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Effects-Based Operations: A Guide for Practitioners
"The literature on Effects"Based Operations (EBO) continues to be dominated by theory, with limited evidence of (successful) practical application reported. This situation is entirely acceptable in the early formative stages of any new concept, as first hesitant steps are taken and the authority of a shared idea gradually develops. EBO is now a global phenomenon. The effects must have primacy in shaping the actions that are taken. EBO practitioners need those hands-on executable actions that can be taken to solve problems in the real world. The paper offers that a systems approach that includes a problem space, a solution space and a design space may bring the necessary totality to the subject, guarding against premature use of means that appear to fit well with the context " a fixation with efficiency rather than effectiveness. The paper argues that an examination of the systemic interactions amongst factors may deepen planners or policy-makers understanding of why a region or area of interest behaves the way it does, before they attempt to change it. A method is detailed that couples effects statements and means and highlights capability requirements. A case study example is provided using North Korea. Use of this method in Australia recently won a Prime Ministers Award for Excellence in Business Community Partnerships."
Command and Control Research Program (U.S.)
Duczynski, Guy
2004-09-14
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Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation
"Over the next 10 years, NASA is scheduled to devote $99 billion to the nation's human spaceflight program. In recognition of the magnitude of these planned expenditures, coupled with questions about the status of the current human spaceflight program, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, as part of the due diligence of a new administration, called for an independent review of the present and planned effort. Two conditions framed this request: all ongoing human spaceflight work by NASA and its contractors was to continue uninterrupted during the review process; and the review team's findings were to be available 90 days from the Committee's formal establishment and a formal report be published thereafter, in recognition of the demands of the federal budget preparation cycle. The Committee established to conduct the review comprised 10 members with diverse professional backgrounds, including scientists, engineers, astronauts, educators, executives of established and new aerospace firms, former presidential appointees, and a retired Air Force General. The Committee was charged with conducting an independent review of the current program of record and providing alternatives to that program (as opposed to making a specific recommendation) that would ensure that 'the nation is pursuing the best trajectory for the future of human spaceflight--one that is safe, innovative, affordable and sustainable.' Initially, the directive to the Committee was that it conduct its inquiry with the assumption that operation of the Space Shuttle would terminate in 2010 and that the 10-year funding profile in the FY 2010 President's budget would not be exceeded. In subsequent discussions between the Committee chairman and members of the White House staff, it was agreed that at least two program options would be presented that comply with the above constraints; however, if those options failed to fully satisfy the stated study objectives, additional options could be identified by the Committee. No other bounds were placed on the Committee's work."
Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee
2009-10-22
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Serial No. 113-14; Serial No. 113-17: Threats From Space: A Review of U.S. Government Efforts to Track and Mitigate Asteroids and Meteors (Part I & Part II), Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, March 19 and April 10, 2013
This is the two-part hearing on "Threats From Space: A Review of U.S. Government Efforts to Track and Mitigate Asteroids and Meteors" held before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on March 19 and April 10, 2013. Part I of these hearings focused on U.S. government efforts to track, characterize and mitigate Near Earth Objects. Witnesses testified about the "ongoing work, planned efforts and coordination procedures within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the U.S. Air Force Space Command." Part II of these hearings focused "on most viable near-term initiatives within the private sector and the international coordination needed to identify and characterize potentially hazardous near Earth objects." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Michael F. A'Hearn, Charles F. Bolden, John P. Holdren, Dante Lauretta, Ed Lu, William L. Shelton and Donald K. Yeomans.
United States. Government Printing Office
2013
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Executive Order 13803: Reviving the National Space Council
"'Purpose'. The National Space Council (Council) was established by Title V of Public Law 100--685 and Executive Order 12675 of April 20, 1989 (Establishing the National Space Council). The Council was tasked with advising and assisting the President regarding national space policy and strategy. The Council was never formally disestablished, but it effectively ceased operation in 1993. This order revives the Council and provides additional details regarding its duties and responsibilities."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2017-06-30
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Environmental Support for Air Sovereignty and Air Defense
The Headquarters (HQ) United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) Weather and Space Environment Branch (J33W) serves as the Senior Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) Office for NORAD. USSPACECOM/J33W provides policy and guidance for meteorological, oceanographic, and space environment operations in support of NORAD, and ensures standardization of METOC support throughout the command. Most NORAD organizations have no weather personnel directly assigned. Therefore, it is the responsibility of NORAD units or units under the OPCON of CINCNORAD to arrange for environmental support from a host organization. Environmental support may come from US military units (to include ANG and AFRC), Canadian Forces units, National Weather Service or Federal Aviation Administration offices, the Canadian Forces Weather Service (CFWS) or from the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES). This support should use in-place assets and centralized products to the maximum extent possible. Because of the bi-national nature of NORAD and the mix of centralized products available, guidance can only be general in nature; however, environmental support must meet the minimum requirements set forth in this instruction and must, where applicable, be documented in a host tenant support agreement or other memorandum of agreement or understanding. Direct coordination between weather organizations supporting the same NORAD operation is encouraged.
North American Aerospace Defense Command
1998-07-01
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Extending NASA's Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act [May 8, 2008]
"The Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 (INA) was enacted to help stop foreign transfers to Iran of weapons of mass destruction, missile technology, and advanced conventional weapons technology, particularly from Russia. Section 6 of the INA banned U.S. payments to Russia in connection with the International Space Station (ISS) unless the U.S. President determined that Russia was taking steps to prevent such proliferation. When the President in 2004 announced that the Space Shuttle would be retired in 2010, the Russian Soyuz became the only vehicle available after that date to transport astronauts to and from the ISS. In 2005 Congress amended INA to exempt Soyuz flights to the ISS from the Section 6 ban through 2011. It also extended the provisions to Syria and North Korea, and renamed it the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act (INKSNA). NASA has now asked Congress to extend the exemption for the life of the ISS, or until U.S. crew transport vehicles become operational. As in 2005, an exemption would be needed before payments could be made to Russia since the President has not made a determination pursuant to Section 6(b) of the INKSNA regarding Russian nonproliferation policy or proliferation activities to Iran, North Korea or Syria. Since 2005, Russia has stepped up cooperation with the United States and countries over Iran's nuclear program. President Bush has praised Russian President Putin for his 'leadership' in offering a solution to the Iranian nuclear negotiations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Behrens, Carl E.; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham
2008-05-08
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Extending NASA's Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act [Updated July 30, 2008]
This CRS report provides an update on Congressional action taken in regards to the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act [INKSNA]. "The Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 [INA] was enacted to help stop foreign transfers to Iran of weapons of mass destruction, missile technology, and advanced conventional weapons technology, particularly from Russia. Section 6 of the INA banned U.S. payments to Russia in connection with the International Space Station [ISS] unless the U.S. President determined that Russia was taking steps to prevent such proliferation. When the President in 2004 announced that the Space Shuttle would be retired in 2010, the Russian Soyuz became the only vehicle available after that date to transport astronauts to and from the ISS. In 2005 Congress amended INA to exempt Soyuz flights to the ISS from the Section 6 ban through 2011. It also extended the provisions to Syria and North Korea, and renamed it the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act [INKSNA]. NASA has now asked Congress to extend the exemption for the life of the ISS, or until U.S. crew transport vehicles become operational. As in 2005, an exemption would be needed before payments could be made to Russia since the President has not made a determination pursuant to Section 6(b) of the INKSNA regarding Russian nonproliferation policy or proliferation activities to Iran, North Korea or Syria."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Behrens, Carl E.; Niktin, Mary Beth
2008-07-30
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Multinational Experiment 7: Outcome 3: Space: Dependencies, Vulnerabilities and Threats
From the abstract: "This handbook is aimed at audiences working in a disparate range of military and civilian, specialist and generalist areas, including policy makers. Some will have considerable experience of space related issues, while others have none, so a main body of text has been created to act as a basic primer. This enables users to develop a basic, but sufficient, understanding of the key capabilities that space systems can provide, while also describing mitigation methods and the potential impacts of loss of space services."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint and Coalition Operational Analysis
2013-07-08
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National Security Space Launch Programs, Held Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, One Hundred and Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, March 5, 2014
On March 5, 2014, the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Department of Defense, "concluded a hearing to examine national security space launch programs, after receiving testimony from Cristina Chaplain, Director, Acquisition and Sourcing Management, Government Accountability Office; Michael Gass, United Launch Alliance, Centennial, Colorado; Elon Musk, Space Exploration Technologies, Hawthorne, California; and Scott Pace, George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs Space Policy Institute, Washington, D.C."
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations
2014-03-05
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'Hide Your Shape' - Sun Tzu: ROE Considerations for Negating High-Resolution Commercial Imagery Satellites
From the thesis abstract: "During 1999, the first commercial satellite capable of producing imagery with 1-meter resolution will be launched. This event is significant because 1-meter resolution is considered as the baseline for military grade imagery. To counter this threat, the commander may ultimately have to take action against the space assets of a corporation that resides in a belligerent or a neutral nation. The Rules of Engagement [ROE] that would guide this attack are developed based on U.S. policy, international and domestic law, and operational considerations. An analysis of these factors indicates that there are few impediments to the execution of 'Offensive Counter-Space' operations against the commercial imaging threat. A proposal is also made for the addition of three General Supplemental Measures regarding the engagement of commercial space systems to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3121.01, Standing Rules of Engagement."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Babski, Ronald J., Jr.
1999-02-05
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DOD Space Acquisitions: Including Users Early and Often in Software Development Could Benefit Programs, Report to Congressional Committees
"Senate and House reports accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 contained provisions for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review challenges in software-intensive DOD space programs. This report addresses, among other things, (1) the extent to which these programs have involved users; and (2) what softwarespecific management challenges, if any, programs faced. To do this work, GAO reviewed four major space defense programs with cost growth or schedule delays caused, in part, by software. GAO reviewed applicable statutes and DOD policies and guidance that identified four characteristics of effective user engagement. GAO reviewed program documentation; and interviewed program officials, contractors, and space systems users. GAO also analyzed program metrics, test and evaluation reports, and external program assessments."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-03
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Ungoverned Spaces and Armed Civil Conflicts: The Predicament of Developing Nations
From the abstract: "Several developing nations are grappling with the phenomenon of ungoverned territories, which are believed to be harboring insurgent, terrorist, and other armed violent groups. This study investigates how a developing nation can use its resources to reduce violent activities and, consequently, ungoverned spaces from within its sovereign territory. The study uses geo-referenced violent events data as a measure of violence and spatiotemporal data for law enforcement agencies (LEAs), social services, and economic infrastructure as measures of state authority. All data is specific to Uganda. Using multi-regression models (negative binomial and matched wake analysis), the study employs interpolated spatiotemporal data to estimate the effects of state authority factors on violent events over space and time. The findings show that LEAs, including police, prisons, courts, and border protection, are the most effective in reducing violence and therefore ungoverned territories. Save for schools and local governments, social services like health centers, and economic infrastructure like roads, tend to be associated with increased levels of violence. The policy implication for developing nations is therefore to consider directing their resources toward building their LEAs before or concurrently with socioeconomic services in order to reduce violence emanating from ungoverned spaces."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Munyua, David O.
2015-06
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Catastrophe on the Horizon: A Scenario-Based Future Effect of Orbital Space Debris
"The purpose of this research is to bring some much needed attention to the growing problem of space debris and to understand the driving forces behind the orbital space debris problem. An examination into the effects debris may have in the future will shed some light on the situation and put into perspective how serious this issue has become and what impact it could have on our society and the world. This research is intended to identify some potential futures as a result from orbital debris and highlight potential solutions for consideration. Hopefully this will spark some debate, so policy or legislative changes can be considered within our government in order to avoid a potential space catastrophe in the near future."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Donahue, Jack
2010-04
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 141, Space Weather Coordination Act
"S. 141 would authorize the annual appropriation of $6 million over the 2019-2022 period for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to implement a pilot program to gather data on space weather. The legislation also would transfer the responsibility to coordinate inter-agency activities related to space weather from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to the National Space Council (NSC). CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 141 would cost $23 million over the 2019-2023 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts. Enacting S. 141 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting S. 141 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2029. S. 141 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2018-10-02
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Finding of No Significant Impact: Construction and Operation of an Emergency Services Center United States Air Force Academy, Colorado
"An Environmental Assessment (EA) has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations, and implementing regulations set forth in 32 CFR 989 (Environmental Impact Analysis Process), as amended, to analyze a U.S. Air Force Academy (Academy) proposal to construct and operate an Emergency Services Center (ESC). The Academy proposes to construct and operate an ESC. The purpose of the Proposed Action is to provide and maintain adequate emergency operation functions including implementation of the Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-5 Management of Domestic Incidents, and to support the National Incident Management System (NlMS) and the National Response Plan (NRP). The ESC will be sited, constructed, and operated in accordance with United Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-140-04 Emergency Operations Center Planning and Design (U.S. Department of Defense [DoD] 2008). The Proposed Action is needed because the current Security Forces (SF) Headquarters (Building 8024) is outdated, located in a flood zone, and no longer meets space requirements. Additionally, the current SF Headquarters is not centrally located, as required by UFC 4-140-04 (it is located at the far southern end of the Academy). Emergency operation functions are currently fragmented due to their locations at separate facilities throughout the Academy. Although the primary functions of SF operations are conducted in Building 8024, portions of the SF squadron are located in a converted housing unit and a detached garage (Buildings 8020 and 8028). The 911 call dispatch center is staffed remotely, sharing insufficient space at Fire Station 3. The dispatch center does not meet Air Force design standards. Space is inadequate for current operations and there is no dedicated communications control room or emergency response center."
United States. Air Force. 10th Civil Engineering Squadron
Bush, Brian; McCorkle, Jennifer; Lewis, Matthew . . .
2011-11
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China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy- Actions and Chronology [Updated January 11, 2002]
"Congress has been concerned about whether U.S. firms, in exporting satellites, provided expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile and space programs and whether the Administration's policies might facilitate transfers of military-related technology to China. This CRS Report discusses security concerns, policy changes, congressional action, and a chronology of major developments since 1988. Some critics opposed satellite exports to China, while others were concerned that the Clinton Administration relaxed export controls and monitoring of commercial satellites in moving the licensing authority from the State Department to Commerce in 1996. A range of concerns were prompted by 'New York Times' reports in April 1998 that the Justice Department began a criminal investigation into whether Loral Space and Communications Ltd. and Hughes Electronics Corp. violated export control laws. The companies are said to have provided expertise that China could use to improve the accuracy and reliability of its future ballistic missiles, including their guidance systems. At least three classified studies reportedly found that U.S. national security was harmed. Congress and the Justice Department have also investigated Hughes' review of China's launch failure on January 26, 1995. Congress may watch for any new Presidential waivers or licenses for exports of satellites and any review of U.S. policy to export satellites to China."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley
2002-01-11
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President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC): Satellite Task Force Report Fact Sheet
"In January 2003, the Director, National Security Space Architect, requested that the President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) consider embarking on a study of infrastructure protection measures for commercial satellite communication (SATCOM) systems. The NSTAC established the Satellite Task Force (STF) to review and assess policies, practices, and procedures for the application of infrastructure protection measures to commercial SATCOM networks used for national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) communications. Specifically, the STF was established to review applicable documentation addressing vulnerabilities in the commercial satellite infrastructure, identify potential policy changes that would bring the infrastructure into conformance with a standard for mitigating those vulnerabilities, consider Global Positioning System (GPS) timing capabilities during the deliberations, coordinate this response with representatives from the National Communications System (NCS) and others, and draft a task force report with findings and recommendations. The STF engaged broad and active participation from representatives of NSTAC member companies, non-NSTAC commercial satellite owners and operators, commercial satellite trade associations, Government agencies, and technical experts. The task force examined all types of commercial SATCOM systems, including Fixed Satellite Service, Broadcast Satellite Service, Mobile Satellite Service, and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service. To gain a broad understanding of vulnerabilities, the STF compared the difficulty of potential threats against the degree of susceptibility of key elements in these services, including the radio frequency links, ground segment, cyber segment, and space segment."
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
2004-02
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President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee: Satellite Taskforce Report, Fact Sheet [February 2004]
This fact sheet from the President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee discusses the issues surrounding infrastructure protection for commercial satellite communications (SATCOM systems. "In January 2003, the Director, National Security Space Architect, requested that the President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) consider embarking on a study of infrastructure protection measures for commercial satellite communication (SATCOM) systems. The NSTAC established the Satellite Task Force (STF) to review and assess policies, practices, and procedures for the application of infrastructure protection measures to commercial SATCOM networks used for national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) communications. Specifically, the STF was established to (1) review applicable documentation addressing vulnerabilities in the commercial satellite infrastructure, (2) identify potential policy changes that would bring the infrastructure into conformance with a standard for mitigating those vulnerabilities, (3) consider Global Positioning System (GPS) timing capabilities during the deliberations, (4) coordinate this response with representatives from the National Communications System (NCS) and others, and (5) draft a task force report with findings and recommendations. The STF engaged broad and active participation from representatives of NSTAC member companies, non-NSTAC commercial satellite owners and operators, commercial satellite trade associations, Government agencies, and technical experts. The task force examined all types of commercial SATCOM systems, including Fixed Satellite Service, Broadcast Satellite Service, Mobile Satellite Service, and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service. To gain a broad understanding of vulnerabilities, the STF compared the difficulty of potential threats against the degree of susceptibility of key elements in these services, including the radio frequency links, ground segment, cyber segment, and space segment."
United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee
2004-02
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Rapid Space Force Reconstitution: 'Mandate for United States Security'
"Radical changes in global political and military balances have occurred in the last five years. In response to these changes, the United States defense strategy has moved away from planning for containment of a monolithic enemy and is moving toward flexible, rapid, regionally oriented response anywhere in the world. Although air, land, and sea power have begun alignment toward this goal, space-based military assets are not prepared for short-notice 'come as you are' contingencies that require rapidly deliverable forces. 'This paper argues that national security policy mandates the immediate development of a rapid space force reconstitution (RASFOR) capability.' The paper presents this argument on two levels: strategic, based on national policy documents, and operational, based on military force requirements for the near-term future. A RASFOR operational concept using rapid-response spacelift and light satellites (lightsats) is presented. After the mandate is established, a key question is addressed: 'If the mandate for RASFOR exists, why hasn't it been acted upon?' Based on these discussions, recommendations for implementing RASFOR are presented."
Air University (U.S.). Airpower Research Institute
Caton, Jeffrey L.
1994-12
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Commercial Space Launch Act: Preliminary Information on Issues to Consider for Reauthorization, Statement of Alicia Puente Cackley, Director, Financial Markets and Community Investment, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Space, and Aeronautics, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives
"A catastrophic commercial launch accident could result in injuries or property damage to the uninvolved public, or 'third parties.' In anticipation of such an event, a launch company must purchase a fixed amount of insurance for each launch, per calculation by FAA [Federal Aviation Administration]; the federal government is potentially liable for claims above that amount up to an additional $1.5 billion, adjusted for inflation, subject to congressional appropriations. As of 2012, the inflation-adjusted amount is about $2.7 billion. CSLA [Commercial Space Launch Act Amendments of 1988] provides for this payment, called indemnification. The indemnification provision, unless reauthorized, expires this year. This testimony provides preliminary information on, among other things, (1) a comparison of the U.S. government's indemnification policy to policies of other countries, (2) the federal government's potential costs for indemnification, (3) the ability and willingness of the insurance market to provide additional coverage, and (4) the effects of ending indemnification on the competitiveness of U.S. launch companies. This testimony is based on ongoing work that includes a review of FAA data and documents and relevant literature and interviews with officials from FAA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, insurers, brokers, launch companies, launch customers, risk modelers, and experts."
United States. General Accounting Office
2012-06-06
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Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other than Taiwan
"While preventing independence likely remains the central aim of the PLA vis-a-vis Taiwan, Chinese foreign policy objectives worldwide are rapidly growing and diversifying. This volume analyzes the PLA's involvement in disaster and humanitarian relief, United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKO), counterterrorism and border defense, security in outer space and cyberspace, and the level of activity in regional 'joint' operational contingencies. On the whole, the volume provides a discerning analysis of these varied PLA developments and how they affect policy towards both Taiwan and the entire Asia-Pacific region. While the significance of China has long been understood, the nation's rise to prominence on the world scene is becoming more acutely felt. An understanding of the PLA's growing roles both within China and internationally is of critical importance to the United States." The contents include: Introduction by David Lai and Marc Miller; How China Manages Taiwan and Its Impact on PLA Missions by Andrew Scobell; How China Manages Internal Security Challenges and Its Impact on PLA Missions by Murray Scot Tanner; China's Expanding Presence in UN Peacekeeping Operations and Implications for the United States by Bates Gill and Chin-hao Huang; PLA Missions in Frontier Security and Counterterrorism by Robert O. Modarelli III; Strategic Deterrence beyond Taiwan by Brad Roberts; Prospects for China's Military Space Efforts by Dean Cheng; PLA Computer Network Operations: Scenarios, Doctrine, Organizations, and Capability by James Mulvenon; China's Regional Power Projection: Prospects for Future Missions in the South and East China Seas by Mark Cozad; and PLA "Joint" Operational Contingencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Korea by Larry M. Wortzel.
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Scobell, Andrew; Lai, David, 1955-; Kamphausen, Roy
2009-04
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China: Possible Missile Technology Transfers Under U.S. Satellite Export Policy -Actions and Chronology [Updated October 6, 2003]
"Congress has been concerned about whether U.S. firms, in activities connected with exporting satellites, provided expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile and space programs and whether U.S. policy has facilitated transfers of military-related technology to China. This CRS Report discusses security concerns, policy changes, congressional action, and a chronology of major developments since 1988 under President Reagan. It is updated as warranted. […] A range of concerns were prompted by New York Times reports in April 1998 that the Justice Department began a criminal investigation into whether Loral Space and Communications Ltd. and Hughes Electronics Corp. violated export control laws. […] At least three classified studies reportedly found that U.S. national security was harmed. Congress and the Executive Branch also investigated Hughes' review of China's launch failure of January 1995. […] In 1998, Congress passed the FY1999 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 105-261) that transferred licensing authority over satellites back to the State Department (effective March 15, 1999). On December 30, 1998, the Cox Committee unanimously approved a classified report said to conclude that China's technology acquisitions over the past 20 years, not only that associated with satellite launches, harmed U.S. national security. […] Legislation for State Department appropriations for FY2004 (H.R. 2799 and S. 1585) would continue to require State to notify the Committees on Appropriations at least 15 days in advance of obligating or expending funds for processing licenses to export U.S.-origin satellites to China."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kan, Shirley
2003-10-06
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Commercial Space Launches: FAA Should Update How it Assesses Federal Liability Risk, Report to Congressional Committees
"A catastrophic commercial launch accident could result in injuries or property damage to the uninvolved public, or 'third parties.' In anticipation of such an event, a launch company must purchase a fixed amount of insurance for each launch and reentry, per calculation by FAA [Federal Aviation Administration]; the federal government is potentially liable for claims above that amount up to an additional $1.5 billion, adjusted for inflation and subject to congressional appropriations. As of 2012, the inflation-adjusted amount is about $2.7 billion. CSLAA [Commercial Space Launch Act Amendments of 1988] provides for this payment, called indemnification. The indemnification provision, unless reauthorized, expires this year. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to address, among other things, (1) the U.S. government's indemnification policy compared to policies of other countries, (2) the federal government's potential costs for indemnification, (3) the ability and willingness of the insurance market to provide additional coverage, and (4) the effects of ending indemnification on the competitiveness of U.S. launch companies. GAO reviewed FAA data and documents and relevant literature and conducted interviews with officials from FAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, insurers, brokers, launch companies, launch customers, risk modelers, and experts. GAO recommends that FAA periodically review and update as appropriate its methodology for calculating launch providers' insurance requirements. The Department of Transportation provided technical clarifications, which GAO incorporated."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2012-07
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When the House is Full, but the Guests Keep Coming: Determining the Impact of Daily Hospital Overcrowding on Disaster Response
From the thesis abstract: "Hospitals throughout the United States are facing overcrowding every day, with more patients than available staff and space can accommodate, yet current disaster response policy related to managing a surge of patients does not include considerations for this daily challenge. This thesis investigates the questions that need to be answered regarding the foundational principles of current U.S. surge policy and how healthcare coalitions might assist in answering such questions. A gap analysis of current healthcare coalition policy related to surge was completed that identified the need for policy makers to continue to expand the role of evidence-based decision making for surge policy. As a result, this thesis recommends that additional data points be added for hospitals receiving patients during the required annual coalition surge test-related performance measures for healthcare coalitions. The additional data points are designed to help policy makers determine whether overcrowding impacts surge response, so policy can be adjusted if needed."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Menefee, Charity M.
2018-12
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USAID Policy on Cooperation with the Department of Defense
"This policy updates the Civilian-Military Cooperation Policy issued in July 2008,which established the foundation for cooperation between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The 2008 policy established civilian-military cooperation as fundamental to a whole-of-government approach to contemporary national security challenges in keeping with the increasingly important role of development in advancing national security priorities along with defense and diplomacy. This document builds upon the 2008 policy and incorporates what USAID has learned from working with DoD into updated and expanded guidance for all USAID personnel. Increasingly, USAID and DoD share the same operating space. In order to cooperate effectively in the diverse places where USAID and DoD personnel find each other, it is important to draw upon lessons from experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan and from cooperation in other countries and regions where we have worked together, including Colombia, the Philippines, the Balkans, and the Sahel. This policy document articulates a set of guiding principles to establish parameters for USAID cooperation with DoD and clarifies the context for that cooperation. These are followed by a set of operating principles, which articulate how that cooperation takes place in the form of cooperative structures and personnel exchanges and across USAID's Program Cycle, which includes policy and strategy development, planning, project design and implementation, evaluation and monitoring, and learning and adapting."
United States. Agency for International Development
2015-06
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NMIO Technical Bulletin: National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office [October 2016]
"In this issue of the National Maritime Intelligence Integration Office's Technical Bulletin, we discuss trends in Maritime Domain Awareness, and how policy and technology interact in developing a level of understanding that serves as the foundation for command. This article starts by briefly tracing the roots of our cooperation on the use of space for MDA [Maritime Domain Awareness] and reviewing important documents in the development of U.S. doctrine. From there, it concentrates on the very challenging concept of MDA as "the effective understanding" of maritime activity and the need that this generates for inter-agency, or inter-ministerial information sharing. Finally, it highlights a few recent developments that will influence the future of our use of space for MDA."
National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office (U.S.)
2016-10
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Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities: Executive Summary
"Since 2000, when the Defense Science Board concluded space superiority was absolutely essential in achieving global awareness, information dominance on the battlefield, deterrence of potential conflict and superiority combat effectiveness of our forces, and threats to space superiority have grown significantly. [...] From April 2015 through September 2016, the Task Force received more than 40 briefings from practitioners and senior officials throughout DoD, the intelligence community (IC), the commercial sector, academia, the national laboratories, and the policy community."
United States. Defense Science Board
2017-03
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UAS in the NAS: Survey Responses by ATC, Manned Aircraft Pilots, and UAS Pilots
"NASA currently is working with industry and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish future requirements for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) flying in the National Airspace System (NAS). To work these issues NASA has established a multi-center 'UAS Integration in the NAS' project. In order to establish Ground Control Station requirements for UAS, the perspective of each of the major players in NAS operations was desired. Three on-line surveys were administered that focused on Air Traffic Controllers (ATC), pilots of manned aircraft, and pilots of UAS. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with some survey respondents. The survey questions addressed UAS control, navigation, and communications from the perspective of small and large unmanned aircraft. Questions also addressed issues of UAS equipage, especially with regard to sense and avoid capabilities. From the civilian ATC and military ATC perspectives, of particular interest are how mixed operations (manned/UAS) have worked in the past and the role of aircraft equipage. Knowledge gained from this information is expected to assist the NASA UAS Integration in the NAS project in directing research foci thus assisting the FAA in the development of rules, regulations, and policies related to UAS in the NAS."
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Trujillo, Anna C.; Burdette, Daniel W.; Constock, James R., Jr. . . .
2014-04
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Draft Environmental Assessment: Mill Creek Defensible Space Project, Walla Walla County, Washington
"Walla Walla County applied for fiscal year 2010 funding under the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Pre-Disaster Mitigation--Competitive (PDM-C) grant program for a fuels reduction project in southeastern Washington. The objective of the PDM-C grant program is to fund pre-disaster mitigation planning and projects for States, Territories, and federally recognized Indian Tribes that primarily address natural hazards. The Mill Creek Defensible Space Project would include a total of 31 acres in the Mill Creek drainage in southeastern Walla Walla County (Appendix A, Figure 1). This Environmental Assessment (EA) has been prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations to implement NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] Parts 1500- 1508), and FEMA's regulations implementing NEPA (44 CFR Part 10). FEMA is required to consider potential environmental impacts before funding or approving actions and projects. The purpose of this EA is to analyze the potential environmental impacts of the Mill Creek Defensible Space Project. FEMA will use the findings in this EA to determine whether to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement or a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). Much of the information about the project in this EA comes from the PDM-C grant application package."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2011-05-25
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Control of Hazardous Agents in VA Research Laboratories
"This Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Handbook establishes policy and procedures related to select agents and toxins and the prevention and/or detection of terrorist events occurring in or originating from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) research laboratories. NOTE: The procedures contained in this Handbook apply to all Research and Development (R&D) laboratories located within VA facilities, including leased space, and to space within a VA facility leased to a private entity. VA research laboratories located in approved off-site facilities such as affiliate universities are expected to comply with all VA and other Federal laws and regulations regarding security of both research laboratory facilities and select agents and toxins."
United States. Department of Veterans Affairs
2005-10-21
