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• Naval War College Review [Winter 2018]

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  This Winter 2018 issue of the "Naval War College Review" features the following articles: "Getting Serious about Strategy in the South China Sea"; "Antiaccess Warfare as Strategy: From Campaign Analyses to Assessment of Extrinsic Events"; "Riverine Warfare: Exploiting a Vital Maneuver Space"; "The Aircraft Carrier in Indian Naval Doctrine: Assessing the Likely Usefulness of the Flattop in an Indo-Pakistani War Scenario"; "From a Prestige Fleet to the Jeune École: French Naval Policy and Strategy under the Second Empire and the Early Third Republic (1852-1914)"; "Sea Power in the Peloponnesian War". This issue also contains two review essays and eleven book reviews.

  Naval War College (U.S.)

  2018
• Serial No. 115-56: Surveying the Space Weather Landscape, Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment & Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, April 26, 2018

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  This is the April 26, 2018 joint hearing titled "Surveying the Space Weather Landscape," held before the House Subcommittee on Environment & Subcommittee on Space of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of Andy Biggs: "With an issue as complex and consequential as this one, it is important that we begin a dialogue on where we are and where we are going. There are many exciting developments in space weather, from innovative space weather technologies and the accuracy of space weather forecasting models, to the potential impacts space weather can have on our terrestrial environment. All of these topics are important and worth addressing, but I think it's crucial that we first lay the groundwork for understanding the current policies, procedures, and major players in both the private and public sectors. And I'm pleased to have key stakeholders from private industry, as well as academia, along with leaders from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with us today. I look forward to hearing from them about not only what their efforts have been in this arena, but also what they think the future holds for the observation, modeling, and forecasting of space weather events." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Neil Jacobs, Jim Spann, Sarah Gibson, and W. Kent Tobiska.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2018
• Serial No. 115-59: Using Technology to Address Climate Change, Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, May 16, 2018

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  This is the May 16, 2018 hearing on "Using Technology to Address Climate Change" held before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the Hearing Charter: "The purpose of the hearing is to examine climate change response policy. This hearing will emphasize the need for policy planning to account for technological developments designed to adapt to future conditions." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Oren Cass, Ted Nordhaus, and Phil Duffy.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2018
• Reopening the American Frontier: Exploring How the Outer Space Treaty Will Impact American Commerce and Settlement in Space, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Space, Science, and Competitiveness of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 23, 2017

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  This is the May 23, 2017 hearing "Reopening the American Frontier: Exploring How the Outer Space Treaty Will Impact American Commerce and Settlement in Space" held before the Senate Subcommittee on Space, Science, and Competitiveness of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. From the opening statement of Ted Cruz: "[I]t's incumbent on Congress to use this 50-year anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty to properly determine our actual international obligations, to decide if specific articles in the treaty are self-executing or not, and to ensure that our domestic policy moving forward creates an environment that provides certainty for industry while protecting our national security. Those decisions will be made by this committee, by the Senate as a whole, and by the Congress and the President. In this committee, this is the second in a series of hearings looking at reopening the American frontier in space. That's why we're gathered here today. The testimony that this committee will hear will help pave the way to the future of space exploration and our global competitiveness." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James E. Dunstan, Laura Montgomery, Matthew P. Schaefer, Robert (Bob) Richards, Peter Marquez, Mike Gold, and Pamela A. Melroy.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2018
• Space Policy Directive 1: Reinvigorating America's Human Space Exploration Program

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  This directive is an amendment to Presidential Policy Directive-4. "Presidential Policy Directive-4 of June 28, 2010 (National Space Policy), is amended as follows: The paragraph beginning 'Set far-reaching exploration milestones' is deleted and replaced with the following: 'Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations;.'"

  United States. White House Office

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2017-12-11
• CNSS Directive No. 510: Directive on the Use of Mobile Devices Within Secure Spaces, November 20, 2017

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  "[1.] The U.S. Government (USG) relies on mobile technologies to provide USG Departments and Agencies (D/As) increased productivity and mission flexibility. The introduction of mobile devices into secure spaces may pose risks to National Security Systems (NSS) and the information contained therein. D/As will take physical and technical security measures to mitigate these risks. [2.] This Directive provides a minimum set of requirements for the introduction and use of mobile devices in secure spaces. D/As may develop internal policies and procedures to supplement the requirements of this Directive to ensure the introduction of mobile devices into secure spaces does not adversely impact the security of NSS."

  Committee on National Security Systems

  2017-11-20
• Evaluation of the 2015 DOD Cyber Strategy: Mild Progress in a Complex and Dynamic Military Domain

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  "In 2011, the Department of Defense (DoD) released its 'Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace', which officially recognized cyberspace as an operational domain akin to the traditional military domains of land, sea, air, and space. This monograph examines the 2015 'DoD Cyber Strategy' to evaluate how well its five strategic goals and associated implementation objectives define an actionable strategy to achieve three primary missions in cyberspace: defend the DoD network, defend the United States and its interests, and develop cyber capabilities to support military operations. The topic of U.S. Federal cyberspace activities is well-documented in many sources, thus this monograph serves as a primer to provide senior policymakers, decision makers, military leaders, and their respective staffs with an overall appreciation for the complexities, challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with the development of military cyberspace operations. This report is limited to unclassified and open source information; any classified discussion must occur at another venue. This monograph focuses on events and documents from the period of about 1 year before and 1 year after the 2015 strategy was released. This allows sufficient time to examine the key policies and guidance that influenced the development of the strategy, as well as follow-on activities for the impacts from the strategy."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Caton, Jeffrey L.

  2017-11
• H. Rept. 115-376: NIST Cybersecurity Framework, Assessment, and Auditing Act of 2017, Report Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 1224, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 31, 2017

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  From Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 1224, the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, Assessment, and Auditing Act of 2017, implements key ideas to help strengthen Federal government cybersecurity. The bill promotes the federal use of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, and establishes a federal working group to develop quantifiable metrics to compile information about the effectiveness of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework in protecting federal information and information systems. H.R. 1224 also directs NIST to complete an initial assessment of the cybersecurity preparedness of priority federal agencies and prepare a needs-based audit plan in advance of carrying out individual cybersecurity audits of each federal agency to determine the extent to which each agency is meeting the information security standards developed by NIST. H.R. 1224 further directs NIST to establish a schedule such that agencies are either audited annually or biennially depending on their information security risk. H.R. 1224 requires a report of each audit to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), the agency being audited, the agency's Office of Inspector General if it has one, and Congress, including the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation."

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017-10-31
• NASA Human Space Exploration: Integration Approach Presents Challenges to Oversight and Independence, Report to Congressional Committees

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  "NASA is undertaking a trio of closely related programs to continue human space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit. All three programs (SLS [Space Launch System], Orion, and EGS [supporting ground system]) are working toward a launch readiness date of no earlier than October 2019 for the first test flight. Each program is a complex technical and programmatic endeavor. Because all three programs must work together for launch, NASA must integrate the hardware and software from the separate programs into a working system capable of meeting its goals for deep space exploration. The House Committee on Appropriations report accompanying H.R. 2578 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to assess the progress of NASA's human space exploration programs. This report assesses (1) the benefits and challenges of NASA's approach for integrating these three programs and (2) the extent to which cross -program risks could affect launch readiness. GAO examined NASA policies, the results of design reviews, risk data, and other program documentation and interviewed NASA and other officials. [...] Congress should consider directing NASA to establish baselines for SLS and EGS's missions beyond the first test flight. NASA's ESD [Exploration Systems Development] organization should no longer dual-hat officials with programmatic and technical authority responsibilities. NASA partially concurred with our recommendation and plans to address it in the next year. But NASA did not address the need for the technical authority to be independent from programmatic responsibilities for cost and schedule. GAO continues to believe that this component of the recommendation is critical."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2017-10-19
• Phase II - Cyber Attribution Using Unclassified Data

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  From the Introduction: "In the shadowy world of cyberespionage, the game of who is to blame can be complicated and fraught with politics, turf battles, national security and geopolitical concerns. Cyber attribution occurs when indicators of compromise (IOCs) and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) from the entire cyber kill chain are associated with an advanced persistent threat or APT [advanced persistent threat] group. Toward the end of the Obama administration, the Department of Homeland Security published a comprehensive list of the tools, techniques and indicators of compromise, called Grizzly Steppe, to out the Russians and their attempts to influence the 2016 presidential election. While the U.S. government has many sources of cyber threat intelligence, deriving from multiple government agencies and private-sector organizations, there is no single approach or framework that extrapolates across domains to derive cyber attribution, definitively and especially as it relates to the unclassified space. [...] All of that said, the most sophisticated and exhaustive approaches to attribution are often outside the means of most companies, and from the perspective of the government or its intelligence organizations, is usually classified or sensitive. The U.S. government remains compartmentalized in its approach to cybersecurity with no single source of 'unassailable truth.' This fact, adversely impacts our policy, geopolitical and even military responses. Senior government officials, heads of agencies, corporate executives, investors, and legislators alike share a keen and enduring interest in cyber attribution to support their decision making."

  United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence

  2017-09-01
• H. Rept. 115-283: Cyber Vulnerability Disclosure Reporting Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 3202, September 1, 2017

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  "Computers are ubiquitous: we use them dozens of times a day in everyday life-banking, communications, and work. As the world has become increasingly interconnected through the internet of things vulnerabilities in the computer code that run the systems can expose them to exploitation by a variety of people from hackers and criminals to nation States. The Nation's critical infrastructure is diverse and complex. It includes distributed networks, interdependent functions and systems in both the physical space and cyberspace. The Department of Homeland Security was given the authority by the Cybersecurity Act of 2015 to improve cybersecurity in the United States through enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Section 227(m)) allows the Secretary to coordinate with industry to develop Department policies and procedures for coordinating the disclosure of cyber vulnerabilities. This disclosure is important as it highlights vulnerabilities and allows the public and private sector to work to prevent and mitigate cyber threats."

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017-09-01
• Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers, Report to Congressional Addressees

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  "The U.S. government spends over a billion dollars each year on launch activities as it strives to help develop a competitive market for space launches and assure its access to space. Among others, one launch option is to use vehicles derived from surplus ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] motors such as those used on the Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles. The Commercial Space Act of 1998 prohibits the use of these motors for commercial launches and limits their use in government launches in part to encourage the development of the commercial space launch industry in the United States. Legislative and policy changes would be needed to allow DOD to sell these motors for use on commercial launches. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 contains a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to analyze the potential effects of allowing the use of surplus ICBM motors for commercial space launch. This report addresses (1) the options for pricing surplus ICBM motors; and (2) the potential benefits and challenges of allowing surplus ICBM motors to be used for commercial space launch. GAO used Office of Management and Budget criteria to develop a range of breakeven prices, collected detailed motor storage and disposal costs from the Air Force, reviewed industry stakeholder responses to an Air Force request for information about other pricing methods, and interviewed DOD and industry officials."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2017-08
• Army Corps of Engineers: Better Data Needed on Water Storage Pricing, Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "The Corps is to implement the water storage provisions of the Water Supply Act of 1958 at Corps' projects, such as reservoirs, across the United States. Under the act, the Corps enters into agreements with M&I [municipal and industrial] water users, such as local water utilities, for storage space in the projects. As part of these agreements, the Corps includes the terms of repayment to cover the cost to construct, operate, and maintain the project. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review the Corps' process for setting M&I water storage agreement prices. Among other objectives, this report examines (1) what is known about the variability of these prices and (2) M&I water users' and stakeholders' views on water storage prices and how the Corps sets M&I water storage prices. GAO reviewed the M&I water storage agreement data stored in OMBIL [Operations and Maintenance Business Information Link] and assessed the reliability of the data, in part, by comparing information in agreements with data in OMBIL and interviewed Corps officials in headquarters and the Kansas City, Savannah, and Tulsa districts and a nongeneralizable sample of 26 M&I water users and 14 stakeholders such as industry groups, all selected for such factors as number of storage agreements. GAO recommends that the Corps systematically review and correct its data on M&I water storage agreements and develop policy and guidance for conducting such reviews; and collect and analyze data on the time it takes to complete reallocation agreements. The agency concurred with the recommendations."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2017-08
• FEMA Policy: Hazard Mitigation Assistance Acquisition Projects: Hydraulic Fracturing and Horizontal Directional Drilling

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  From the Purpose: "The purpose of this policy is to provide HMA [Hazard Mitigation Assistance] program guidance on the compatibility of subsurface hydraulic fracturing and horizontal directional drilling (hydraulic fracturing/HDD) uses occurring on or under properties acquired for open space with HMA funds. FEMA property acquisitions under the HMA programs permanently remove structures from risk of damage and seek to conserve natural floodplain functions. Properties eligible for acquisition must be able to demonstrate clear title, or that any easements or other encumbrances to the property are compatible with open space that conserves the natural and beneficial floodplain functions. Post-acquisition land uses and structures must be approved by FEMA."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2017-07-06
• Executive Order 13803: Reviving the National Space Council

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  "'Purpose'. The National Space Council (Council) was established by Title V of Public Law 100--685 and Executive Order 12675 of April 20, 1989 (Establishing the National Space Council). The Council was tasked with advising and assisting the President regarding national space policy and strategy. The Council was never formally disestablished, but it effectively ceased operation in 1993. This order revives the Council and provides additional details regarding its duties and responsibilities."

  United States. Office of the Federal Register

  Trump, Donald, 1946-

  2017-06-30
• Military Space Organization, Policy, and Programs, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 17, 2017

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  This testimony compilation is from the May 17, 2017 hearing on "Military Space Organization, Policy, and Programs," before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. From the opening statement of Senator Deb Fischer (NE): "The committee meets today to receive testimony on space organization, policy, and programs. [...] Space-based capabilities are integral to the way our military operates and our society functions. As previous hearings in this subcommittee have documented, our adversaries are developing increasingly sophisticated ways to attack U.S. space assets and exploit the domain for their own purposes." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Heather A. Wilson, David L. Goldfein, John W. Raymond, and Samuel A. Greaves.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services

  2017-05-17
• Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities: Executive Summary

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  "Since 2000, when the Defense Science Board concluded space superiority was absolutely essential in achieving global awareness, information dominance on the battlefield, deterrence of potential conflict and superiority combat effectiveness of our forces, and threats to space superiority have grown significantly. [...] From April 2015 through September 2016, the Task Force received more than 40 briefings from practitioners and senior officials throughout DoD, the intelligence community (IC), the commercial sector, academia, the national laboratories, and the policy community."

  United States. Defense Science Board

  2017-03
• Defeating Terrorism in Syria: A New Way Forward, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, February 14, 2017

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  This is the hearing compilation for the February 14, 2017 hearing "Defeating Terrorism in Syria: A New Way Forward" before the House Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade. From the statement of Hassan Hassan: "Stability in Syria is an important national security interest for the United States. Much of Syria is a geographic space controlled or dominated by Al Qaeda and the Islamic State. The country borders key regional partners. The persistent refugee crisis threatens the stability of Europe. The two-pronged threat of international terrorism, emanating from both Al Qaeda and the Islamic State, is fuelled by the continuing conflict. Despite the grim situation in the country, the US government has an opportunity to stem the challenges presented by the two international terrorist organisations and their enablers. [...] The strategy I am proposing is a baseline. It requires minimal American commitment, building on what the US is already doing in Syria against the Islamic State, without which any fight against jihadism is doomed to fail. Pre-existing resources and hard power should be supplemented with a policy that deliberately immunizes the liberated areas from falling back to extremist forces. This strategy is not an invitation for American occupation or long-term 'nation-building' that President Donald Trump has explicitly criticized. Instead, it is both realistic and essential, expanding on battlefield victories already scored over the last two-and-a-half years of Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State in northern, eastern and southern Syria." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Hassan Hassan, Frederic C. Hof, and Melissa Dalton.

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs

  2017-02-14
• Fast Space: Leveraging Ultra Low-Cost Space Access for 21st Century Challenges

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  From the Executive Summary: "This white paper describes how the US Air Force (USAF) can leverage new concepts and technologies to build compelling strategic advantage through the innovative exploitation of space. A confluence of government research and private sector innovation has opened a window of opportunity for the United States to shift its approach to space-- how it is both viewed and used. Capitalizing on this window requires addressing opportunities across an ecosystem of launch vehicles, payloads, spacecraft, industrial base, and the policy-driven regulatory environment."

  Air University (U.S.)

  2017-01-13
• Federal Real Property: GSA Should Inform Tenant Agencies When Leasing High-Security Space from Foreign Owners, Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "GAO [Government Accountability Office] has previously reported that federal facilities are vulnerable to threats from foreign sources that may target their information systems and affect the physical security of the occupants. GAO was asked to examine GSA's [General Services Administration] lease of high-security space from foreign owners. This report addresses (1) what is known about foreign ownership of high-security space leased by GSA, (2) potential risks posed by such foreign ownership, and (3) policies and procedures regarding GSA's leasing of space from foreign-owned entities. GAO reviewed GSA's leasing documents; identified and checked ownership information regarding highsecurity leased space to the extent possible using data, as of March 2016, from a firm that specializes in analyzing the commercial real estate market; interviewed GSA and federal foreign investment officials, tenant agencies that were occupying space owned by foreign entities, and five real estate companies that lease space to GSA or provide related services; and visited three foreign-owned highsecurity leased facilities selected to represent a variety of owners and tenants. GAO recommends that GSA determine whether the beneficial owner of highsecurity leased space is a foreign entity and, if so, share that information with the tenant agencies for any needed security mitigation. GSA agreed with the recommendation."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2017-01-03
• Department of Defense International Space Cooperation Strategy [January 2017]

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  "The sustainability, stability, and free access to and use of space are, and will remain, vital to the Department of Defense (DoD) in protecting U.S. national security interests. Over the past decade, it has become clear that potential adversaries are developing counterspace capabilities to deny the United States such access to and use of space. In this increasingly contested domain, the United States must be prepared for conflict that will either begin in or extend to space as adversaries seek to gain asymmetric advantages. These challenges were recognized in the 2010 National Space Policy (Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-4) and the 2011 National Security Space Strategy. Both documents pointed toward international cooperation as a central element of the larger U.S. space strategy. This DoD International Space Cooperation Strategy (ISCS) establishes DoD's approach for invigorating cooperation and collaboration with trusted allies and partners across the spectrum of DoD's space-related activities and mission areas. The key purposes for this expanded international space cooperation and collaboration are expanded interoperability, sustainability, mission assurance, and assured access to critical capabilities in crisis and contingency operations. The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Military Departments, the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Missile Defense Agency, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the National Reconnaissance Office, the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Defense Technology Security Administration -- hereafter referred to collectively in this DoD ISCS as the 'DoD Components' -- will incorporate the strategic goals of this ISCS as appropriate into the execution of their unique implementation plans, addressing the specific ways and means required to achieve the strategic goals."

  United States. Department of Defense

  2017-01
• Strategic Studies Quarterly (Summer 2017)

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  This Summer 2017 issue of Strategic Studies Quarterly contains the following articles: "Remarks of Congressman Mike Rogers Chairman, House Armed Services Strategic Forces SubCommittee"; "Thinking Anew About US Nuclear Policy Toward Russia" by Keith B. Payne; "Much Ado About Nothing? Status Ambitions and Iranian Nuclear Reversal" by Andrew Prosser; "Stalkers in Space: Defeating the Threat" by Brian G. Chow; and "Toward Strategic Nuclear Funding: The USSOCOM [United States Special Operations Command is the Unified Combatant Command] Model" by Lt. Col. Geoffrey M. Steeves, USAF [U.S. Air Force]. The articles are followed by three book reviews.

  Air University (U.S.). Press

  2017
• Serial No. 114-91: Protecting the 2016 Elections from Cyber and Voting Machine Attacks, Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, September 13, 2016

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  This is the September 13, 2016 hearing on "Protecting the 2016 Elections from Cyber and Voting Machine Attacks," held before the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement Lamar S. Smith: "We are here today to discuss the subject of election security. It's hard to imagine a more bipartisan issue. Election security is fundamental to the fairness of elections and democracy in the United States. Elections are a key component of democracy, and voting is the very essence of what President Abraham Lincoln meant when he said a government by the people. Voting is the means by which Americans express their opinions about their government. It provides Americans with the opportunity to affirm policies they like and change what they don't. When our citizens vote, they not only elect their leaders, they choose a direction and set priorities for our nation. Elections with integrity strengthen democracy. They confer legitimacy and boost public trust in government. Concerns with earlier versions of voting and election systems led to the passage of the 2002 Help America Vote Act. This act requires the National Institute of Standards and Technology, over which we have jurisdiction, to work with the Election Assistance Commission on technical, voluntary guidelines for voting." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Charles H. Romine, Tom Schedler, David Becker, and Dan S. Wallach.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Serial No. 115-10: Climate Science: Assumptions, Policy Implications, and the Scientific Method, Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, March 29, 2017

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  This is the March 29, 2017 hearing on "Climate Science: Assumptions, Policy Implications, and the Scientific Method" held before the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of Chairman Lamar Smith: "Today we will examine the scientific method as it relates to climate change. We must ensure that the underlying science that informs policy decisions is based on credible scientific methodology. I believe the climate is changing and that humans play a role. However, I also believe significant questions remain as to the extent. Our actions must be based on sound science. This is the only way we will be able to better address climate change. [...] Much of climate science today appears to be based more on exaggerations, personal agendas, and questionable predictions than on the scientific method. Those who engage in such actions do a disservice to the American people and to their own profession. Only when scientists follow the scientific method can policy-makers be confident that they are making the right decisions. Until then, the debate should continue." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Judith Curry, John Christy, Michael Mann, and Roger Pielke Jr.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Serial No. 114-125: Federal Cybersecurity After the OPM Data Breach: Have Agencies Learned Their Lesson? Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Information Technology of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, November 16, 2016

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  This is from the November 16, 2016 hearing, "Federal Cybersecurity After the OPM [Office of Personnel Management] Data Breach: Have Agencies Learned Their Lesson?" before the House Subcommittee on Information Technology. From the statement of Renee P. Wynn: "Chairman Hurd, Ranking Member Kelly, and members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to testify before you today about NASA's efforts to manage our information technology (IT) resources and protect national assets in an ever-changing threat landscape. The NASA Administrator and all of NASA's leadership considers this to be a very high priority. As NASA's Chief Information Officer (CIO), my office provides IT products and services including policy and procedure for all of NASA. Currently about 17,100 civil servants and 40,000 contractors work at nine NASA Centers and one Federally Funded Research and Development Center, as well as several smaller satellite facilities. We also collaborate with space agencies around the world and have deep partnerships with researchers, engineers and scientists all over the world. Each day, hundreds of thousands of NASA personnel, contractors, academics and members of the public access some part of NASA's IT infrastructure -- a complex array of 418 information systems with over 140,000 components geographically dispersed around the globe. This infrastructure plays a critical role in every aspect of NASA's mission, from controlling spacecraft to processing scientific data." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Renee P. Wynn, Jonathan Alboum, and Robert Klopp.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Serial No. 114-31: Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Sesson, July 14, 2015

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  This is the July 14, 2015 hearing on "Advancing Commercial Weather Data: Collaborative Efforts to Improve Forecasts, Part II" before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The purpose of this hearing comes from the opening document: "This hearing is to examine weather data policies and acquisition strategies of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Robust data streams from multiple observing systems are essential to maintaining up-to-date information to predict weather accurately and with timeliness, especially for extreme weather events like tornadoes and severe storm systems. Sources available for weather data include U.S. government-, international-, and commercially-owned and operated satellite-, aviation-, and surface-based observing systems. This hearing will examine NOAA's policies and partnerships for integrating these myriad data sources into weather predictions." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Manson Brown

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Serial No. 114-55: Overview of the Nation's Weather Satellite Programs and Policies, Hearing Before the House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment, Subcommittee on Oversight, One Hundred and Fourteenth Congress, First Session, December 10, 2015

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  This the December 10, 2015 hearing, "Overview of the Nation's Weather Satellite Programs and Policies," held before the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment and Subcommittee on Oversight. From the opening statement of Jim Bridenstine: "My concerns about a gap in data were highlighted when we recently learned that a retired NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] satellite broke up on orbit. While this satellite was not currently in use, it raises questions: how viable are NOAA's satellites as they age? What happens when satellites are extended well beyond their designed life? What components utilized on the satellite that broke up are being used on currently operating NOAA satellites? And what design reviews of satellites being built today are being undertaken? Due to the critical role satellite observations play in forecasts, it is critical NOAA be vigilant in mitigating, preventing, and avoiding space debris. Losing an operational satellite due to space debris will severely degrade forecasts and put millions of Americans at risk. We need to be certain that our costly satellite systems remain robust and safe." Statements, letters, and other materials submitted for the record include the following: Jim Bridenstinek, Barry Loudermilk, Stephen Volz, and David Powner.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• S. Hrg. 114-204, Pt. 1: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2016 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, March 3, 10, 12, 18, 19, 26; April 16, 30, 2015

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  This is the March 3, 10, 12, 18, 19, 26; April 16, 30, 2015 hearings on "Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2016 and the Future Years Defense Program," held before the Senate Committee on Armed Services. From the opening statement of John McCain: "The President's budget request responds to many critical priorities, particularly addressing cyber and space vulnerabilities, military readiness shortfalls, and essential long-term modernization initiatives. At the same time, the President's request reflects budget-driven policy decisions that would reduce some critical military capabilities, either through the early retirement or cancellation of existing systems, deferred development or procurement of new systems, or withheld funding for proven requirements. This committee will closely scrutinize these decisions and seek to meet urgent and legitimate military needs, where possible." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Ashton B. Carter, Martin E. Dempsey, Raymond E. Mabus, Joseph F. Dunford, Jonathan W. Greenert, William E. Gortney, John F. Kelly, John M. McHugh, Deborah Lee James, Raymond T. Odierno, Mark A. Welsh, Cecil D. Haney, Paul J. Selva, Michael S. Rogers, Joseph L. Votel, David M. Rodriguez, Lloyd J. Austin, Samuel J. Locklear, Curtis M. Scaparrotti, and Philip M. Breedlove. Part 1 covers the following topics: Department of Defense Budget Posture; Navy Posture; U.S. Northern Command and U.S. Southern Command; Army and Air Force Postures; U.S. Strategic Command, U.S. Transportation Command, and U.S. Cyber Command; U.S. Central Command, U.S. Africa Command and U.S. Special Operations Command Programs and Budget; U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Forces Korea; and U.S. European Command Programs and Budget.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• Serial No. 115-22: China's Technological Rise: Challenges to U.S. Innovation and Security, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, April 26, 2017

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  This is the April 26, 2017 hearing on "China's Technological Rise: Challenges to U.S. Innovation and Security" held before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Subcommittee Chairman Ted S. Yoho: "China's growth as a technological powerhouse is one of a number of momentous changes taking place in the U.S.-China relationship. Some changes are driven by pressing threats, like North Korea's belligerence and the resulting close communications between President Trump and President Xi. Others like the President's executive order on steel imports are simply the result of our change in administration. [...] China is relentlessly pursuing long-term degradation of U.S. strategic and economic interests through its high-tech policies. As China has risen, it has not integrated itself into the existing rules and structures for global leadership and trade as many have hoped. [...] China is the world's second largest economy, but in pursuing dominance in high-tech sectors, it regularly violates or disregards the practices that have contributed to global economic growth. The emerging strategic commons of cyberspace and outer space are critical for global security". Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Dean Cheng, Robert D. Atkinson, and Robert E. Scott.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2017
• 'Fiscal Space' and the Federal Budget [December 9, 2016]

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  "Policymakers are interested in the concept of 'fiscal space,' or the amount of room available for additional government borrowing, as they discuss plans for the federal budget. Though budget deficits have declined in recent years, debt held by the public was estimated to equal 76.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) at the end of FY2016, which would represent the highest ratio since FY1950. This Insight examines contributing factors to fiscal space availability and discusses recent developments. Assuming a continuation of low interest rates, it is unlikely that fiscal space will constrain short-term federal operations, but projections indicate that fiscal space may be a binding constraint in the medium- and long-term outlook. […] Whether one favors larger or smaller deficits, the market constraint on borrowing has implications for the optimal size and timing of future deficits. Further deficit reduction in the current economic expansion would give policymakers more fiscal space to use fiscal policy (increases in the deficit through higher spending or lower taxes) to counteract the next downturn or for new policy initiatives. Alternatively, creating more fiscal space now would reduce the risk of inadvertently running out of fiscal space in the future. The benefits of creating more fiscal space dovetail with the macroeconomic benefits of deficit reduction if the economy is near full employment, as the length of the expansion and the current unemployment rate would seem to indicate. Deficit reduction near full employment can help prevent the economy from overheating and avoid 'crowding out' of private investment, which would have positive implications for intergenerational equity and long-term growth."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Driessen, Grant A.; Labonte, Marc

  2016-12-09