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2015 Paris International Climate Negotiations: Examining the Economic and Environmental Impacts, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy, and Environmental Policy of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress , First Session, October 20, 2015

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This is the October 20, 2015 hearing on the "2015 Paris International Climate Negotiations: Examining the Economic and Environmental Impacts," held before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy, and Environmental Policy of the Committee on Foreign Relations. From the Opening Statement of Tom Udall: "We face an urgent task in Paris to bring the international community together, to chart a more sustainable future for our children and our grandchildren. NASA estimates that 2015 is 93 percent likely to be the warmest year on record, and the current record holder last year, 2014. Global warming is one of our greatest challenges. It requires a global effort through a comprehensive international agreement. That is the only way we can truly tackle this problem. It is an environmental challenge. It is an energy challenge. It is a public health challenge. And it is a national security challenge." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of Todd Stern.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2019
Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, Part 7: Strategic Forces, May 17, 24; June 7, 2017

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These are the May 17, May 24, and June 7, 2017 hearings on "Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018 and the Future Years Defense Program," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. The May 17 hearing was regarding "Military Space Organization, Policy, and Programs"; the May 24 hearing was on "The Department of Energy's Atomic Energy Defense Activities and Programs"; and the June 7 hearing covered "Nuclear Acquisition Programs and the Nuclear Doctrine." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Heather A. Wilson, David L. Goldfein, Frank G. Klotz, Susan M. Cange, James F. Caldwell, Jr., David C. Trimble, Robin Rand, James A. MacStravic, Robert M. Soofer, and Terry J. Benedict.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2019
When the House is Full, but the Guests Keep Coming: Determining the Impact of Daily Hospital Overcrowding on Disaster Response

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From the thesis abstract: "Hospitals throughout the United States are facing overcrowding every day, with more patients than available staff and space can accommodate, yet current disaster response policy related to managing a surge of patients does not include considerations for this daily challenge. This thesis investigates the questions that need to be answered regarding the foundational principles of current U.S. surge policy and how healthcare coalitions might assist in answering such questions. A gap analysis of current healthcare coalition policy related to surge was completed that identified the need for policy makers to continue to expand the role of evidence-based decision making for surge policy. As a result, this thesis recommends that additional data points be added for hospitals receiving patients during the required annual coalition surge test-related performance measures for healthcare coalitions. The additional data points are designed to help policy makers determine whether overcrowding impacts surge response, so policy can be adjusted if needed."

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

Menefee, Charity M.

2018-12
Privacy in Plain Sight: Fourth Amendment Considerations for the Collection, Retention, and Use of Data by Law Enforcement in Public Places

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From the thesis abstract: "Cities around the globe are implementing technology that provides an interactive experience for their citizens in open spaces. Transportation, infrastructure, parking, and lighting are all part of a 'smart city.' Cameras, drones, facial recognition, kiosks, and geofencing are built into the platform as well; however, the latter brings up privacy concerns as they pertain to government surveillance. This thesis examines how data collected using the open-source methods of smart city technology can be used by law enforcement under the Fourth Amendment, which protects citizens from government intrusion. The Fourth Amendment has been the litmus test for what constitutes a search and seizure, and with a properly executed warrant or a subpoena, information can be used by law enforcement. This thesis explores whether the Fourth Amendment can withstand the test of technology, whereby data collected by a city can be used by law enforcement to solve crimes that occur in plain sight. This thesis follows the historical path of Fourth Amendment case law since the inception of technology and recognizes that legislation and policy should be enacted to identify the owner of the data collected and determine how long it should be maintained. Rather than easily accessing data, law enforcement may be required to show reasonable suspicion and obtain a warrant."

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

Ziman, Kristen

2018-12
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 141, Space Weather Coordination Act

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"S. 141 would authorize the annual appropriation of $6 million over the 2019-2022 period for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to implement a pilot program to gather data on space weather. The legislation also would transfer the responsibility to coordinate inter-agency activities related to space weather from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to the National Space Council (NSC). CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing S. 141 would cost $23 million over the 2019-2023 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts. Enacting S. 141 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting S. 141 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2029. S. 141 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)."

United States. Congressional Budget Office

2018-10-02
Protect, Toughen, and Augment Global Positioning System for Users

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"To support U.S. Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) policy goals, and the economic benefits of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the U.S. National Space‐Based PNT Advisory Board (PNTAB) has developed topic papers for the following sectors: (1) Agriculture; (2) Aviation & Aerospace; (3) Critical Infrastructure & Timing; (4) Military; (5) Policy & Governance; (6) Science; (7) Spectrum; and (8) Transportation (Non‐Aviation). These papers include specific recommendations to implement the high‐level actions to protect, toughen, and augment GPS [...]."

National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board

2018-09
Flying Cars and Drones Pose Policy Challenges for Managing and Regulating Low-Altitude Airspace [July 23, 2018]

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"For more than half a century, 'flying car' concepts have graced the covers of Popular Science magazine, have been featured in futuristic Hollywood sci-fi movies, and, of course, have hauled that famous space-age cartoon family, the Jetsons. Until recently, though, small hovercraft and drone-like air taxis existed only as prototype concepts and amateur built curios. Recent advances in aerospace design and propulsion, as well as in computer control and autonomous systems, are raising the prospect that flying cars may soon become a reality. Development and marketing efforts are bringing to the fore new policy and regulatory challenges regarding the control of low-altitude airspace, safety, noise, privacy, and landowner rights. They also are raising new questions about the appropriate roles of federal, state, and local authorities in regulating and managing these operations."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Elias, Bartholomew

2018-07-23
Military Space Systems: DOD's Use of Commercial Satellites to Host Defense Payloads Would Benefit from Centralizing Data, Report to the Armed Services Committee, House of Representatives

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"Each year, DOD spends billions of dollars to develop, produce, and field large, complex satellites. For such satellite systems, a single adversary attack or on-orbit failure can result in the loss of billions of dollars of investment and significant loss of vital capabilities. As DOD plans new space systems and addresses an increasingly contested space environment, it has the opportunity to consider different acquisition approaches. One such approach is to integrate a government sensor or payload onto a commercial host satellite. House Armed Services Committee report 115-200, accompanying a bill for the Fiscal Year 2018 National Defense Authorization Act, included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review DOD's use of commercially hosted payloads. This report (1) determines the extent to which DOD uses commercially hosted payloads and (2) describes and assesses factors that affect their use. GAO reviewed DOD policies, documentation, and planning documents, and interviewed a wide range of DOD and civil government officials, and commercial stakeholders."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2018-07
Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications for Policy and Research, Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Research and Technology and Energy, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives

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"From the Statement of Timothy M. Persons, Chief Scientist Applied Research and Methods: Thank you for the opportunity to discuss our work on artificial intelligence (AI). My testimony today summarizes our March 2018 technology assessment entitled Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications. According to experts, AI holds substantial promise for not only improving human life and economic competitiveness in a variety of capacities, but also helping to solve some of society's most pressing challenges. At the same time, AI poses new risks and has the potential to displace workers in some sectors, requires new skills and adaptability to changing workforce needs, and could exacerbate socioeconomic inequality."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2018-06-26
National Space Traffic Management Policy, Space Policy Directive

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"Memorandum for the Vice President[,] the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Commerce[,] the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Director of National Intelligence[,] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget[,] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[,] the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration[,] the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy[,] the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism[, and] the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"

United States. Office of the Federal Register

2018-06-21
Space Policy Directive 3: National Space Traffic Management Policy

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From the Policy: "For decades, the United States has effectively reaped the benefits of operating in space to enhance our national security, civil, and commercial sectors. Our society now depends on space technologies and space-based capabilities for communications, navigation, weather forecasting, and much more. Given the significance of space activities, the United States considers the continued unfettered access to and freedom to operate in space of vital interest to advance the security, economic prosperity, and scientific knowledge of the Nation. [...] The future space operating environment will also be shaped by a significant increase in the volume and diversity of commercial activity in space. Emerging commercial ventures such as satellite servicing, debris removal, in-space manufacturing, and tourism, as well as new technologies enabling small satellites and very large constellations of satellites, are increasingly outpacing efforts to develop and implement government policies and processes to address these new activities. To maintain U.S. leadership in space, we must develop a new approach to space traffic management (STM) that addresses current and future operational risks. This new approach must set priorities for space situational awareness (SSA) and STM innovation in science and technology (S&T), incorporate national security considerations, encourage growth of the U.S. commercial space sector, establish an updated STM architecture, and promote space safety standards and best practices across the international community."

United States. White House Office

Trump, Donald, 1946-

2018-06-18
China's Engagement in the Pacific Islands: Implications for the United States

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"As Beijing steps up its global engagement under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and President Xi Jinping, China is also increasing its involvement in the Pacific Islands region. Beijing's heightened engagement in the region in recent years is driven by its broader diplomatic and strategic interests, reducing Taiwan's international space, and gaining access to raw materials and natural resources. Although the Pacific Islands receive less of China's attention and resources compared to other areas of the world, Beijing includes the region in its key diplomatic and economic development policy--the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)--which suggests China has geostrategic interests in the region. [...] Beijing's growing engagement in the Pacific Islands pose a number of implications for U.S. interests in the region. China's inroads in Micronesia, where most of the United States' engagement in the Pacific Islands is concentrated, could threaten U.S. Compact of Free Association agreements with Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia over the long term. Some analysts are concerned China is trying to erode U.S. influence in the region to weaken the U.S. military presence and create an opening for Chinese military access."

U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission

Meick, Ethan; Ker, Michelle; Chan, Han May

2018-06-14
Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies Through Network and Security Data Collection

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"Research and development targeted at identifying and mitigating Internet security threats require current network data. To fulfill this need, researchers working for the Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), a program at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) which is based at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), have been engaged in collecting packet-level data from the UCSD Network Telescope (which monitors a /8 IPv4 darknet), and IPv4 and IPv6 topology data from the Ark infrastructure. We curated and, as necessary, anonymized this data, and shared it with the vetted network and security researchers using the PREDICT/IMPACT portal and legal framework. We have also contributed to community building efforts that were responsive to public and private sector needs in Cybersecurity S&T research. To help further advance cybersecurity research, we provided access to this sensitive data - real-time traffic destined for blackhole address space - using the 'bring-code-to-data' model on CAIDA machines. The major challenges in our approach were: sustainable collection, curation, and storage of large volumes of data, and enabling privacy-respecting sharing. To manage privacy risk without sacrificing research utility in our approach to data sharing, we collaborated with the PREDICT/IMPACT legal team to develop, formalize, test, and use a privacy-sensitive datasharing framework that integrated proven disclosure control techniques to protect privacy without obliterating all utility in the data, with a policy approach that relies upon standard privacy principles and obligations of researchers and data providers."

Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)

Claffy, Kimberly; Fomenkov, Marina

2018-06
Space Policy Directive-2: Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space

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From the Policy: "It is the policy of the executive branch to be prudent and responsible when spending taxpayer funds, and to recognize how government actions, including Federal regulations, affect private resources. It is therefore important that regulations adopted and enforced by the executive branch promote economic growth; minimize uncertainty for taxpayers, investors, and private industry; protect national security, public-safety, and foreign policy interests; and encourage American leadership in space commerce."

United States. White House Office

Trump, Donald, 1946-

2018-05-24
NASA Information Technology: Urgent Action Needed to Address Significant Management and Cybersecurity Weaknesses, Report to Congressional Committees

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"NASA depends heavily upon IT [information technology] to conduct its work. The agency spends at least $1.5 billion annually on IT investments that support its missions, including ground control systems for the International Space Station and space exploration programs. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review the effectiveness of NASA's approach to overseeing and managing IT, including its ability to ensure that resources are aligned with agency missions and are cost effective and secure. Accordingly, GAO's specific objective for this review was to determine the extent to which NASA has established and implemented leading IT management practices in strategic planning, workforce planning, governance, and cybersecurity. To address this objective, GAO compared NASA IT policies, strategic plans, workforce gap assessments, and governance board documentation to federal law and leading practices. GAO also assessed NASA IT security plans, policies, and procedures against leading cybersecurity risk management practices. GAO is making 10 recommendations to NASA to address the deficiencies identified in NASA IT strategic planning, workforce planning, governance, and cybersecurity. NASA concurred with seven recommendations, partially concurred with two, and did not concur with one. GAO maintains that all of the recommendations discussed in this report remain valid."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2018-05
Science & Technology Highlights in the First Year of the Trump Administration

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"Since President Trump's inauguration, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has built a robust team of over 50 staff members, including a corps of scientists and engineers, policymakers, and academics to advise the President on science and technology (S&T), support the President's agenda, and ensure that S&T efforts across the Executive Branch are effectively coordinated. OSTP policy advisors are providing expert advice and developing policies on a wide range of topics, including advanced manufacturing, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, biotechnology, cybersecurity, digital economy, disaster preparedness, healthcare, infectious diseases, information technology, medicine, nano-technology, nuclear energy, ocean science, quantum information sciences, space and aeronautics, and telecommunications, among others. The Trump Administration is committed to advancing technological development and conducting re-search and development (R&D) to ensure national security, grow the economy, create well-paying jobs, and improve the lives of Americans across this great nation. Over the past year, OSTP has led coordinated Administration efforts to promote emerging technologies, empower Americans to innovate, and defend American technologies abroad."

United States. Executive Office of the President; United States. Office of Science and Technology Policy

2018-03-07?
Soft Target Security: Environmental Design and the Deterrence of Terrorist Attacks on Soft Targets in Aviation Transportation

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From the thesis abstract: "Recent attacks on airports exposed an emerging threat to the security of the traveling public, attacks on soft targets. Incidents throughout the world indicate that terrorists, seeking to maximize life loss, and economic and symbolic destruction, have changed their focus to soft targets. The thesis examines plausible deterrence measures through environmental design for crowd protection in the aviation transportation sector. The policies of the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the United States Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), are compared to extract best practices for soft target security. Using case analysis of terror attacks on airports in Brussels (2016), Los Angeles (2013), and Glasgow (2007), operational space, deterrence, infrastructure design, and human perception are explored as a means to reduce risk. The thesis finds that new airport environmental design strategies are required to protect crowds, harden the infrastructure, and build resilient structures. The thesis recommends applying environmental design countermeasures in the typically crowded areas of airline ticketing queues, TSA passenger security checkpoints, and baggage areas by changing the adversaries' perception of opportunistic targets. New risk-assessment models, changes to physical structures, use of new technology including robotics, and the broader use of simulation models are identified as required paths to improve the effective security of soft targets in airports."

Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

Jashari, Linda

2018-03
Reopening the American Frontier: Exploring How the Outer Space Treaty Will Impact American Commerce and Settlement in Space, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Space, Science, and Competitiveness of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 23, 2017

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This is the May 23, 2017 hearing "Reopening the American Frontier: Exploring How the Outer Space Treaty Will Impact American Commerce and Settlement in Space" held before the Senate Subcommittee on Space, Science, and Competitiveness of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. From the opening statement of Ted Cruz: "[I]t's incumbent on Congress to use this 50-year anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty to properly determine our actual international obligations, to decide if specific articles in the treaty are self-executing or not, and to ensure that our domestic policy moving forward creates an environment that provides certainty for industry while protecting our national security. Those decisions will be made by this committee, by the Senate as a whole, and by the Congress and the President. In this committee, this is the second in a series of hearings looking at reopening the American frontier in space. That's why we're gathered here today. The testimony that this committee will hear will help pave the way to the future of space exploration and our global competitiveness." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: James E. Dunstan, Laura Montgomery, Matthew P. Schaefer, Robert (Bob) Richards, Peter Marquez, Mike Gold, and Pamela A. Melroy.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2018
The International Legal Implications of Military Space Operations: Examining the Interplay between International Humanitarian Law and the Outer Space Legal Regime

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"[...] this article will examine applicable legal theory with reference to the interaction of the law of outer space and IHL [International Humanitarian Law] in the context of armed conflict occurring from, to, or through outer space. It will canvass questions of interpretive vertical hierarchy and horizontal priority and examine the International Law Commission's (ILC) recent work on the effects of armed conflict on treaties, as well as the separate ILC review of the impact of subsequent State practice on treaty interpretation. This examination will lead to the conclusion that while the outer space legal regime does continue to apply in a time of armed conflict and does directly apply to regulate specific conduct occurring during armed conflict; it nonetheless is subject to general legal rules that prioritize the right of self-defense, as well as IHL. The article concludes that the mechanical application of prevailing treaty interpretive maxims does not easily settle issues of potential legal conflict between the outer space legal regime and IHL. As such, different interpretive approaches need to be developed on a case-by-case basis to ensure effective harmonization. In circumstances where harmonization is not possible, a stark policy choice will be required to select which regime will apply and in what manner."

Naval War College (U.S.). International Law Studies

Stephens, Dale

2018
Naval War College Review [Winter 2018]

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This Winter 2018 issue of the "Naval War College Review" features the following articles: "Getting Serious about Strategy in the South China Sea"; "Antiaccess Warfare as Strategy: From Campaign Analyses to Assessment of Extrinsic Events"; "Riverine Warfare: Exploiting a Vital Maneuver Space"; "The Aircraft Carrier in Indian Naval Doctrine: Assessing the Likely Usefulness of the Flattop in an Indo-Pakistani War Scenario"; "From a Prestige Fleet to the Jeune École: French Naval Policy and Strategy under the Second Empire and the Early Third Republic (1852-1914)"; "Sea Power in the Peloponnesian War". This issue also contains two review essays and eleven book reviews.

Naval War College (U.S.)

2018
Serial No. 115-56: Surveying the Space Weather Landscape, Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment & Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, April 26, 2018

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This is the April 26, 2018 joint hearing titled "Surveying the Space Weather Landscape," held before the House Subcommittee on Environment & Subcommittee on Space of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the opening statement of Andy Biggs: "With an issue as complex and consequential as this one, it is important that we begin a dialogue on where we are and where we are going. There are many exciting developments in space weather, from innovative space weather technologies and the accuracy of space weather forecasting models, to the potential impacts space weather can have on our terrestrial environment. All of these topics are important and worth addressing, but I think it's crucial that we first lay the groundwork for understanding the current policies, procedures, and major players in both the private and public sectors. And I'm pleased to have key stakeholders from private industry, as well as academia, along with leaders from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with us today. I look forward to hearing from them about not only what their efforts have been in this arena, but also what they think the future holds for the observation, modeling, and forecasting of space weather events." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Neil Jacobs, Jim Spann, Sarah Gibson, and W. Kent Tobiska.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2018
Serial No. 115-59: Using Technology to Address Climate Change, Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, May 16, 2018

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This is the May 16, 2018 hearing on "Using Technology to Address Climate Change" held before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. From the Hearing Charter: "The purpose of the hearing is to examine climate change response policy. This hearing will emphasize the need for policy planning to account for technological developments designed to adapt to future conditions." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Oren Cass, Ted Nordhaus, and Phil Duffy.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2018
Space Policy Directive 1: Reinvigorating America's Human Space Exploration Program

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This directive is an amendment to Presidential Policy Directive-4. "Presidential Policy Directive-4 of June 28, 2010 (National Space Policy), is amended as follows: The paragraph beginning 'Set far-reaching exploration milestones' is deleted and replaced with the following: 'Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations;.'"

United States. White House Office

Trump, Donald, 1946-

2017-12-11
CNSS Directive No. 510: Directive on the Use of Mobile Devices Within Secure Spaces, November 20, 2017

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"[1.] The U.S. Government (USG) relies on mobile technologies to provide USG Departments and Agencies (D/As) increased productivity and mission flexibility. The introduction of mobile devices into secure spaces may pose risks to National Security Systems (NSS) and the information contained therein. D/As will take physical and technical security measures to mitigate these risks. [2.] This Directive provides a minimum set of requirements for the introduction and use of mobile devices in secure spaces. D/As may develop internal policies and procedures to supplement the requirements of this Directive to ensure the introduction of mobile devices into secure spaces does not adversely impact the security of NSS."

Committee on National Security Systems

2017-11-20
Evaluation of the 2015 DOD Cyber Strategy: Mild Progress in a Complex and Dynamic Military Domain

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"In 2011, the Department of Defense (DoD) released its 'Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace', which officially recognized cyberspace as an operational domain akin to the traditional military domains of land, sea, air, and space. This monograph examines the 2015 'DoD Cyber Strategy' to evaluate how well its five strategic goals and associated implementation objectives define an actionable strategy to achieve three primary missions in cyberspace: defend the DoD network, defend the United States and its interests, and develop cyber capabilities to support military operations. The topic of U.S. Federal cyberspace activities is well-documented in many sources, thus this monograph serves as a primer to provide senior policymakers, decision makers, military leaders, and their respective staffs with an overall appreciation for the complexities, challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with the development of military cyberspace operations. This report is limited to unclassified and open source information; any classified discussion must occur at another venue. This monograph focuses on events and documents from the period of about 1 year before and 1 year after the 2015 strategy was released. This allows sufficient time to examine the key policies and guidance that influenced the development of the strategy, as well as follow-on activities for the impacts from the strategy."

Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

Caton, Jeffrey L.

2017-11
H. Rept. 115-376: NIST Cybersecurity Framework, Assessment, and Auditing Act of 2017, Report Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 1224, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, October 31, 2017

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From Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 1224, the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, Assessment, and Auditing Act of 2017, implements key ideas to help strengthen Federal government cybersecurity. The bill promotes the federal use of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, and establishes a federal working group to develop quantifiable metrics to compile information about the effectiveness of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework in protecting federal information and information systems. H.R. 1224 also directs NIST to complete an initial assessment of the cybersecurity preparedness of priority federal agencies and prepare a needs-based audit plan in advance of carrying out individual cybersecurity audits of each federal agency to determine the extent to which each agency is meeting the information security standards developed by NIST. H.R. 1224 further directs NIST to establish a schedule such that agencies are either audited annually or biennially depending on their information security risk. H.R. 1224 requires a report of each audit to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), the agency being audited, the agency's Office of Inspector General if it has one, and Congress, including the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2017-10-31
NASA Human Space Exploration: Integration Approach Presents Challenges to Oversight and Independence, Report to Congressional Committees

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"NASA is undertaking a trio of closely related programs to continue human space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit. All three programs (SLS [Space Launch System], Orion, and EGS [supporting ground system]) are working toward a launch readiness date of no earlier than October 2019 for the first test flight. Each program is a complex technical and programmatic endeavor. Because all three programs must work together for launch, NASA must integrate the hardware and software from the separate programs into a working system capable of meeting its goals for deep space exploration. The House Committee on Appropriations report accompanying H.R. 2578 included a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to assess the progress of NASA's human space exploration programs. This report assesses (1) the benefits and challenges of NASA's approach for integrating these three programs and (2) the extent to which cross -program risks could affect launch readiness. GAO examined NASA policies, the results of design reviews, risk data, and other program documentation and interviewed NASA and other officials. [...] Congress should consider directing NASA to establish baselines for SLS and EGS's missions beyond the first test flight. NASA's ESD [Exploration Systems Development] organization should no longer dual-hat officials with programmatic and technical authority responsibilities. NASA partially concurred with our recommendation and plans to address it in the next year. But NASA did not address the need for the technical authority to be independent from programmatic responsibilities for cost and schedule. GAO continues to believe that this component of the recommendation is critical."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2017-10-19
Phase II - Cyber Attribution Using Unclassified Data

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From the Introduction: "In the shadowy world of cyberespionage, the game of who is to blame can be complicated and fraught with politics, turf battles, national security and geopolitical concerns. Cyber attribution occurs when indicators of compromise (IOCs) and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) from the entire cyber kill chain are associated with an advanced persistent threat or APT [advanced persistent threat] group. Toward the end of the Obama administration, the Department of Homeland Security published a comprehensive list of the tools, techniques and indicators of compromise, called Grizzly Steppe, to out the Russians and their attempts to influence the 2016 presidential election. While the U.S. government has many sources of cyber threat intelligence, deriving from multiple government agencies and private-sector organizations, there is no single approach or framework that extrapolates across domains to derive cyber attribution, definitively and especially as it relates to the unclassified space. [...] All of that said, the most sophisticated and exhaustive approaches to attribution are often outside the means of most companies, and from the perspective of the government or its intelligence organizations, is usually classified or sensitive. The U.S. government remains compartmentalized in its approach to cybersecurity with no single source of 'unassailable truth.' This fact, adversely impacts our policy, geopolitical and even military responses. Senior government officials, heads of agencies, corporate executives, investors, and legislators alike share a keen and enduring interest in cyber attribution to support their decision making."

United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence

2017-09-01
H. Rept. 115-283: Cyber Vulnerability Disclosure Reporting Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 3202, September 1, 2017

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"Computers are ubiquitous: we use them dozens of times a day in everyday life-banking, communications, and work. As the world has become increasingly interconnected through the internet of things vulnerabilities in the computer code that run the systems can expose them to exploitation by a variety of people from hackers and criminals to nation States. The Nation's critical infrastructure is diverse and complex. It includes distributed networks, interdependent functions and systems in both the physical space and cyberspace. The Department of Homeland Security was given the authority by the Cybersecurity Act of 2015 to improve cybersecurity in the United States through enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Section 227(m)) allows the Secretary to coordinate with industry to develop Department policies and procedures for coordinating the disclosure of cyber vulnerabilities. This disclosure is important as it highlights vulnerabilities and allows the public and private sector to work to prevent and mitigate cyber threats."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2017-09-01
Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers, Report to Congressional Addressees

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"The U.S. government spends over a billion dollars each year on launch activities as it strives to help develop a competitive market for space launches and assure its access to space. Among others, one launch option is to use vehicles derived from surplus ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] motors such as those used on the Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles. The Commercial Space Act of 1998 prohibits the use of these motors for commercial launches and limits their use in government launches in part to encourage the development of the commercial space launch industry in the United States. Legislative and policy changes would be needed to allow DOD to sell these motors for use on commercial launches. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 contains a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to analyze the potential effects of allowing the use of surplus ICBM motors for commercial space launch. This report addresses (1) the options for pricing surplus ICBM motors; and (2) the potential benefits and challenges of allowing surplus ICBM motors to be used for commercial space launch. GAO used Office of Management and Budget criteria to develop a range of breakeven prices, collected detailed motor storage and disposal costs from the Air Force, reviewed industry stakeholder responses to an Air Force request for information about other pricing methods, and interviewed DOD and industry officials."

United States. Government Accountability Office

2017-08

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