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Introduction to Long Term Evolution (LTE)
"On February 22, 2012 the President of the United States signed into law the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (H.R.3630). This legislation contains landmark language that allocates space in the 700 MHz radio spectrum (the 'D-Block') to public safety agencies, which provides the necessary radio spectrum to build a nationwide public safety wireless broadband network and finally achieve full interoperability for our nation's first responders. Public safety will use this network to enhance its communication and data-exchange capacities, for both day-to-day operations and during large-scale emergency events calling for coordinated public safety responses. Along with allocating the spectrum, the legislation also apportions $7 billion to build the national network and provide grant funds to help state and local agencies integrate infrastructure and equipment with the national network."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Nibarger, Robert; Teubner, Mallorie F.
2012-08
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DHS Can Strengthen Its International Cybersecurity Programs (Redacted)
"The borderless nature of threats to, and emanating from, cyberspace requires robust engagement and strong partnerships with countries around the world. International engagement is a key element of the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) cyber mission to safeguard and secure cyberspace. As such, the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) has established multiple functions to support its international affairs program, which promotes cybersecurity awareness and fosters collaboration with other countries and organizations. We determined whether NPPD has established effective programs and partnerships to collaborate and share cybersecurity information with the international community. We also evaluated whether NPPD is promoting the benefits of networked technology globally, and a secure, reliable, and interoperable cyberspace. Overall, NPPD and its subcomponents have undertaken actions to promote collaboration with the international community and develop partnerships with other nations to better protect cyberspace. For example, NPPD and its subcomponents participate in international cyber exercises, capacity building workshops, and multilateral and bilateral engagements. The Directorate also utilizes innovative technologies to share cyber data with its partner nations. While continuing to build upon existing partnerships, NPPD's Office of Cybersecurity and Communications needs to establish and implement a plan and goals to further its international affairs program with other countries, international industry, and the private sector to protect global cyberspace and critical infrastructure. For more efficient and effective operations, NPPD should streamline its international affairs functions to better coordinate foreign relations and consolidate resources. Finally, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team needs to strengthen its communications and information-sharing activities with and among its counterparts to promote international incident response and the sharing of best practices."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2012-08
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Emergency Communications Forum - Volume 10, September 2012
This edition of the Emergency Communications Forum contains the following articles: "The March 2012 Tornado: PSIC [Public Safety Interoperable Communications] Investments Aid Response"; "The Future of Public Safety Communications: A Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network"; "Resources Available to Help Agencies Meet FCC [Federal Communications Commission] Narrowbanding Requirement"; "OEC [Office of Emergency Communications] Co-Sponsors Strategic Resourcing of Emergency Calling and Communications Forum"; and "OEC Team on the Road."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Emergency Communications
2012-09
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Directive-Type Memorandum (DTM) 08-004: Policy Guidance for DoD Access Control, April 29, 2008 [Incorporating Change 2, September 7, 2012]
This Department of Defense (DoD) Directive-Type Memorandum (DTM) "clarifies guidance for physical access equipment. This DTM is effective immediately; it shall be incorporated into DoD 5200.08-R. This DTM shall expire effective February 28, 2013. DoD 5200.08-R implements the requirements of Reference (b) for physical access. In complying with HSPD-12 [Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12], the Department of Defense will develop a robust interoperable system that raises security standards. HSPD-12 requires establishment of a mandatory, Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification issued by the Federal Government to its employees and contractors (including contractor employees) to enhance security, increase Government efficiency, reduce identity fraud, and protect personal privacy. Reference c is the approved Government-wide standard. DoD 5200.08-R allows for legacy access control systems to be used during the HSPD-12 transition. These systems require interfacing hardware using commercial off-the-shelf solutions to complete the access control system. We are engaging the physical security community and industry to assess the availability of access control capabilities that are FIPS 201 [Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 201] compliant."
United States. Department of Defense
2012-09-07
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Evaluation of Hazards In The Post-Fire Environment
"Today's emergency responders, including fire service, law enforcement, EMS [mergency medical services], and other disciplines, spend a considerable amount of time in the 'post-fire' environment. Work in this environment includes, but is not limited to victim recovery, salvage and overhaul, origin and cause investigation, and criminal investigations. Current research suggests that the airborne hazards associated with the post-fire environment are likely much greater than previously understood. The InterAgency Board for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability (IAB) has been asked to respond to questions regarding the use of multi-gas detection instrumentation to drive decisions on selection of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for protection of fire fighters and other personnel from airborne hazards in the post-fire environment."
InterAgency Board
2012-09
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Emergency Communications Case Study: Hurricane Irene-North Carolina
"One of the State's COMLs [Communications Unit Leaders] trained through the DHS Office of Emergency Communications' (OEC) Program and called to action was Greg Hauser, the Operations Manager at the Charlotte Fire Department-Communications Division. Another COML was Matt McMahon, a lieutenant with the Greenville Fire and Rescue and a member of the State's Urban Search and Rescue team. On Friday, August 26, Hauser received a message notifying him of the need for a Communications Coordinator in the emergency management center. According to Hauser's after action report, when he arrived at the center it 'had very limited communications, with no land line phone service, no Internet, spotty cell coverage, and limited radio communications due to the NC VIPER (Voice Interoperability Plan for Emergency Responders) system going in and out of site trunking. The building was also without power and running on generator.' VIPER is North Carolina's statewide digital 800 MHz radio system. Hauser assessed the equipment in the center and set up a workstation. He requested that the amateur radio operator return to the regional coordination center to provide a direct communications link to the State Emergency Operation Center (EOC) via amateur radio. Hauser also worked with team members to request satellite telephones, and to deploy a satellite system brought in to assist the Helicopter and Aquatic Rescue Team."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Emergency Communications
2012-06
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Enhancing Security: Projecting Civil Authority Into America's Uncontrolled Spaces
From the thesis abstract: "Actions taken or not taken by law enforcement agencies, in 'Ungoverned Spaces' reduce US ability to forestall hostile actions on US soil. The current organizational limitations of US civil authorities' poses a problem to accomplishing the goals of our National Security Strategy to 'Prevent attacks on the Homeland' and 'Enhancing security at Home.' To that end, this thesis examines areas of the United States that function as 'Ungoverned Spaces' and possible strategies to maximize Interagency and interoperable government control through joint operations between civil authorities and Department of Defense forces. Finally, the author analyzed the gaps in the ability of law enforcement to project civil authority and the historical short falls of civil law enforcement in past events. The recommendations suggest; the creation of a full time paramilitary police force trained, and maintained in sufficient size and strength to police our nations ungoverned spaces, established as a full time National Guard unit. Satisfying the author's recommendations on the use of the National Guard as a paramilitary police force, he examines historical and current legal precedent for the legal deployment of National Guard troops under Title 32 as a law enforcement entity."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Presson, William
2012-06-08
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Five Years Post 9/11, One Year Post Katrina: The State of America's Readiness, 183 City Survey
This survey addressed funding and preparedness for communications interoperability, disaster preparedness improvement since 9/11, evacuations plans, confidence in FEMA's ability to respond to major disasters, and relationships with the federal government about military support in case of emergencies and pandemic flu planning.
United States Conference of Mayors
2006-07-26
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Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Ireland: Joint Assessment Report, 2007
This report was created "to support national Irish authorities in jointly evaluating and improving the status of pandemic influenza preparedness in Ireland, including the interoperability of its plans with other countries in Europe" and to evaluate the current status of preparedness for influenza. The report has a special focus on "strengths of pandemic influenza preparedness and areas where further work is needed and specific steps for improvement and areas where support from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and other organizations may be requested. The end product is an agreed recommended action list for improvement and a follow-up programme which also clarifies the further support needed from the ECDC."
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2007
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Mobile Applications to Support Contact Tracing in the EU's Fight Against COVID-19 Common EU Toolbox for Member States
From the Executive Summary: "Mobile apps have potential to bolster contact tracing strategies to contain and reverse the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. EU Member States are converging towards effective app solutions that minimise the processing of personal data, and recognise that interoperability between these apps can support public health authorities and support the reopening of the EU's internal borders. This first iteration of a common EU toolbox, developed urgently and collaboratively by the e-Health Network with the support of the European Commission, provides a practical guide for Member States. The common approach aims to exploit the latest privacy-enhancing technological solutions that enable at-risk individuals to be contacted and, if necessarily, to be tested as quickly as possible, regardless of where she is and the app she is using."
European Commission
2020-04-15
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Commission Recommendation of 8.4.2020 on a Common Union Toolbox for the Use of Technology and Data to Combat and Exit from the Covid-19 Crisis, in Particular Concerning Mobile Applications and the Use of Anonymised Mobility Data
From the Document: "(1) This recommendation sets up a process for developing a common approach, referred to as a Toolbox, to use digital means to address the crisis. The Toolbox will consist of practical measures for making effective use of technologies and data, with a focus on two areas in particular: (1) A pan-European approach for the use of mobile applications, coordinated at Union level, for empowering citizens to take effective and more targeted social distancing measures, and for warning, preventing and contact tracing to help limit the propagation of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] disease. This will involve a methodology monitoring and sharing assessments of effectiveness of these applications, their interoperability and cross-border implications, and their respect for security, privacy and data protection; and (2) A common scheme for using anonymized and aggregated data on mobility of populations in order (i) to model and predict the evolution of the disease, (ii) to monitor the effectiveness of decision-making by Member States' authorities on measures such as social distancing and confinement, and (iii) to inform a coordinated strategy for exiting from the COVID-19 crisis."
European Commission
2020-04-08
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security Departmental Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Backlog Reduction Plan: 2020 - 2023
From the Executive Summary: "DHS is proud of the investments made in our Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) program and workforce. The Department's FOIA program provides the public and Department with an immensely valuable service, providing records that promote transparency and directly impact and assist the public while also protecting sensitive, confidential, and private information. The DHS 2020 - 2023 FOIA Backlog Reduction Plan includes five goals that lay out a sustainable course for containing and reducing the age of the backlog in the short-term, and sustainably lowering the size of the backlog over the next three to five years. To achieve success, the plan addresses the underlying causes of the backlog - including decentralization, technology and interoperability limitations, and staffing and resource constraints."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2020-03
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Radio Frequency Interference Best Practices Guidebook
From the Executive Summary: "Public safety voice and data communications are continuously at risk of radio frequency (RF) interference, which is defined as 'the effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radio communication system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy.' RF interference can impact a variety of commonly-used wireless technologies such as land mobile radio (LMR), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Both manmade and natural sources can generate undesired signals that may cause RF interference capable of disrupting wireless communications, including 911 calls, essential LMR or LTE communications between first responders, and navigational systems using GPS or other satellite-based location services. To mitigate possible risks to public safety communications, SAFECOM and the National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators (NCSWIC) developed the 'Radio Frequency Interference Best Practices Guidebook' with the support of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) to educate public safety organizations on RF interference threats."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency; National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators
2020-02
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Constitutional Authority to Regulate the Privacy of State-Collected Contact-Tracing Data [June 26, 2020]
Form the Document: "Amid the ongoing COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, several states have developed and promoted contact-tracing mobile device apps to identify individuals who may have had contact with infected persons. Additionally, the two largest manufacturers of mobile device operating systems, Apple (iOS) and Google (Android), have announced plans to release application programming interfaces (APIs) to 'enable interoperability between Android and iOS devices using apps from public health authorities.' Several bills in the 116th Congress would regulate the privacy of information collected through such contact-tracing apps."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.
2020-06-26
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Analysis and Recommendations for a Universal Interworking Function (UIWF) for Mission Critical LMR & LTENetworks, Final Report
From the Executive Summary: "Good progress is being made in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in standardizing an Interworking Function (IWF) interface on the Mission Critical Push To Talk (MCPTT) side to support Land Mobile Radio (LMR)/Long Term Evolution (LTE) interoperability. Presently 3GPP Release 15 (LTE) and ATIS/TIA (Project 25 [P25] LMR) work is in progress, which is likely to result in providing some level of open-standard LMR to LTE capabilities. The 3GPP standard will likely address the major requirements National Public Safety Telecommunications Council (NPSTC) documented. However, the development for the 3GPP IWF interface protocol will not be complete until late 2019. In addition to commercialization time, this means equipment implementing the 3GPP IWF will not likely be broadly available until 2021 at the earliest."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
Murus Cybersecurity LLC
2018-11-29
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Interworking Mission Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT) Between Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Land Mobile Radio (LMR)
From the Executive Summary: "Catalyst has proven the technical feasibility of building an Interworking Gateway (IWG) function that provides Mission Critical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT) voice interoperability between Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Land Mobile Radio (LMR) systems and between LMR systems. This analysis has included both Project 25 (P25) and non-P25 radio systems. The project culminated in specifying functionality and quantifying agency cost for a set of specific interworking configurations. The configurations include an Interworking Gateway Adapter that acts as a Bridging Gateway between systems supporting P25 Inter RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI) and P25 or non-P25 LMR systems that do not support ISSI including Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) and Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
Catalyst Communications Technologies, Inc.
2019-07-01
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Voices of First Responders - Examining Public Safety Communication from the Perspective of 9-1-1 Call Takers and Dispatchers 'Findings from User-Centered Interviews Phase 1, Volume 4'
From the Abstract: "With the newly created Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN), the public safety community has a unique opportunity to review and improve communication technology for first responders, 9-1-1 communications, emergency medical services (EMS), fire, and law enforcement. Understanding the problems and challenges currently experienced by first responders provides the basis for addressing and developing solutions to improve public safety communication. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) usability team conducted in-depth interviews with approximately 200 first responders representing 13 states in eight Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) regions across the United States. From this larger dataset, this report, the fourth volume in the series, focuses on the contexts and challenges specifically facing 9-1-1 communications personnel. The findings reported here stem from 30 interviews with public safety answering point responders. A qualitative analysis of the transcribed interview data revealed unique issues resulting from significantly different contexts and primary tasks of communications personnel in contrast to first responders from other disciplines. Challenges include 9-1-1 incoming calls from wireless devices, continuity of operations related issues, as well as, technology implementation and infrastructure problems. Communications personnel are concerned that new technologies will demand additional focus which will increase their cognitive loads. Just like their colleagues in other emergency response disciplines, communications personnel stressed the need for utility in technology that emphasizes usability, interoperability, and reliability."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Dawkins, Shanee; Choong, Yee-Yin; Theofanos, Mary . . .
2020-03
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Homeland Security: There's an App for That
From the thesis abstract: "Situational awareness is essential for first responders to critical incidents. Failure to achieve effective awareness of an event can impede decision making and result in drastic consequences. Limitations on the agility and interoperability of proprietary technology and current communications devices prevent effective situational awareness from being achieved and shared. Off-the-shelf mobile applications provide a unique opportunity for this objective to be accomplished. The universal acceptance of mobile technology and free or low-cost mobile applications can be used to enhance situational awareness during critical incidents and even enable sharing ad hoc at the event. While the adoption of this technology presents many cost-effective opportunities to its users, it also presents many challenges related to its adoption. Agencies must be made aware of the logistical, cultural, and policy challenges related to off-the-shelf mobile application adoption and address these issues early in order to effectively employ these technologies during critical incidents."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
DeMaise, Christopher Michael
2017-03
