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• Immigration-Related Detention: Current Legislative Issues [January 27, 2010]

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  "There are many policy issues surrounding detention of aliens. The Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) increased the number of aliens subject to mandatory detention, and raised concerns about the justness of mandatory detention, especially as it is applied to asylum seekers arriving without proper documentation. [...] Another issue is the Attorney General's role in the detention of noncitizens. The creation of DHS moved the administration of detention of noncitizens from the Department of Justice's Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to DHS's [Department of Homeland Security] Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Nonetheless, it can be argued that the language in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296; HSA) has left the Attorney General with concurrent authority over immigration law, including the authority to arrest, detain, and release aliens. [...] In the 111th Congress, bills have been introduced covering a range of provisions and perspectives concerning the detention of noncitizens. Several bills--including S. 1505, H.R. 994, H.R. 2406, and H.R. 3308--would mandate that DHS increase the amount of detention space. In addition, other bills (e.g., H.R. 1215 and S. 1594) would codify certain policies at detention facilities, such as access to telephones and medical care, and expand the alternatives to detention program. Other bills, such as H.R. 264, would eliminate the mandatory detention of asylum seekers in expedited removal."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Siskin, Alison; Haddal, Chad C.

  2010-01-27
• China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues for the 108th Congress [Updated May 20, 2004]

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  The purpose of this report is to provide background for and summarize current developments in U.S.-PRC (People's Republic of China) relations, including current and pending congressional actions involving the PRC. Factors contributing to improved U.S.-China relations include a more assertive approach toward China and supportive views on Taiwan, anti-terrorism and changing global priorities, recent changes in PRC policy, and the PRC's growing economic importance. However, key issues in U.S.-PRC relations remain, as discussed in this report, including Taiwan, China's space program, human rights, SARS and Avian Flu, economic issues, Tibet, and Hong Kong. The document outlines U.S. policy trends of engagement, caution, and threat. A chronology of recent events is also included, as well as a list of further reading. This report will be updated regularly as new developments occur.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Dumbaugh, Kerry

  2004-05-20
• International Terrorism and Transnational Crime: Security Threats, U.S. Policy, and Considerations for Congress [January 5, 2010]

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  "This report provides a primer on the confluence of transnational terrorist and criminal groups and related activities abroad. It evaluates possible motivations and disincentives for cooperation between terrorist and criminal organizations, variations in the scope of crime-terrorism links, and the types of criminal activities--fundraising, material and logistics support, and exploitation of corruption and gaps in the rule of law--used by terrorist organizations to sustain operations. This report also discusses several international case studies to illustrate the range of crime-terrorism convergence and non-convergence, including Dawood Ibrahim's D-Company; the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); the 2004 Madrid bombers; the Taliban; Hezbollah; Al Qaeda; the 2005 London bombers; Al-Shabaab; as well as known or alleged crime-terrorism facilitators such as Viktor Bout, Monzer Al Kasser, and Abu Ghadiyah. Policy considerations discussed in this report include possible tensions between counterterrorism and anti-crime policy objectives, implications for U.S. foreign aid, gaps in human intelligence and analysis, the value of financial intelligence in combating the crime-terrorism nexus, impact of digital and physical safe havens and ungoverned spaces, implications for nuclear proliferation, and effects of crimeterrorism links in conflict and post-conflict zones. Unless otherwise noted, this report does not address potential crime-terrorism links in the domestic or border environment."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Rollins, John; Wyler, Liana Sun; Rosen, Seth D.

  2010-01-05
• International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress [Updated January 29, 2008]

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  "Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the relief operation itself but on broader foreign policy issues. In the second session of the 110th Congress, humanitarian assistance is likely to enjoy continued bipartisan support, with key policy issues focused on budget priorities, levels of funding, and the types of other support available worldwide. […] In addition, the President has the authority to draw down defense equipment and direct military personnel to respond to disasters and provide space-available transportation on military aircraft and ships to private donors who wish to transport humanitarian goods and equipment in response to a disaster. Finally, the President can request other government agencies to assist within their capabilities. In FY2006 the United States contributed close to $3 billion to disaster relief worldwide. This report examines U.S. humanitarian assistance in international crises and disaster situations. It considers the sources of U.S. government aid (including the governmental response mechanism), budget trends in humanitarian assistance, and issues for Congress. It does not specifically address the creation of a new Director of Foreign Assistance position at the State Department or the broader restructuring of U.S. foreign aid programs."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Margesson, Rhoda

  2008-01-29
• International Terrorism and Transnational Crime: Security Threats, U.S. Policy, and Considerations for Congress [March 18, 2010]

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  "This report provides a primer on the confluence of transnational terrorist and criminal groups and related activities abroad. It evaluates possible motivations and disincentives for cooperation between terrorist and criminal organizations, variations in the scope of crime-terrorism links, and the types of criminal activities--fundraising, material and logistics support, and exploitation of corruption and gaps in the rule of law--used by terrorist organizations to sustain operations. This report also discusses several international case studies to illustrate the range of crime-terrorism convergence and non-convergence, including Dawood Ibrahim's D-Company; the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); the 2004 Madrid bombers; the Taliban; Hezbollah; Al Qaeda; the 2005 London bombers; Al-Shabaab; as well as known or alleged crime-terrorism facilitators such as Viktor Bout, Monzer Al Kasser, and Abu Ghadiyah. Policy considerations discussed in this report include possible tensions between counterterrorism and anti-crime policy objectives, implications for U.S. foreign aid, gaps in human intelligence and analysis, the value of financial intelligence in combating the crime-terrorism nexus, impact of digital and physical safe havens and ungoverned spaces, implications for nuclear proliferation, and effects of crimeterrorism links in conflict and post-conflict zones. Unless otherwise noted, this report does not address potential crime-terrorism links in the domestic or border environment."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Rollins, John; Wyler, Liana Sun

  2010-03-18
• India-Iran Relations and U.S. Interests [August 6, 2007]

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  "India's growing energy needs and its relatively benign view of Iran's intentions will likely cause policy differences between New Delhi and Washington. India seeks positive ties with Iran and is unlikely to downgrade its relationship with Tehran at the behest of external powers, but it is unlikely that the two will develop a broad and deep strategic alliance. India-Iran relations are also unlikely to derail the further development of close and productive U.S.-India relations on a number of fronts. […] A July 2005 Joint Statement resolved to establish a U.S.-India 'global partnership' through increased cooperation on economic issues, on energy and the environment, on democracy and development, on non-proliferation and security, and on high-technology and space. U.S. policy is to isolate Iran and to ensure that its nuclear program is used for purely civilian purposes. India has never shared U.S. assessments of Iran as an aggressive regional power. India-Iran relations have traditionally been positive and, in January 2003, the two countries launched a 'strategic partnership' with the signing of the 'New Delhi Declaration' and seven other substantive agreements. Indian leaders regularly speak of 'civilizational ties' between the two countries, a reference to the interactions of Persian and Indus Valley civilizations over a period of millennia. As U.S. relations with India grow deeper and more expansive in the new century, some in Washington believe that New Delhi's friendship with Tehran could become a significant obstacle to further development of U.S.-India ties."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Katzman, Kenneth; Kronstadt, K. Alan

  2007-08-06
• Virality Project Weekly Briefing #8: 'February 9, 2021 - February 15, 2021'

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  From the Key Narratives and Updates: "[1] The Virality Project published an evaluation of 9 different social media platform policies [hyperlink], reviewing the extent to which they address specific types of vaccine-related content, to better understand how social media companies are likely to moderate. [2] Facebook removed two prominent anti-vaccine activists from Instagram, citing its new policies. [hyperlink] [3] The alternative social media site Parler is back online after Amazon, Google, and Apple had previously declined to host it. Thus far, there appears to be little vaccine-related content, but as mainstream platforms moderate anti-vaccine content more stringently, this platform may become an important vector to host future conversations. [4] A New York Times article [hyperlink] discussing mRNA [messenger Ribonucleic Acid] COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] vaccines and a rare blood disease has sparked discussions in anti-vaccine online spaces about vaccine safety concerns. Russia and Iranian state media have shared articles to further amplify fears that vaccines cause this rare blood disease. [5] The death of a man in federal prison [hyperlink] after he had received the COVID-19 vaccine sparked conversations of vaccine safety concerns among Black Lives Matter-focused accounts. [6] After a doctor announced she had had a miscarriage, an anti-vaccine website discovered from her previous Tweets that she had received a COVID-19 vaccine less than a week prior prompting further concerns about vaccine side effects for pregnant individuals. 'Physicians who are active on social media should be aware of incidents like this where anti-vaccine activists use doctor-originated content to spread doubt about the vaccine.'"

  Virality Project

  2021-02-15?
• United States Defense Policy Issues Pertaining to the Asia-Pacific Theater, Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, April 14, 2015

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  "This is the April 14, 2015 hearing on 'Defense Policy Issues' held before the Senate Committee on Armed Services. From the opening statement of John McCain: 'But even as we confront immediate challenges in Europe and the Middle East, the United States cannot afford to neglect the Asia-Pacific region, which Secretary Carter has called 'the defining region for our nation's future.' Put simply, if the 21st century is to be another 'American Century,' the United States must remain an Asia-Pacific power. The so-called 'rebalance' policy may be new, but our national interests in the Asia-Pacific are deep and enduring. We seek to extend free trade, free markets, free navigation, and free commons--air, sea, space, and now cyber. We seek to maintain a balance of power that fosters the peaceful expansion of human rights, democracy, rule of law, and the many other values that we share with increasing numbers of Asian citizens. We seek to defend ourselves and our allies by maintaining the capability to prevent, deter, and if necessary, prevail in a conflict.' Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Graham T. Allison, Kurt M. Campbell, Michael J. Green, and Gary Roughead."

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2016
• U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress [March 19, 2009]

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  From the Summary: "This CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report discusses policy issues regarding military-to-military (mil-to-mil) contacts with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and provides a record of major contacts since 1993. [...] Since 2001, the Bush Administration has continued the policy of engagement with China, while the Pentagon has skeptically reviewed and cautiously resumed a program of military-to-military exchanges. [...] Issues for the 111th Congress include whether the Administration has complied with legislation overseeing dealings with the PLA and has determined a program of contacts with the PLA that advances a prioritized list of U.S. security interests. Oversight legislation includes the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY1990-FY1991 (P.L. 101-246); National Defense Authorization Act for FY2000 (P.L. 106-65); and National Defense Authorization Act for FY2006 (P.L. 109- 163). Skeptics and proponents of military exchanges with the PRC have debated whether the contacts have significant value for achieving U.S. objectives and whether the contacts have contributed to the PLA's warfighting capabilities that might harm U.S. security interests. U.S. interests in military contacts with China include: communication, conflict prevention, and crisis management; transparency and reciprocity; tension reduction over Taiwan; weapons nonproliferation; strategic nuclear and space talks; counterterrorism; and accounting for POW/MIAs. U.S. defense officials report inadequate cooperation from the PLA, including denials of port visits at Hong Kong by U.S. Navy ships in November 2007. The PLA suspended military dialogue in October 2008 over U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. PRC ships aggressively harassed U.S. ocean surveillance ships, including the USNS Impeccable, in March 2009."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2009-03-19
• China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues [Updated August 8, 2003]

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  Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the U.S. interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology include Pakistan and countries that the State Department says support terrorism, such as Iran, North Korea, and Libya. This CRS Report discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s. As the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) has reported, China remains a "key supplier" of weapons technology - particularly missile or chemical technology. On November 21, 2000, the Clinton Administration agreed to waive missile proliferation sanctions, resume processing licenses to export satellites to China, and discuss an extension of the bilateral space launch agreement, in return for another promise from China on missile nonproliferation. On 8 occasions, the Bush Administration has imposed sanctions on PRC entities for transfers (related to ballistic missiles, chemical weapons, and cruise missiles) to Pakistan and Iran, under the Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act, Iran Nonproliferation Act, Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, and Executive Order 12938. President Bush has not waived the sanctions imposed in September 2001. Moreover, on May 23, June 26, and July 30, 2003, the Administration imposed sanctions on PRC entities for missile proliferation, signaling U.S. frustrations with China. China's cooperation is also sought towards the issue of North Korea.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kan, Shirley

  2003-08-08
• Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearings on S. 1197 to Authorize Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2014 for Military Activities of the Department of Defense, for Military Construction, and for Defense Activities of the Department of Energy, to Prescribe Military Personnel Strengths for Such Fiscal Year, and for Other Purposes, Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 17, 24; May 7, 8, 9, 2013

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  These are the April 17, 24, May 7, 8 and 9, 2013 hearings on "Strategic Forces: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense Program," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services. The individual titles of the hearings are as follows: April 17, 2013: "Nuclear Forces and Policies"; April 24, 2013: "Military Space Programs and Views on Department of Defense Usage of the Electromagnetic Spectrum"; May 7, 2013: "National Nuclear Security Administration Management of Its National Security Laboratories"; May 8, 2013: "Strategic Forces Programs of the National Nuclear Security Administration and the Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management"; and May 9, 2013: "Ballistic Missile Defense Policies and Programs." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: April 17, 2013: Terry J. Benedict, Madelyn R. Creedon, Garrett Harencak, James M. Kowalski and Andrew C. Weber; April 24, 2013: Cristina T. Chaplain, Richard P. Formica, Mark L. Goldstein, Christopher Guttman-McCabe, Douglas L. Loverro, William L. Shelton, Robert E. Wheeler and John A. Zangardi, May 7, 2013: Penrose C. Albright, Paul J. Hommert, Charles F. McMillan and Charles V. Shank; May 8, 2013: Don L. Cook, David G. Huizenga, Neile L. Miller, John M. Richardson and David C.Trimble; May 9, 2013: Cristina T. Chaplain, Madelyn R. Creedon, Richard P. Formica, J. Michael Gilmore and James D. Syring. Other parts of this hearing collection include Part 1: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=760869, Part 2:https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=760871, Part 3: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=760872, Part 4: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=760870, Part 5: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=760873, and Part 6: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=757652.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2014
• Interagency Security Committee and Security Standards for Federal Buildings [November 23, 2007]

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  From the Summary: "The federal government owns or leases 3.7 billion square feet of office space, which may be vulnerable to acts of terrorism and other forms of violence. The Interagency Security Committee (ISC) was created by E.O. 12977 in 1995, following the domestic terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK, to address the quality and effectiveness of physical security requirements for federal facilities. The September 2001 terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center renewed concerns about the vulnerability of federal buildings to bombing or other forms of attack. On February 28, 2003, the chairmanship of the ISC was transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security from the Administrator of General Services by E.O. 13286. In July 2004, based on Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-7, the ISC began reviewing federal agencies' physical security plans to better protect the nation's critical infrastructure and key resources. On December 13, 2006, the ISC issued its 2007-2008 Action Plan, which sets forth revised policy recommendations for enhancing the quality and effectiveness of security in federal facilities. This report will be updated to reflect any policy changes in security standards for federal facilities."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Smith, Stephanie

  2007-11-23
• S. Hrg. 105-850: Benefits of Commercial Space Launch for Foreign ICBM and Satellite Programs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, May 21, 1998

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  S. Hrg. 105-850: This hearing will examine the question of how a foreign country's satellite and intercontinental ballistic missile programs could benefit from launching commercial satellites that are built in the United States, and whether the administration's export control policy for satellites is adequate to prevent technology transfers that could endanger our country. It will also explore the effect on American national security of the relaxation of U.S. export controls on missile and satellite technology. Although there is a lot of interest in the reasons for the administration's commercial satellite export policy changes, and particularly in the questions that have been raised about the license issued to Loral Space and Communications, those issues will be examined later, after a thorough review of the facts. Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Thad Cochran, Carl Levin, Fred Thompson, Susan M. Collins, William Graham, John Pike, William Schneider, Jr., and an article submitted by Senator Levin from the Washington Post, dated September 10, 1988, entitled "Reagan Backs Plan to Launch Satellites From China Rockets".

  United States. Government Printing Office

  1999
• Commercial Space Launches: FAA's Risk Assessment Process Is Not Yet Updated, Statement of Alicia Puente Cackley, Director, Financial Markets and Community Investment, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives

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  From the Highlights: "A catastrophic commercial launch accident could result in injuries or property damage to the uninvolved public, or 'third parties.' In anticipation of such an event, a launch company must purchase a fixed amount of insurance for each launch, per calculation by FAA [Federal Aviation Administration]; the federal government is potentially liable for claims above that amount up to an additional $1.5 billion, adjusted for inflation, subject to congressional appropriations. As of 2013, the inflation-adjusted amount is about $3 billion. CSLA [Commercial Space Launch Act] provides for this payment, called indemnification. This testimony is based on a July 2012 report and January 2014 updates to FAA launch data, FAA progress on implementing GAO [Government Accountability Office] recommendations, and insurance industry capacity. It discusses (1) the U.S. government's indemnification policy compared to policies of other countries, (2) the federal government's potential costs for indemnification, (3) the ability and willingness of the insurance market to provide additional coverage, and (4) the effects of ending indemnification on the competitiveness of U.S. launch companies. […] GAO continues to believe that its July 2012 recommendation that FAA periodically review and update as appropriate its methodology for calculating launch providers' insurance requirements has merit and should be fully implemented."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  Puente Cackley, Alicia

  2014-02-04
• April 2022 Update to TIGER: Policymakers Face Grim Quandaries as Storm Clouds Gather

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  From the Webpage: "This was to be the year of post-COVID [coronavirus disease] normalization, labor market healing, and a growth revival. Instead, it is turning into a fraught period of geopolitical realignments, persistent supply disruptions, and financial market volatility, all against the background of surging inflationary pressures and limited room for policy maneuver. The latest update of the Brookings-Financial Times Tracking Indexes for the Global Economic Recovery (TIGER) shows an overall loss of growth momentum, with considerable unevenness across countries in their vulnerability to adverse domestic and international developments. The war in Ukraine, the resurgence of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in China, and the limited macroeconomic policy space that now confronts most governments will make 2022 a tough year for global growth. The disruptive impact of COVID-19 seems contained in most other parts of the world, although it remains a wildcard as new variants emerge."

  Brookings Institution. Global Economy and Development

  Khanna, Aryan; Prasad, Eswar

  2022-04-17
• U.S. Policy on Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean, Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session, November 30, 2021

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  This is the November 30, 2021 hearing on "U.S. Policy on Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. From the Opening Statement of Robert Menendez: "In March, this committee hosted Organization of American States Secretary General Luis Almagro to review the state of democracy in the region. We heard concerns about the uptick in fraudulent elections, shrinking space for civil society and independent media, efforts to politicize judicial institutions, and the loss of hope in a region plagued by insecurity and kleptocracy. While the Inter-American Democratic Charter marked its 20th anniversary in September, the harsh reality is that we are witnessing a fraying of democratic consensus in the Americas. Given Secretary General Almagro's diagnosis, it is critical that the Biden administration continue efforts to restore the defense of democracy as a central pillar of U.S. foreign policy. In his June memorandum, the President made it clear that combating kleptocracy is a U.S. national security priority, and American diplomats are again using the language of human rights. [...] It is no wonder, given the state of democracy in the Americas that irregular population movements are at an all-time high. Our hemisphere is at a critical inflection point. We must help democracies deliver, especially as they recover from the economic and social impact of the pandemic. We must continue supporting civil society efforts to reverse democratic backsliding. We must help prodemocracy movements harness the power of technology to confront dictatorships. The upcoming Summit for Democracy presents an opportunity to coalesce around a global strategy to confront repressive regimes and strengthen democracies. It is my sincere hope that it produces tangible outcomes." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Brian Nichols and Todd Robinson.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2022
• Horrible Trade-Offs in a Pandemic: Lockdowns, Transfers, Fiscal Space, and Compliance

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  From the Abstract: "In this paper, we develop a heterogeneous agent general equilibrium framework to analyze optimal joint policies of a lockdown and transfer payments in times of a pandemic. In our model, the effectiveness of a lockdown in mitigating the pandemic depends on endogenous compliance. A more stringent lockdown deepens the recession which implies that poorer parts of society find it harder to subsist. This reduces their compliance with the lockdown, and may cause deprivation of the very poor, giving rise to an excruciating trade-off between saving lives from the pandemic and from deprivation. Lump-sum transfers help mitigate this trade-off. We identify and discuss key trade-offs involved and provide comparative statics for optimal policy. We show that, ceteris paribus, the optimal lockdown is stricter for more severe pandemics and in richer countries. We then consider a government borrowing constraint and show that limited fiscal space lowers the optimal lockdown and welfare, and increases the aggregate death burden during the pandemic. We finally discuss distributional consequences and the political economy of fighting a pandemic."

  John F. Kennedy School of Government

  Hausmann, Ricardo; Schetter, Ulrich

  2020-07
• President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee: Network Security Vulnerability Assessments Task Force Report

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  At the National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC) XXIV meeting, Mr. Richard Clarke, then National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counterterrorism, requested the NSTAC's continued assistance in assessing and responding to cyber attacks, particularly distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, which could impact national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) communications in the converged network environment. Responding to Mr. Clarke's request, the NSTAC subsequently tasked the Network Security and Vulnerability Assessments Task Force (NS/VATF) to assess the policy and technical issues related to the evolving public network (PN) supporting NS/EP communications for (1) Network disruptions, particularly DDoS attacks; (2) Security and vulnerability of the converged network control space, including wireless, network Simulation and testing, standards and consequence management issues; (3) Needed countermeasures (e.g., functional requirements) to address 1 and 2 above.

  United States. President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee

  2002-03
• Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR)

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  This instructions purpose is to provide policy and guidance for reporting, identifying, evaluating, and controlling electromagnetic interference to achieve a goal of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between joint Service and combatant command operations and space systems. This document also provides supplementary information (see DOD Directive C-3222.5 for further information) regarding the reporting and resolution of suspected hostile electronic attacks against DOD systems. Electronic Attacks are divided into three categories: Meaconing, Intrusion, and Jamming.

  United States. Department of Defense

  1999-12-01
• Political Strategy for Antisatellite Weaponry

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  This paper analyzes and develops a political strategy for United States (US) antisatellite (ASAT) weapon programs. Currently, the US has no fielded capability to negate enemy satellites. The Russians have demonstrated and fielded a capability, but it has numerous operational constraints which keep it from being a strategically threatening weapon. Domestic support for ASAT weapons is weak at best. A revised political strategy for ASAT weapons is required to deal with the new US political conditions and world order. Specifically, this paper: provides background on the geography of space and a definition of ASATs and their uses; examines the national requirements for ASAT weaponry; discusses relevant ASAT policy issues; assesses the domestic political situation for ASATs; and presents options for the future of US ASAT programs.

  Industrial College of the Armed Forces (U.S.)

  Rohlman, William H.

  1993
• U.S. Defense Challenge: Peace Amid Paradox

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  "We enjoy peace amid paradox. We are safer from the threat of massive nuclear war than at any point since the dawn of the atomic age. And yet, we are more vulnerable to suitcase bombs, to cyber-terrorists, to raw and random violence of an outlaw regime," Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said at Pentagon welcoming ceremonies on January 26. He became the 21st secretary of defense January 22, and held the same post previously from 1975-77 during the Ford administration. The following are excerpts adapted from recent public statements made by Secretary Rumsfeld that reflect his perspective on national security issues confronting the administration of President George W. Bush during his first year in office. President Bush took office with three goals in mind: to strengthen the bond of trust with the American military, to protect the American people both from attack and threats of terror, and to build a military that takes advantage of remarkable new technologies to confront the new threats of this century. Mr. Rumsfeld plans to pursue five key objectives and implement policies and allocate resources needed to achieve those objectives. First, we need to fashion and sustain deterrence appropriate to the contemporary security environment -- a new national security environment. Second, the readiness and sustainability of deployed forces must be assured. Third, U.S. command-control-communication, intelligence, and space capabilities must be modernized to support 21st century needs. Fourth, the U.S. defense establishment must be transformed to address 21st century circumstances. Fifth, reform of DOD structures, processes, and organization. Certainly the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and the means to deliver them pose a threat to the security of the United States, its allies and friends. We must ensure that we are devoting the appropriate resources to identify these newer threats, including cyber attack.

  United States. Department of State

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 1932-

  2001-03
• Climate Change: A Coordinated Strategy Could Focus Federal Geoengineering Research and Inform Governance Efforts, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives

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  "Policymakers have raised questions about geoengineering--large-scale deliberate interventions in the earth's climate system to diminish climate change or its impacts--and its role in a broader strategy of mitigating and adapting to climate change. Most geoengineering proposals fall into two categories: carbon dioxide removal (CDR), which would remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, and solar radiation management (SRM), which would offset temperature increases by reflecting sunlight back into space. GAO was asked to examine (1) the state of geoengineering science, (2) federal involvement in geoengineering, and (3) the views of experts and federal officials about the extent to which federal laws and international agreements apply to geoengineering, and any governance challenges. GAO examined relevant scientific and policy studies, relevant domestic laws and international agreements, analyzed agency data describing relevant research for fiscal years 2009 and 2010, and interviewed federal officials and selected recognized experts in the field"

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2010-09-23
• Geopolitics of Mediterranean Security: Assessing Regional Threats in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the Post-Arab Spring

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  "This paper examines contrasting views on the geopolitical effects of the post-Arab Spring. Assessing Middle Eastern, U.S., and European perspectives on transnational security issues includes those threats that directly influence the roles and missions of U.S. special operations forces (SOF). These geopolitical security issues require continuing attention to significant events, such as the fall of authoritarian regimes and the impact on public services, economies, and human, state, and regional security; the dynamics of regional geopolitics; and the push-pull forces of globalization. The context of time and space, in renewing an emphasis on geopolitics, has significant implications for regional studies, including the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), as well as Southern and Eastern Europe. The findings here are intended to assist the SOF and wider defense community in thinking about how these political revolutions influence the geopolitical-military assessments at the regional and national levels, as well as at the operational levels of policy and strategy. This analysis begins by focusing on the outward-directed threats in the Middle East and North Africa, including the use of force, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction proliferation, as well as human security issues, such as illegal immigration, refugees, and violence against noncombatants, especially women and children. A starting assumption is that there is a continuing gap between the academic and practitioner ideas, approaches, and forecasts. The 'intellectual anchor' for this part of the study is the notion that responding to outward-directed threats, as the external determinants of grand strategy, requires thoughtful analysis and judgment."

  Joint Special Operations University (U.S.)

  Cerami, Joseph R.

  2016-10
• Army Corps of Engineers: Better Data Needed on Water Storage Pricing, Report to Congressional Requesters

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  "The Corps is to implement the water storage provisions of the Water Supply Act of 1958 at Corps' projects, such as reservoirs, across the United States. Under the act, the Corps enters into agreements with M&I [municipal and industrial] water users, such as local water utilities, for storage space in the projects. As part of these agreements, the Corps includes the terms of repayment to cover the cost to construct, operate, and maintain the project. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review the Corps' process for setting M&I water storage agreement prices. Among other objectives, this report examines (1) what is known about the variability of these prices and (2) M&I water users' and stakeholders' views on water storage prices and how the Corps sets M&I water storage prices. GAO reviewed the M&I water storage agreement data stored in OMBIL [Operations and Maintenance Business Information Link] and assessed the reliability of the data, in part, by comparing information in agreements with data in OMBIL and interviewed Corps officials in headquarters and the Kansas City, Savannah, and Tulsa districts and a nongeneralizable sample of 26 M&I water users and 14 stakeholders such as industry groups, all selected for such factors as number of storage agreements. GAO recommends that the Corps systematically review and correct its data on M&I water storage agreements and develop policy and guidance for conducting such reviews; and collect and analyze data on the time it takes to complete reallocation agreements. The agency concurred with the recommendations."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2017-08
• Policing & Society [website]

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  "Policing & Society is widely acknowledged as the leading international academic journal specialising in the study of policing institutions and their practices. It is concerned with all aspects of how policing articulates and animates the social contexts in which it is located. This includes: [1] Social scientific investigations of police policy and activity [2] Legal and political analyses of police powers and governance [3] Management oriented research on aspects of police organisation. Space is also devoted to the relationship between what the police do and the policing decisions and functions of communities, private sector organisations and other state agencies. As such, the journal is of vital interest to academics involved in the scholarly study of all of the varied facets of contemporary policing, as well as police and other practitioners involved in social regulation and control."

  Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
• Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research: Fiscal Year 2017

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  "This year has seen several significant changes in OFCM's [Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research's] approach to interagency coordination. For the first time in over a decade, the Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (FCMSSR) held both of its expected semiannual meetings and the Interdepartmental Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (ICMSSR) held all four quarterly meetings. This increased interest and participation in interagency coordination led to progress in several key areas, including: [1] Integrating the Executive Steering group of the National Earth Systems Prediction Capability into the Federal meteorological services coordination structure. [2] Establishing a team to improve the Federal Plan. [3] Providing increased support to the Office of Science and Technology Policy in their efforts to coordinate space weather services and research. [4] Culminating long term efforts to establish a back-up data pathway among the five Federal numerical weather and ocean modeling production centers, increasing the resilience of the Federal Weather Enterprise's capability to provide this critical service. [5] Coordinating disaster assessment and measurement efforts, exemplified in efforts following Hurricane Matthew and in executing Civil Air Patrol flights over severe-storm impacted areas and potential glacier dammed lake flood regions."

  United States. Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research
• Evaluation of the 2015 DOD Cyber Strategy: Mild Progress in a Complex and Dynamic Military Domain

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  "In 2011, the Department of Defense (DoD) released its 'Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace', which officially recognized cyberspace as an operational domain akin to the traditional military domains of land, sea, air, and space. This monograph examines the 2015 'DoD Cyber Strategy' to evaluate how well its five strategic goals and associated implementation objectives define an actionable strategy to achieve three primary missions in cyberspace: defend the DoD network, defend the United States and its interests, and develop cyber capabilities to support military operations. The topic of U.S. Federal cyberspace activities is well-documented in many sources, thus this monograph serves as a primer to provide senior policymakers, decision makers, military leaders, and their respective staffs with an overall appreciation for the complexities, challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with the development of military cyberspace operations. This report is limited to unclassified and open source information; any classified discussion must occur at another venue. This monograph focuses on events and documents from the period of about 1 year before and 1 year after the 2015 strategy was released. This allows sufficient time to examine the key policies and guidance that influenced the development of the strategy, as well as follow-on activities for the impacts from the strategy."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Caton, Jeffrey L.

  2017-11
• Science and Technology for National Security: The Next 50 Years: Pioneering the Endless Frontier

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  "Through the Center for Global Security Research 2002 Futures Project, we are critically examining the role, in a globalized world, that science and technology will play in U.S. national security, as well as the threats science and technology might pose for national security. During the last 50 years, from the end of World War II through the end of the Cold War, science and technology played a significant role in U.S. national security through the development of nuclear weapons, the exploration of space, and breakthroughs in biotechnology and computations. During this time frame, the U.S. government invested heavily in military and civilian science research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) through both direct and indirect mechanisms. These investments supported RD&D in academia, industry, and the national laboratories and built the physical and intellectual infrastructure that contributes vastly to U.S. military and economic dominance. Science and technology continue to be heavily incorporated in the national security portfolio, as part of our conventional and nuclear deterrent, our defenses, our foreign policy, and more recently our homeland security. The funding and coordination are currently dispersed throughout numerous agencies and administrations, from DoD, to DoE, HHS, DoJ, DoC, DoI, DoA, and the new proposed Department of Homeland Security, to NASA, and NSF."

  Center for Global Security Research

  Vergino, Eileen S.
• Organizing to Understand: How to Operate Effectively in the Human Domain

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  From the monograph abstract: "Security professionals and academics generally agree that many of the challenges faced in Iraq and Afghanistan after 2001 were the result of a failure by national policy and strategic decision-makers to understand the political, cultural, physical, social and other human aspects of the operational environments. The human aspects of conflict stand in contrast to the traditional physical aspects of war and pose unique and complex challenges for the US national security community and military practitioners. To deal with the increasingly important human aspects, the US military has proposed the 'human domain' as a sixth domain that encompasses the other five operational domains (land, air, sea, space, and cyber). The Vietnam War and recent studies of the early years of Operation Iraqi Freedom provide sufficient material with which to analyze how the security community has approached issues in human conflict. Both were the result of misunderstanding within the human domain and had serious impacts on the war efforts. Recognizing recent failures, several nations have looked to whole of government (WoG) approaches as the means to effectively understand, organize, and operate in the changing world. This study provides two ideas for consideration as a collective solution for future implementation of the WoG approach during operations within the human domain. Most security professionals and academics would agree this type of population centric conflict is only becoming more prevalent and likely in the future environment of conflict."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies

  Williams, Sean C.

  2015-04-06
• Future of United States Cyber: Examining the Past to Posture the Future

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  "The United States (U.S.) and its allies face an ever growing cyber threat. The emergence of the cyber domain has brought cyber threats and vulnerabilities to the forefront of U.S. national security. The ability to effectively operate defensively and offensively in cyberspace is crucial to U.S. military forces. Considering cyber is still relatively in its infancy, we can learn a lot from previous experiences in adopting a new domain for military operations. The rise of air power during the first half of the 20th century and the ascension of space power during the second half of the 20th century provides a backdrop for comparing against current cyber policies, strategies, and regulations."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

  Garrison, Joshua N.

  2013-02