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• Oppose H.R. 3697, Criminal Alien Gang Member Removal Act [factsheet]

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  From the Factsheet: "H.R. 3697 creates new grounds of removal for 'gang members,' but the bill's overbreadth would capture many individuals who have no involvement in any gang activity whatsoever. The bill even allows for the denial of admission to individuals, including the immediate relatives of US citizens, based on the mere belief of an association with criminal activity."

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Democratic Staff

  2017-09-14?
• Asylum and Related Protections for Aliens Who Fear Gang and Domestic Violence [January 15, 2019]

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  From the Document: "Over the past year, non-U.S. nationals (aliens) from Central America (primarily Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala) have comprised an increasingly larger share of asylum applicants in the United States. And more recently, a 'caravan' of thousands of individuals from Honduras has been traveling north across the Guatemala-Mexico border, with many reportedly seeking to escape widespread gang and domestic violence in Honduras. Previously, federal courts and immigration authorities have considered when such circumstances may raise a viable claim for asylum or other forms of relief from removal. In June 2018, Attorney General (AG) Jeff Sessions ruled in Matter of A-B- that aliens who fear gang or domestic violence in their home countries generally do not qualify for asylum based on those grounds--a ruling that is binding upon immigration authorities within both the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The decision may foreclose some claims of relief by asylum seekers, and subject more aliens apprehended along the border to expedited removal in lieu of the more formalized removal process available to aliens whose asylum claims are deemed sufficiently credible to warrant further review."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Smith, Hillel R.

  2019-01-15
• Operation Community Shield: Targeting Violent Transnational Street Gangs

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  This document provides recent developments in regards to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) initiative known as Operation Community Shield- "a national law enforcement initiative that targets violent transnational street gangs through the use of ICE's broad law enforcement powers, including the unique and powerful authority to remove (deport) criminal aliens, including illegal aliens and legal permanent resident aliens." More specifically, "during the months of June through September 2008 ICE conducted a coordinated, nationwide summer enforcement action targeting gangs, Operation ICE Surge 2008, which tallied 1,759 arrests of persons with citizenship from 20 different countries. Arrests were made in 53 cities across 28 states and the District of Columbia."

  U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

  2008-10-01
• Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior

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  "This Bulletin is part of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Youth Development Series, which presents findings from the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Teams at the University at Albany, State University of New York; the University of Colorado; and the University of Pittsburgh collaborated extensively in designing the studies. At study sites in Rochester, New York; Denver, Colorado; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the three research teams have interviewed 4,000 participants at regular intervals for nearly a decade, recording their lives in detail. Findings to date indicate that preventing delinquency requires accurate identification of the risk factors that increase the likelihood of delinquent behavior and the protective factors that enhance positive adolescent development. The purpose of this Bulletin is to present the findings from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) concerning what portion of delinquency in American society can be attributed to gang members. It also discusses the response of OJJDP to the youth gang problem."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Thornberry, Terence P.; Burch, James H.

  1997-06
• Enabling Prosecutors to Address Drug, Gang, and Youth Violence

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  "When rising expectations meet dwindling resources, the conflict represents an obstacle that must be overcome. Add to this mix an increasingly high and complex caseload and you have an idea of the challenges faced by many prosecutors--challenges that require and merit our support. To this end, the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) program provides funds to help prosecutors tackle the problems presented by the rising number of juvenile cases. This Bulletin, one in a series featuring JAIBG Best Practices, offers data on recent trends in juvenile violence, juvenile drug offenses, and gang-related juvenile offending and describes prosecutorial responses to such offenses. Examples of promising, prosecutor-led programs combating the illicit use of guns, violence, drugs, and gangs are also provided. These examples provide a range of ideas that prosecutors can use to enhance their own efforts."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Gramckow, Heike P.; Tompkins, Elena

  1999-12
• Gangs and Guerrillas: Ideas from Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism

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  "Can counter insurgency strategies be used to fight urban gangs? This question was discussed in a conversation between the Mayor of Salinas, the Provost of the Naval Postgraduate School and Representative Sam Farr. It became apparent during that discussion that there were many similarities between insurgent behavior and gang behavior--similarities that would make a more rigorous analysis worthwhile. These similarities are readily apparent when reading General Petraeus's counterinsurgency guidance for U.S. and NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] forces in Afghanistan.... In his list of twenty-four 'rules,' many of them resonate, but especially the following: secure and serve the population; live among the people; help confront the culture of impunity; hold what we secure; foster lasting solutions; consult and build relationships, but not just with those who seek us out; walk; act as one team; be first with the truth; fight the information war aggressively; manage expectations; and live our values. Ultimately, these guidelines intend to reach the same end state as urban policing does: a safe and secure population. With this theme in mind, the faculty of the Defense Analysis Department at the Naval Postgraduate School, experts in counterinsurgency operations, were enlisted to address these similarities and to share their theories, models, and ideas from their own disciplines of political science, sociology, anthropology, international relations, and more."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Freeman, Michael E.; Rothstein, Hy S.

  2011-04
• Insurgency in the Hood: Understanding Insurgencies through Urban Gangs

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  "Past, current and future military endeavors will invariably involve conflict at the sub-state level. A recurring problem in the study of insurgent conflict is a lack of data that has the breadth, depth, and historical accuracy to provide insight as to why, at the individual level, people participate in insurgency. Accessibility to street gangs provides a comprehensive source of data not seen in insurgencies. Street gangs provide a "ground truth", to the interaction between the state and organized substate group in a competition for control. The individuals who fuel both sides of this competition for control are basing decisions to participate in insurgency on a framework founded in rational actor theory, but modified by their perspective of the world. Groups who wish to recruit individuals into their insurgency apply incentives and disincentives selectively to individuals to compel membership. As a group gains more members it can apply more incentives, increasing the rate or future recruitment and level of control over a community. A comprehensive and effective strategy cannot be developed to counter these insurgent forces without answering the fundamental questions behind individual participation first. This thesis examines insurgency from the individual level and proposes concepts that must accompany any attempt to combat rebel groups."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Evans, Edward; Spies, James

  2006-06
• Sustaining Your Gang Prevention Efforts

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  This fact sheet outlines anti-gang strategies, offering advice on sustaining community sustainability plans for gang prevention and intervention. Included on the fact sheet are several resources, along with a free online course to assist with program sustainment.

  United States. Office of Justice Programs. Community Capacity Development Office

  2008
• Addressing Gangs: What's Effective? What's Not? Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, June 10, 2008

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  From the opening statement of Robert C. "Bobby" Scott, "I am concerned that policies, such as expanding the definition of 'gang' and expanding big gang databases, would only exacerbate this problem, with no impact on reducing crime. Without appropriate intervention, these children will be on what the Children's Defense Funds has described as a cradle-to-prison pipeline where many minority children are born on a trajectory to prison. When we realize that it is possible to get them on a cradle-to-college pipeline, it is tragic and much more costly to society in the long run, if we do not do so. Research and analysis as well as common sense tell us that no matter how tough the law on the people you prosecute today, unless you are addressing the underlying reasons for crime, nothing will change. The next crime wave will simply replace the ones you have taken out, and the crime continues. So the get-tough approach has little impact on crime." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Robert C. "Bobby" Scott, Louie Gohmert, John Conyers, Jr., Lamar Smith, Charles Ogletree, Jr., Frank Straub, John Buckovich, Ely Flores, Kevin O'Connor, and Robert D. Macy.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2009
• Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis

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  "This paper briefly reviews the range of prevention, intervention, suppression, and comprehensive strategies, providing examples of each type. It then offers a case study of problem analysis in Newark, New Jersey. The Greater Newark Safer Cities Initiative (GNSCI) began in 1996 as a collaborative effort among law enforcement, community groups, social service agencies, clergy, and Rutgers University to address and temper the local violence problem. By 2003, the partners in GNSCI expressed concern over a perceived growth in street gangs and related crime. Accordingly, the North Jersey Gang Task Force emerged under the framework and from the existing partnerships of GNSCI. This paper discusses the unique utility of network analysis in the resultant problem analysis and underscores the important role of an academic research partner. Finally, the paper considers the importance of sustainability with regard to problem analysis."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services

  2005-09-23
• Highlights of the 2002 National Youth Gang Survey

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  "The 2002 National Youth Gang Survey is the eighth annual survey conducted by the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) since 1995. The 2002 survey used a newly selected sample of law enforcement agencies based on updated data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The following local agencies are included in the nationally representative sample: All police departments (n=627) serving cities with a population of 50,000 or more (larger cities). All suburban county police and sheriffs departments (n=745) (suburban counties). A randomly selected sample (n=699) of police departments serving cities with a population between 2,500 and 49,999 (smaller cities). A randomly selected sample (n=492) of rural county police and sheriffs departments (rural counties)."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Egley, Arlen; Major, Aline K.

  2004-04
• Violence by Gang Members, 1993-2003

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  According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), victims perceived perpetrators to be gang members in about 6% of violent victimizations between 1998 and 2003. On average for each year, gang members committed about 373,000 of the 6.6 million violent victimizations. Nonfatal violent acts measured include rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault.

  United States. Department of Justice

  Harrell, Erika, 1976-

  2005-06
• Urban Street Gang Enforcement

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  This monograph offers a step-by-step guide for designing and implementing a program based on Model Strategies for Urban Street Gang Enforcement. It identifies and explores innovative methods of prosecuting gang members involved in criminal activities.

  United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  1999-08
• Mara Salvatrucha Street Gang: An International Criminal Enterprise with Roots in El Salvador's Civil War

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  This Immigrations and Customs Enforcement paper provides information on the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) street gang. It includes information on the history of the gang, its criminal activity, typical identifiers, organizational structure, MS-13 membership, violence, alliances and rivalries, and its activity in cliques and geographical areas in the United States.

  U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

  Castro, Alvi J.

  2005-03
• Compilation of Gang-Related Legislation [website]

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  "Using automated databases and working with a variety of entities, the National Gang Center identifies gang-related legislation. This information is updated as new legislation and existing legislation are identified."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
• Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) [website]

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  "The goal of the G.R.E.A.T. Program is to help youth develop positive life skills that will help them avoid gang involvement and violent behavior. G.R.E.A.T. uses a communitywide approach to combat the risk factors associated with youth involvement in gang-related behaviors. The curricula were developed through the collaborative efforts of experienced law enforcement officers and specialists in criminology, sociology, psychology, education, health, and curriculum design and are designed to reinforce each other."

  Institute for Intergovernmental Research (U.S.)
• Gangs Subject Research Guide

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  This is an FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Library research guide for "Gangs." This webpage serves as a research guide and provides articles, journals, books, government information, and websites on gangs.

  FBI Academy
• Education Policy Issues: Statistical Perspectives, Gangs and Victimization at School

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  "Public concern over violent juvenile behavior has intensified in recent years, especially in regard to safety inside schools. Included among the National Education Goals is a strong commitment to providing children with learning environments that are free of violence. Yet there are very limited data about the causes of either juvenile street violence or school-related crime. Journalists frequently blame street violence on the influence of gangs. This issue brief looks at the relationship between gang presence in schools and students' reports of victimization and fear."

  National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement

  Ralph, John H.; Colopy, Kelly W.; McRae, Christine

  1995-07
• Fighting Iraq with Anti-Gang Techniques

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  "The insurgency and terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan have direct linkages to and similarities with organized crime and gangs. For example, cars that had been stolen in the US were discovered in vehicle borne improvised explosive devices(VBIEDs) in Baghdad. In addition, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's August, 2003 study of Iraq's organized crime also noted that this is an area of concern. In June, 2004, the Iraqi Ministry of Interior arrested former death row inmates in Baghdad during a takedown of one of the largest gangs that was involved in assassinations, kidnappings and armed robbery. A majority of those arrested were among those released by Saddam Hussein just prior to the coalition push into Iraq. In order to succeed in battling this threat the focus needs to shift to preparing the Iraqi police, military and citizens to be able to help counter this current threat. The United States has spent billions of dollars and decades fighting organized crime at home and abroad, and should make use of its existing policies, procedures and systems in fighting terrorism in Iraq."

  Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)

  McShea, Jim A.

  2006
• National Gang Center Newsletter [Fall 2012]

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  This issue of the National Gang Center (NGC) Newsletter contains the following articles: "Cure Violence: 'The Interrupters'"; "Vertical Prosecution: Operation Hardcore"; "Street Outreach and the OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Comprehensive Gang Model"; and "Massachusetts Shannon Community Safety Initiative."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  2012
• Examining the Increase of Gang Activity in Indian Country, Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, July 30, 2009

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  From the opening statement of Byron L. Dorgan: "The Committee is meeting today to discuss the increase of gang activity in Indian Country, resulting from a series of reports that have been released recently. I do want to say that I believe we are going to have four votes starting somewhere around 3:00 or 3:15 this afternoon. We have four witnesses at this hearing, and I expect that we will probably complete within about an hour. And we appreciate very much having the witnesses join us. In recent months, we have received detailed testimony about the public safety crisis that exists on many of our reservations across the Country. As you know, tribes face an epidemic of domestic and sexual violence against women. Reports indicate that more than one in three Native American woman will be raped or sexually assaulted. Two in five will suffer from domestic violence. Many reservations face violent crime rates that are multiples of the national average. In my State of North Dakota, the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation had a violent crime rate of 8.5 times, not double, triple or quadruple, but 8.5 times the national average in 2008." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Sampson Cowboy, Hermis John Mousseau, Brian Nissen, Carmen Smith, Maria Cantwell, Willian V. Elliot, Patrick W. Ragsdale, Marty Shuravloff, Ron Wyden, Al Franken, Byron L. Dorgan, and Tim Johnson.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Asylum and Gang Violence: Legal Overview [September 5, 2014]

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  "The recent increase in the number of unaccompanied alien children (UACs) apprehended at the border between Mexico and the United States has raised questions about the role that gang-related violence in Central America may play in determining whether such children are eligible for refugee status and asylum. Only aliens who are 'refugees,' as that term is defined by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), qualify for potential refugee status or asylum (two forms of discretionary relief that could enable UACs to enter or remain in the United States). The INA's definition, in turn, generally encompasses individuals outside their home country who are unable or unwilling to return to that country because of 'persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.' However, key terms within this definition--including persecution and particular social group--are not defined by statute or regulation. Instead, they have been construed by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), the highest administrative tribunal for interpreting and applying immigration law, through a process of case-by-case adjudication, with the federal courts generally deferring to the BIA's interpretation insofar as it is based on a 'permissible construction' of the INA. These cases center upon eligibility for asylum, because denials of applications for refugee status cannot be appealed. Denials of asylum by immigration judges in the course of formal removal proceedings, in contrast, may be appealed to the BIA and the federal courts of appeals."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manuel, Kate

  2014-09-05
• Preventing Gang- and Drug-Related Witness Intimidation

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  "This report focuses on efforts to prevent witness intimidation, in gang- and drug-related cases--efforts that prosecutors' offices and law enforcement agencies have developed separately from their standard victim assistance programs. [...] This study has found written materials, organizations, and funding sources that can provide guidance and support for the development of witness protection programs. In addition, several experienced practitioners are available to assist in setting up or improving a comprehensive witness security effort."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Finn, Peter; Healey, Kerry Murphy

  1996-11
• Gang: 15 Years on and Still Silent, Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, December 17, 2014

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  This is the December 17, 2014 briefing titled "Gang: 15 Years on and Still Silent," delivered to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. From the opening statement of Orest Deychakiwsky: "Understandably, attention these days is focused on Ukraine. Indeed, what happens in Ukraine has tremendous implications for Belarus. But it's also important that we not lose sight of the nature of the Lukashenka regime and its human rights abuses, of which the disappearances of the four subjects of this film is perhaps the most egregious example. The Helsinki Commission, throughout the last two decades, has been vocal in condemning the Lukashenka regime for its human rights violations and is trying to support human rights and democracy there." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Raisa Mikhailovskaya and Irina Krasovskaya.

  United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe

  2015
• On the Southwest Border: Corruption, Drugs, Gangs, and More

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  "The U.S. border with Mexico extends nearly 2,000 miles, from San Diego, California to Brownsville, Texas. At too many points along the way, criminals ply their trade with surprising ease and devastating results. Drug cartels transporting kilos of cocaine and marijuana, gangs who think nothing of kidnapping and murder, traffickers smuggling human cargo, corrupt public officials lining their pockets by looking the other way--any one of these offenses represents a challenge to law enforcement. Taken together, they constitute a threat not only to the safety of our border communities, but to the security of the entire country."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2010-08-02
• Prison and Motorcycle Gangs [bibliography]

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  This Federal Bureau of Investigation bibliography provides a list of resources on prison and motorcycle gangs.

  FBI Academy

  Caddy, Jean

  2000-06
• Youth/Street Gangs [bibliography]

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  This Federal Bureau of Investigation bibliography lists resources on youth/street gangs.

  FBI Academy

  Caddy, Jean

  2001-01
• Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment: Annex 4: Southern and Northern Borders of Mexico Profile

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  This document is Annex #4 to the principal USAID "Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment" report and covers the country of Mexico. "Over the last two decades, Mexico has undergone a profound political transition, spurred largely by electoral reforms. The defeat of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in the 2000 presidential elections was a watershed moment for the country, as President Vincente Fox's National Action Party ousted the PRI from 71 years of unbroken Mexican rule. Since then, Mexico has seen an evolution in many of its institutions, including more independence for the media, the weakening of the dominant political party, and dismantling of a controlling state apparatus. Despite the advances that have been made, government corruption and impunity still weaken the country. The police and military are under state control, and corruption persists throughout police ranks. Despite the government's general respect for human rights, there are still many problems, especially in Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca. In 2004, for example, state law enforcement officials were accused of unlawful and vigilante killings and disappearances. Mexico has the highest incidence of kidnapping in the world, with an unofficial estimate of 3,000 kidnappings during 2004, some with alleged police involvement. […] Violent crime is a critical issue. At the national level, the rate of homicides varies between 11 and 14 per 100,000 people, depending on data from the justice or health sectors. This places Mexico slightly above the category of 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, which the World Health Organization considers 'epidemic'."

  United States. Agency for International Development

  Sibaja, Harold; Roig, Enrique; Herrera, Rafaela

  2006-04
• Preventing Kids from Gang-Joining: Collaboration Matters [video]

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  This video is from the June 2011 National Institute of Justice Conference. Tom Simon, of the Centers for Disease Control, speaks about the importance of collaborative community efforts to help prevent children from joining gangs.

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Simon, Tom

  2011-06-22
• ICE Apprehends More Than 2100 Criminal Aliens, Gang Members, Fugitives and Other Immigration Violators in Nationwide Interior Enforcement Operation [June 14, 2006]

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  This press release announces the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has apprehended approximately 2,179 criminal aliens, illegal gang members, fugitive aliens, and other immigration status violators as part of a nationwide interior immigration enforcement operation that began in May 2006.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2006-06-14