal was not reasonably foreseeable. Nonetheless, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled absent clear guidance from Congress. H.R. 1932 as reported by the House Judiciary Committee, would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to allow DHS to indefinitely detain, subject to six-month reviews, aliens under orders of removal who could not be removed if certain conditions were met. In addition, in the 112th Congress, other bills have been introduced covering a range of provisions and perspectives concerning the detention of noncitizens. Several bills--including H.R. 100 and H.R. 1274--would mandate that DHS increase the amount of detention space. In addition, other bills (e.g., H.R. 933 and S. 1258) would mandate the propagation of regulations concerning detainee care, and expand the alternatives to detention program. Other proposed legislation, such as H.R. 713, would make changes to the mandatory detention provisions, lessening the categories of aliens required to be detained."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Siskin, Alison

  2012-01-12
• China's Military and Security Developments [January 20, 2011]

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  This Memorandum was produced by Congressional Research Service in response to a request by the office of U.S. Representative Randy Forbes "for a comprehensive chronological compilation of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s significant military and security developments from 1990 to the present. The scope covers the areas of conventional military modernization, missile buildup, cyber capability, space weapons, and demonstrations of influence (soft power from diplomacy or aid), as well as crises or confrontations. While the PRC has issued indicators in its official media or policy statements that threatened to use force and raised tension, especially against Taiwan, this memo focuses on actions and acquisitions. This memo succinctly summarized select developments and is not exhaustive. Other related developments include: (1) full coverage of China's numerous satellite and other space launches; (2) PRC arms sales and missile and other weapons proliferation to nations like Iran, for which the United States has imposed sanctions since 1991 on PRC state-owned entities but not the PRC government, as well as weapons nonproliferation cooperation (see CRS Report RL31555); (3) PRC acquisitions of U.S. restricted military and dual-use data or technology through espionage or other illegal means; and (4) exercises of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) internally and with foreign militaries."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-01-20
• China's Anti-Satellite Weapon Test [Updated April 23, 2007]

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  "On January 11, 2007, the People's Republic of China (PRC) conducted its first successful direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons test in destroying one of its own satellites in space. The test raised international concerns about more space debris. Longer-term, the test raised questions about China's capability and intention to attack U.S. satellites. The purpose of this CRS Report, based on open sources and interviews, is to discuss that ASAT test by China's military, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and issues about U.S. assessments and policies."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2007-04-23
• Informal Governance as a Force Multiplier in Counterterrorism: Evidence for Burkina Faso

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  From the Introduction: "Eliminating or reducing the control, influence, and appeal of terrorist groups is an inherently political undertaking, not a technical problem of destroying, degrading, or disrupting a network faster than it can reconstitute. 'Joint Publication 3-26 Counterterrorism' (JP 3-26) plainly states, 'Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually 'political' [emphasis added].' While the research and analysis that follows directly challenges the concept of 'ungoverned spaces' that JP 3-26 assumes to be an underlying problem, it does reinforce the idea that counterterrorism (CT) operations cannot achieve sustainable strategic effect without addressing the underlying conditions that make violence seem reasonable or rational to particular population groups. [...] From the perspective of politics, CT activities at best can only provide the space for political solutions to take hold over time; they cannot in and of themselves heal sociopolitical tensions. The emphasis on kinetic operations in CT among U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) has--since at least 2006--been both policy-based and cultural. Nevertheless, there have been calls for rebalancing SOF to give greater weight to non-kinetic, influence-oriented activities in the human domain."

  Joint Special Operations University (U.S.)

  Ariotti, Margaret H.; Fridy, Kevin S.

  2020-07
• Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II: Hearing Before the Committee on Science Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, July 14, 2015

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  This is a testimony compilation of the July 14, 2015 hearing "Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II" (use the following URL to view Part I of the hearing: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=791112), held before the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of subcommittee chairman Jim Bridenstine: "I am pleased to have NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] here today to continue the discussion of weather data and how a system that integrates multiple data sources will look in the future as NOAA evolves with the weather enterprise. I hope we can have a productive conversation today to help inform Congress on the policies and laws in place that guide our data sharing practices. It is my understanding that NOAA adheres to the principles of World Meteorological Organization's Resolution 40, which states that environmental weather data is publically shared internationally. While I agree with the intention of this policy, it could also have negative effects on the very people NOAA is trying to help. It could prevent markets from forming, thwart innovation, reduce the quantity of data available, perpetuate the existing government monopoly and cause costs to balloon. In short, this policy could work against our ability to predict timely and accurate weather events. If our policy requires a product to be given away free of charge, only the government will produce the product. In May, we learned that there are a few situations where NOAA applies a slightly different policy with success. NOAA contracts with some private entities and the nature of those contracts prohibits NOAA from giving the data away for free." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Manson Brown.

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology (2011-)

  2015-07-14
• Strategy and Cost: A Gap in Our Military Decision-Making Process

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  This article from the Air and Space Power Journal's Fall 2008 issue discusses the lack of cost considerations in current strategies developed by the military for civilian policy makers. This article proposes that military leaders present policy makers with a menu of options so that these elected officials can take cost into consideration when selecting military-related options for a stated, long-term goal. "Unfortunately, the structure of the current military decision-making process (MDMP) is deficient in at least two major respects as regards preparing military leaders to fulfill that role (i.e., the role of determining or advising appropriate courses of action). First, it assumes the existence of an established objective or clearly stated end, when in fact this is often unsettled. […] Because the current MDMP focuses primarily on how we can most effectively fulfill any given objective, war fighters produce robust plans without considering expense. Civilian policy makers, however, are interested in knowing more than just the most effective military option. Because they must manage disparate interests that compete for limited financial resources, these policy makers are most concerned with evaluating efficiency and effectiveness trade-offs among various alternatives. They may opt for a less effective military option that provides better value for their investment, given other demands on public resources. Consequently, civilian policy makers need to know the likely cost before they set political objectives so they can better manage competing public interests. Our elected leaders would be better served by a new military decision-making approach that provides a range of options, including low-cost alternatives to strategic challenges."

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  Spinetta, Lawrence

  2008-09-01
• FAA Order 7400.2E: Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters

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  "This order specifies procedures for use by all personnel in the joint administration of the airspace program. The guidance and procedures herein incorporate into one publication as many orders, notices, and directives of the affected services as possible. Although every effort has been made to prescribe complete procedures for the management of the different airspace programs, it is impossible to cover every circumstance. Therefore, when a situation arises for which there is no specific procedure covered in this order, personnel shall exercise their best judgment. The order consists of six parts. Part 1 addresses general procedures applicable to airspace management. Part 2 addresses policy and procedures unique to Obstruction Evaluation. Part 3 addresses policy and procedures unique to Airport Airspace Analysis. Part 4 addresses policy and procedures unique to Terminal and En Route Airspace. Part 5 addresses policy and procedures unique to Special Use Airspace. Part 6 addresses policy and procedures regarding the integration of Outdoor Laser Operations, High Intensity Light Operations, and integration of Rockets and Space-Vehicle Operations into the National Airspace System."

  United States. Federal Aviation Administration

  2004-06-03
• Science and Technology Issues in the 117th Congress [May 5, 2021]

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  From the Summary: "The federal government supports scientific and technological advancement directly by funding and performing research and development, and indirectly by creating and maintaining policies that encourage private sector efforts. Additionally, the federal government regulates many aspects of S&T [science and technology] activities. This report briefly outlines a key set of science and technology policy issues that may come before the 117th Congress. Many of these issues carry over from previous Congresses, and represent areas of continuing Member interest. [...] S&T-related issues that may come before the 117th Congress are grouped into 10 categories. [1] Overarching S&T Policy Issues, [2] Agriculture, [3] Biotechnology and Biomedical Research and Development, [4] Climate Change and Water, [5] Defense, [6] Energy, [7] Homeland Security, [8] Information Technology, [9] Physical and Material Sciences, and [10] Space. Each of these categories includes concise analysis of multiple policy issues. The material presented in this report should be viewed as illustrative rather than comprehensive. Each section identifies CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports, when available, and the appropriate CRS experts to contact for further information and analysis."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Gottron, Frank; Humphreys, Brian E.; Bodie, Agata . . .

  2021-05-05
• Federal Research: Policies Guiding the Dissemination of Scientific Research from Selected Agencies Should Be Clarified and Better Communicated, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate

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  "Researchers at federal agencies disseminate their research results through a variety of approaches, including scientific publications, presentations, press releases, and media interviews. Because of recent concerns about some federal researchers possibly being restricted from disseminating their research on controversial topics, GAO determined (1) the policies that guide the dissemination of federal research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); (2) how effectively these agencies have communicated their policies to researchers; and (3) the extent to which researchers have been restricted in disseminating their research. GAO conducted a survey of 1,811 researchers randomly selected at the three agencies, and had a 66 percent response rate. GAO is making recommendations to the Department of Commerce, NASA, NIST, and NOAA to clarify their dissemination polices for press releases and media interviews, ensure researchers have a policy for appealing dissemination decisions, and provide training on these policies. In commenting on a draft of this report, Commerce, responding for NIST, NOAA, and itself, generally concurred with GAO's findings and recommendations, as did NASA."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2007-05-17
• Macroeconomics of a Pandemic: A Minimalist Model

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  From the Abstract: "We build a minimalist model of the macroeconomics of a pandemic, with two essential components. The first is productivity-related: if the virus forces firms to shed labor beyond a certain threshold, productivity suffers. The second component is a credit market imperfection: because lenders cannot be sure a borrower will repay, they only lend against collateral. Expected productivity determines collateral value; in turn, collateral value can limit borrowing and productivity. As a result, adverse shocks have large magnification effects, in an unemployment and asset price deflation doom loop. There may be multiple equilibria, so that pessimistic expectations can push the economy to a bad equilibrium with limited borrowing and low employment and productivity. The model helps identify policies to fight the effects of the pandemic. Traditional expansionary fiscal policy has no beneficial effects, while cutting interest rates has a limited effect if the initial real interest rate is low. By contrast, several unconventional policies, including wage subsidies, helicopter drops of liquid assets, equity injections, and loan guarantees, can keep the economy in a full-employment, high-productivity equilibrium. Such policies can be fiscally expensive, so their implementation is feasible only with ample fiscal space or emergency financing from abroad."

  National Bureau of Economic Research

  Céspedes, Luis Felipe; Chang, Roberto; Velasco, Andrés

  2020-05
• Harder Times, Softer Terms: Assessing the World Bank's New Sustainable Development Finance Policy Amidst the COVID Crisis

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  From the Introduction: "The World Bank's non-concessional borrowing policy (NCBP) for IDA [International Development Association] countries was introduced in 2006 following major rounds of debt relief and debt cancellation for a large subset of these countries through the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. The aim of the NCBP was to preserve the gains for the debt relief recipients as part of a broader strategy of assistance focused on better debt monitoring and management of external borrowing. The World Bank now moves toward implementation of the successor to the NCBP in the form of a Sustainable Development Financing Policy (SDFP) in a much different context from 2006. At the time, global economic conditions were favorable, and the fiscal space and access to external credit (along with, arguably, the policy reforms implemented as part of debt relief conditionality) all served to spur significant and sustained economic gains for these countries. Importantly, the NCBP itself, which intended to restrict IDA country access to financing on non-concessional terms under certain circumstances, was rolled out amidst these favorable conditions for IDA countries and the global economy. That is, the policy was aimed at managing a generally favorable situation: increased access to a broader range of financing options for lower-income countries."

  Center for Global Development

  Morris, Scott

  2020-07
• Persian Gulf War: Defense-Policy Implications for Congress [May 15, 1991]

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  "The Persian Gulf War will influence congressional views on U.S. defense policy for many years. In considering the defense-policy implications of the Gulf War, a major task for Congress is to determine in what ways the Gulf War is an indicator for future conflicts involving U.S. military forces, and in what ways it is an anomalous case unlikely to be repeated. The Gulf War has led some Members to question whether U.S. military force structure should be reduced as much as called for under the Administration's proposed FY1992-FY1997 defense plan. The war appears to have reinforced support for high-tech weapons. The performance of the Patriot anti missile system is being cited as a new argument for developing strategic and theater ballistic missile defenses. The war demonstrated the growing importance of space systems to the U.S. military. […] The war appears to have validated many aspects of U.S. policy regarding reserve forces, but may lead to a reassessment of the reserve round-out combat brigades. It highlighted issues regarding women, minorities, and parents in the military. The war appears to have validated the wartime value of the Goldwater-Nichols act reorganizing the Defense Department. In the wake of the war, members of the military reform movement may need to reassess some of their views, but can argue that others were validated. The war highlighted the U.S. defense industrial base's growing dependence on foreign-made components. The war may lead to changes in U.S. and foreign policies on exports of weapons and military technology to the Third World."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  O'Rourke, Ronald

  1991-05-15
• DPA COVID-19 Policy Recommendations

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  From the Document: "The Drug Policy Alliance (DPA) advances drug policies grounded in science, compassion, health, and human rights that are aimed at reducing harms of both drug prohibition and drug use. DPA is deeply concerned about our community members who are most vulnerable during the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] crisis, including people of color, people in jails, prisons, and immigrant detention centers, people otherwise entangled in the criminal legal system, people without housing, and people who use drugs, are accessing treatment, or are in recovery. These communities face unique challenges that put them at increased risk of various public health harms[.] [...] Racism, stigma, discrimination, and an inadequate social safety net, including barriers to healthcare, were impacting these communities long before COVID-19 but are amplified and compounded amid the current pandemic. People who use drugs will face even more challenges to accessing life-saving harm reduction services and medications for treatment than before. The racialized punishment of people who use drugs has not stopped, and additional policing, surveillance, and criminalization can be expected. People who are incarcerated and detained will remain stuck in crowded, unsanitary spaces. And people without housing will struggle to manage risks without adequate services, resources, or medical care. Immediate policy action is needed. DPA offers a place to start--a set of COVID-19 drug policy priorities to protect public health, individual rights, and the dignity and well-being of those in our communities who are most harmed by structural inequities."

  Drug Policy Alliance

  2020-05-29?
• The Fallacy of Attribution to Achieve Deterrence in Cyberspace

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  "The ability to determine the responsible party of a military attack and convince a would-be attacker that one has the ability to determine this culpability constitutes a key capability for nations wishing to deter aggression. However, within domain of cyberspace, a belligerent state, non-state and/or criminal actor can manipulate elements of the domain to shroud and/or maliciously redirect culpability elsewhere. In such an environment, is the basic premise of deterrence (threat of retaliation or denial of benefits to the attacker) still viable? This research paper will look at the problem of attribution from both a technical and national policy standpoint. Specifically, the research will briefly describe the technical problems challenging attribution and review some of the proposed solutions. Further, the research will examine the problem of attribution from a national policy standpoint to outline the potential policy solutions that could provide alternate solutions outside or in addition to the purely technical ones as well as highlight consequences of some of the proposed solutions.This paper argues that a central focus on attack attribution to enable a retaliatory response as a means to accomplish deterrence presents an untenable, unsustainable strategy. Cyberspace, unlike other domains of air, space, land and sea, provide the ability to recreate the domain at will to complicate an attackers ability to penetrate. This paper argues that old ideas of centralization and hardening for defense should give way to ideas of randomly moving cyber attack surfaces (logically defined vice physically defined) in order to rebalance the current asymmetry between attacker and defender. Transformative security in cyberspace can only take place when industrial age ideas are supplanted by modern information age ideas that exploit the strengths of the malleable cyber domain to ensure security. Defenders should turn the advantages that favor the offense on its head."

  Air University (U.S.). Air Command and Staff College

  Johnson, Robert J.

  2015-04-01
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [February 7, 2011]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries said by the State Department to have supported terrorism, such as Iran. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid- 1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. According to unclassified intelligence reports submitted as required to Congress, China has been a 'key supplier' of technology, particularly PRC entities providing nuclear and missile-related technology to Pakistan and missile-related technology to Iran. Policy approaches in seeking PRC cooperation have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. On November 21, 2000, the Clinton Administration agreed to waive missile proliferation sanctions, resume processing licenses to export satellites to China, and discuss an extension of the bilateral space launch agreement, in return for another PRC promise on missile nonproliferation."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-02-07
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [February 3, 2011]

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  "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries said by the State Department to have supported terrorism, such as Iran. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid- 1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. According to unclassified intelligence reports submitted as required to Congress, China has been a 'key supplier' of technology, particularly PRC entities providing nuclear and missile-related technology to Pakistan and missile-related technology to Iran. Policy approaches in seeking PRC cooperation have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite exports. On November 21, 2000, the Clinton Administration agreed to waive missile proliferation sanctions, resume processing licenses to export satellites to China, and discuss an extension of the bilateral space launch agreement, in return for another PRC promise on missile nonproliferation. However, PRC proliferation activities have continued to raise questions about China's commitment to nonproliferation and the need for U.S. sanctions. The Bush Administration imposed sanctions on 20 occasions on various PRC 'entities' (including state-owned entities) for troublesome transfers related to missiles and chemical weapons to Pakistan, Iran, or perhaps another country, including repeated sanctions on some 'serial proliferators.'"

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2011-02-03
• United States Policy and Budgeting for the Reserve Component

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  This study examines the Reserve Component of the United States, focusing on its composition, the Total Force Policy, the funding process and recent funding trends. Because of the increased use of the Reserves, it is important to understand the process of budgeting for the Reserves and how they have fared in the post-Cold War period of constrained resources. Analysis of past and current force policies, interviews with DoD PPBS personnel and research of DoD and congressional actions provided the basis for this study. Since 1989, the output delivered by the Reserve Component to the Total Force has increase by more than 1300 percent. During this period, inflation-adjusted funding for the Reserve Component has decreased by slightly more than 12 percent. Additional missions in peacekeeping, weapons of mass destruction support and space operations are contributing to the use of Reserves in peacetime. The research concludes that changes must occur to the Total Force Policy, assigned missions and funding to ensure that the Reserve Component remains a viable part of the Total Force in the future.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Zawislak, Edward L.

  2000-12
• Serial No. 112-97:2014 and Beyond: U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan, Part I, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, November 3, 2011

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  From the opening statement of Steve Chabot: "One week ago the House Committee on Foreign Affairs heard the testimony of Secretary of State Clinton on the administration's policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although the details continue to change, the fundamental underlying policy remains the same, and it is driven by one key objective, withdrawal [from Afghanistan] by the end of 2014. Unfortunately, although the 2014 withdrawal date may be politically expedient, it is, in my view, strategically risky. The counterinsurgency strategy that President Obama announced at West Point in December 2009 depends on two key objectives, providing population centric security to create the space for governance, and an enduring commitment to fighting the insurgents to ensure that there is no doubt that they will ultimately lose. Both of these are determined by setting and, more importantly, stating a withdrawal date. If Afghans and regional actors do not believe we are committed to their safety, then they are likely to accommodate insurgents in an attempt to hedge their bets in advance of our anticipated departure. Similarly, if the insurgents believe that we will depart by a certain date, they will likely be confident in their ultimate victory. This last point is especially important. Reconciliation, which is the administration's current means of bridging the gap between the status quo and the 2014 withdrawal date, is, if at all possible, only so if the insurgents face certain defeat." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Zalmay Khalilzad, David W. Barno, Ashley J. Tellis, and C. Christine Fair. Each document discusses the various pros and cons of the current U.S. policy in regards to Afghanistan and Pakistan.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2011
• Department of Defense Instruction Number 3150.09: The Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Survivability Policy [Incorporating Change 1, August 17, 2009]

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  This Department of Defense Instruction, Incorporating Change 1,on August 17, 2009:"(b) Assigns responsibilities for the execution of the DoD CBRN Survivability Policy. (c) Establishes processes for ensuring the survivability of CBRN mission-critical systems in a chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) environment or a nuclear environment. (d) Describes how CBRN mission-critical systems will be identified, reviewed, and considered in the context of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) (Reference (f)), the Defense Acquisition System (References (c) and (d)), the Missile Defense Agency System Engineering Plan (Reference (j)), or the National Security Space Acquisition Policy (Reference (k)), as appropriate. (e) Provides definitions of decontaminability, hardness, compatibility, and decontamination (see Glossary). (f) Aligns with the Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP) under Reference (g) to identify mission-critical systems. (g) Requires Military Departments and the Missile Defense Agency to report annually on CBRN survivability compliance, proposed corrective actions, and funding plans. (h) Establishes the CBRN Survivability Oversight Group (CSOG). The purpose of CSOG is to review and monitor the execution of the DoD CBRN Survivability Policy."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2009-08-17
• Department of Defense Instruction Number 3150.09: The Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Survivability Policy

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  "This Instruction: […](b) Assigns responsibilities for the execution of the DoD CBRN Survivability Policy. (c) Establishes processes for ensuring the survivability of CBRN mission-critical systems in a chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) environment or a nuclear environment. (d) Describes how CBRN mission-critical systems will be identified, reviewed, and considered in the context of the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) (Reference (f)), the Defense Acquisition System (References (c) and (d)), the Missile Defense Agency System Engineering Plan (Reference (j)), or the National Security Space Acquisition Policy (Reference (k)), as appropriate. (e) Provides definitions of decontaminability, hardness, compatibility, and decontamination (see Glossary). (f) Aligns with the Defense Critical Infrastructure Program (DCIP) under Reference (g) to identify mission-critical systems. (g) Requires Military Departments and the Missile Defense Agency to report annually on CBRN survivability compliance, proposed corrective actions, and funding plans. (h) Establishes the CBRN Survivability Oversight Group (CSOG). The purpose of CSOG is to review and monitor the execution of the DoD CBRN Survivability Policy."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2008-09-17
• Introduction to Defense Acquisition Management, Sixth Edition

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  This sixth edition of "Introduction to Defense Acquisition Management" provides an update of the regulatory framework from the May 2003 "Department of Defense Directive 5000.1" and the "Department of Defense Instruction 5000.2" governing the defense acquisition system. In addition, information about the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System from the June 2003 Chairman of the "Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3170.01C" and information about the new Department of Defense Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) process also are provided. Although the general format of the second edition has been retained, this version has been significantly revised to reflect the aforementioned acquisition management policies and procedures and the DoD 5000 documents. The handbook is designed to be both a comprehensive introduction to the world of defense systems acquisition management for the newcomer and a summary-level refresher for the practitioner who has been away from the business for a few years. It focuses on Department of Defense-wide management policies and procedures, not on the details of any specific defense system. Chapters discuss the role of the Congress, the Executive Branch, and Industry in Defense Acquisition; Authority for the Defense Acquisition System; Transformation of the Department of Defense, including joint vision, acquisition streamlining initiatives, major legislation, regulatory reform, and changes in emphasis; Program Management in Defense Acquisition; Department of Defense Acquisition Policy, including regulatory documents, decision support systems, acquisition categories, the space systems acquisition process, and the acquisition, technology, and logistics knowledge sharing system; Defense Acquisition Management - Key Personnel and Organizations; Determining Joint Warfighting Needs; the Acquisition Management Framework; and the Resource Allocation Process.

  Defense Acquisition University (U.S.). Press

  Cochrane, Charles B.

  2003-11-25
• FAA's Controller Scheduling Practices Can Impact Human Fatigue, Controller Performance, and Agency Costs

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  "Scientific research has shown that air traffic controller scheduling practices impact controller performance and aviation safety. Controllers generally work rotating schedules during which the start and stop times vary between day, evening, and night times. Reviews by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and FAA's Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) Work Group have shown that individuals working erratic schedules experience fatigue, which can negatively impact controller performance and safety. In response to a number of incidents of sleeping or unresponsive controllers in 2011, FAA took action to mitigate the impact of fatigue on controller performance by revising its controller scheduling policies. For example, the Agency increased the minimum rest periods between shifts, established a fatigue risk management system, and increased the number of controllers assigned to midnight shifts. In addition, FAA began to allow 'recuperative breaks' on overnight shifts to lessen the risk of fatigue experienced by working controllers. However, facility managers raised concerns about whether the new scheduling policies actually reduce fatigue. We could not determine the extent to which these new policies impact fatigue because FAA does not have metrics to measure the effect of its scheduling practices. In addition, fatigue research, which is still ongoing, may prompt additional revisions to FAA's scheduling practices to mitigate fatigue."

  United States. Federal Aviation Administration; United States. Department of Transportation. Office of Inspector General

  2013-08-27
• Stay and Defend: Is This Strategy Appropriate for Cambria?

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  "Recent attention to the Leave Early or Stay and Defend (LEOSAD) strategy pioneered by the Australian Fire Service created confusion for U. S. citizens in the proper reaction to evacuation orders during wildfires. This became a problem, for the fire department in Cambria, when residents began to question local emergency relocation and evacuation orders, citing reports of the successes of LEOSAD. Modern Shelter in Place (SIP) communities had also seen success in the Southern California area helping to further fuel controversy about the legitimacy of mandatory evacuation orders given during wildland fire campaigns. After the 2009 Black Saturday Fire claimed the lives of 173 citizens who had stayed to protect their homes; a shadow was cast on LEOSAD. What impact would this catastrophic fire have on the U.S. fire service and current SIP and mandatory evacuation strategies? Would LEOSAD and the SIP philosophies still be viewed as viable strategies and if they were, could they have any relevance to policy employed in Cambria? This work was an effort to contrast mandatory evacuation policy with LEOSAD and SIP procedures to develop standard policy for citizen life safety in Cambria, California. A descriptive style of research was used to answer the following questions: a) What home construction components are necessary to survive a wildland fire? b) What type of defensible space and local topography are necessary for a home to survive wildfire? c) What training and physical capability does a homeowner need to be capable to defend their property? d) Are there any other specific local considerations that could impact on a homeowner's decision to stay and defend their home in Cambria?"

  National Fire Academy

  Miller, Mark P.

  2009-11
• Climate Change Research: Agencies Have Data-Sharing Policies but Could Do More to Enhance the Availability of Data from Federally Funded Research, Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "Much of the nearly $2 billion annual climate change research budget supports grants from the Department of Energy (DOE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Science Foundation (NSF). Some of the data generated by this research are stored in online archives, but much remains in a less accessible format with individual researchers. As a result, some researchers are concerned about the availability of data. GAO analyzed (1) the key issues that data-sharing policies should address; (2) the data-sharing requirements, policies, and practices for external climate change researchers funded by DOE, NASA, NOAA, and NSF; and (3) the extent to which these agencies foster data sharing. GAO examined requirements, policies, and practices and surveyed the 64 officials managing climate change grants at these agencies. GAO recommends the agencies explore opportunities in the grants process to better ensure the availability of data to other researchers and determine if additional archiving strategies are warranted. In commenting on a draft of this report, the four agencies generally agreed with our findings and recommendations. We incorporated technical clarifications as appropriate."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2007-09
• Science & Technology Highlights in the First Year of the Trump Administration

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  "Since President Trump's inauguration, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has built a robust team of over 50 staff members, including a corps of scientists and engineers, policymakers, and academics to advise the President on science and technology (S&T), support the President's agenda, and ensure that S&T efforts across the Executive Branch are effectively coordinated. OSTP policy advisors are providing expert advice and developing policies on a wide range of topics, including advanced manufacturing, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, biotechnology, cybersecurity, digital economy, disaster preparedness, healthcare, infectious diseases, information technology, medicine, nano-technology, nuclear energy, ocean science, quantum information sciences, space and aeronautics, and telecommunications, among others. The Trump Administration is committed to advancing technological development and conducting re-search and development (R&D) to ensure national security, grow the economy, create well-paying jobs, and improve the lives of Americans across this great nation. Over the past year, OSTP has led coordinated Administration efforts to promote emerging technologies, empower Americans to innovate, and defend American technologies abroad."

  United States. Executive Office of the President; United States. Office of Science and Technology Policy

  2018-03-07?
• U.S.-China Strategic Dialogue: Phase VII Report

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  "In early June, 2012, eight Chinese participants, including high-ranking Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) officers, met with twenty-five Americans (a mix of officials and researchers) to discuss bilateral nuclear issues at an unofficial meeting. This dialogue, funded by DTRA [Defense Threat Reduction Agency], has been held annually for the past seven years. The Chinese delegation was the most official ever received in Hawaii, and the participants actively engaged in the discussions. The delegation included active duty military officers, retired officers, think tank researchers, academic faculty, and a space security expert. Our Chinese institutional co-host from the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association (CACDA) emphasized that these dialogues (in Hawaii and a parallel annual meeting in Beijing) are valued in Beijing and feed into the Track I process on their side both through their Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and Ministry of National Defense (MND). The overall tone was positive and substantive. Boilerplate concerns about U.S. policy in the region were kept to a minimum, although China continues to express concerns about U.S. ballistic missile defense (BMD) programs and conventional strike capabilities. China's 'no-first-use' (NFU) of nuclear weapons policy served as backdrop for some of the discussion, constraining engagement with some issues, and illustrating the depth to which that policy shapes even well-connected official perceptions. Chinese participants displayed increasing confidence in their second strike capabilities and reiterated that their view of deterrence requires a very modest number of warheads." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Contemporary Conflict

  Glosny, Michael A.; Twomey, Christopher P.; Jacobs, Ryan

  2013-05
• Strategy and Science: Toward a National Security Policy for the 1970's, Hearings Before The Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments of The Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-First Congress, First Session, March 11, 13, 18, 19, 24, and 26, 1969

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  This is the March 11, 13, 18, 19, 24, and 26, 1969 hearings titled "Strategy and Science: Toward a National Security Policy for the 1970's" held before the House Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments. From the opening statement of Clement J . Zablocki: "The subcommittee will come to order. With this session today, the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments begins hearings on a subject of vital interest and importance to all who are dedicated to the cause of peace. For the next 3 weeks--and beyond, we will be giving long overdue attention to the effects of space and weapons developments on U.S. alliances and security commitments abroad." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Charles M. Herafeld, Jerome B. Wiesner, George B. Kistiakowsky, Harold A. Linstone, Herman Kahn, Thomas Schelling, Eugene V. Rostow, Mason Willrich, Vincent P. Rock, U. Alexis Johnson, and Warren Nutter.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1969
• Can This Time Be Different? Challenges and Opportunities for Asia-Pacific Economies in the Aftermath of COVID-19

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  From the Summary: "'Asia and the Pacific is facing its worst economic contraction at least since the 1970s due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. The consequent economic weakness is likely to set back the region's socioeconomic progress and is predicted to push a significant number of people into unemployment and poverty while increasing inequality. Although slowdown in economic activities has provided some breathing space to the environment, such a benefit could turn out to be temporary. The region faces a difficult path to recovery, due to deepened existing vulnerabilities that include weak economic conditions and other exogenous shocks. These challenging times call for unprecedented relief and stimulus policies and offer an opportunity for countries to align their socio-economic policies with the 2030 Agenda to ensure a more inclusive, greener and more resilient future. Such policies include increasing investments in Sustainable Development Goals and strengthening governance to improve investment efficiency. Climate resilience should be built into investment projects. Regulatory changes could catalyze such efforts to 'build forward better'. Partnership with local, national and international stakeholders is critical for Governments to support this development transition.'"

  United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

  Saxena, Sweta Chaman; Huang, Zhenqian

  2020-08-10?
• Department of Defense Instruction 1035.01: Telework Policy, April 4, 2012

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  "1. PURPOSE. In accordance with the authority in DoD [Department of Defense] Directive 5124.02 (Reference (a)), this Instruction: a. Reissues DoD Instruction 1035.01 (Reference (b)). b. Establishes policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures for implementing DoD telework programs. c. Implements the provisions of sections 6501 through 6506 of title 5, United States Code (U.S.C.), as added by Public Law 111-292 (also known as the 'Telework Enhancement Act of 2010') (Reference (c)); section 359 of Public Law 106-346 (Reference (d)); and sections 101 and 206 of title 37, U.S.C. (Reference (e)). 2. APPLICABILITY. This Instruction applies to: a. OSD, the Military Departments, the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense, the Defense Agencies, the DoD Field Activities, and all other organizational entities within the DoD (hereinafter referred to collectively as the 'DoD Components'). b. Employees (as defined in the Glossary) and Service members where indicated in the Instruction and at the discretion of the Heads of the OSD and DoD Components. […] 4. POLICY. It is DoD policy that telework shall be: a. Actively promoted and implemented throughout the DoD in support of the DoD commitment to workforce efficiency, emergency preparedness, and quality of life. Telework facilitates the accomplishment of work; can serve as an effective recruitment and retention strategy; enhance DoD efforts to employ and accommodate people with disabilities; and create cost savings by decreasing the need for office space and parking facilities, and by reducing transportation costs, including costs associated with payment of transit subsidies."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2012-04-04
• No Nation is Home Alone: Understanding the International Dimension of Homeland Security Through Global Transportation Security Programs

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  From the thesis abstract: "Terrorist actors focus on the global transportation system to introduce threats and target attacks. As the lead department for securing the transportation system into the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works both domestically and internationally to implement programs and foreign assistance activities to secure the global transportation network. This thesis examines DHS' international role by analyzing programs and policies implemented by its three largest global transportation agencies: the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency, the Transportation Security Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Due to the breadth of DHS programs and activities, their stated goals and objectives, and their legal mandates, this thesis determines that a U.S. foreign assistance framework provides minimal insight into DHS' international footprint. Instead, this research developed a simple model for understanding the primary components of DHS' international mission space and identified operations, policy, outreach and engagement, and training and technical assistance as core concepts in DHS' international mission. Using this model, DHS can pursue the additional recommendations developed in this thesis-applying systems theory as a basis for an international transportation security strategy as well as pursuing direct funding for its international transportation programs and activities as a fully integrated department-within the traditional U.S. foreign policy and national security institutions."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Tarpey, Dominique

  2016-03