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• Highlights of the 2011 National Youth Gang Survey

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  "This fact sheet provides an over view of the nation's gang problem. In 2011, there were an estimated 29,900 gangs (versus 29,000 in 2010) and 782,500 gang members (versus 756,000 in 2010) throughout 3,300 jurisdictions (down from 3,500 in 2010) with gang problems. The number of reported gang-related homicides decreased from 2,020 in 2010 to 1,824 in 2011."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Howell, James C.; Egley, Arlen

  2013-09
• Highlights of the 2007 National Youth Gang Survey

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  This fact sheet from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention discusses the findings from the 2007 National Youth Gang Survey. "Following a marked decline from the mid 1990s to the early 2000s, a steady resurgence of gang problems has occurred in recent years. More than one third of the jurisdictions in the National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS) study population experienced gang problems in 2007, the highest annual estimate since before 2000. Within the four area types surveyed, 86 percent of law enforcement agencies that serve larger cities, 50 percent of agencies that serve suburban counties, 35 percent of agencies that serve smaller cities, and 15 percent of agencies that serve rural counties reported experiencing youth gang problems in 2007."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  2009-04
• Highlights of the 2012 National Youth Gang Survey

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  "This fact sheet provides an overview of the nation's gang problem. In 2012, there were an estimated 30,700 gangs (an increase from 29,900 in 2011) and 850,000 gang members (an increase from 782,500 in 2011) throughout 3,100 jurisdictions with gang problems (down from 3,300 in 2011). The number of reported gang-related homicides increased 20 percent from 1,824 in 2011 to 2,363 in 2012."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Harris, Meena; Egley, Arlen; Howell, James C.

  2014-12
• 'Gang of Four' Congressional Intelligence Notifications [March 18, 2011]

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  "'Gang of Four' intelligence notifications generally are oral briefings of certain particularly sensitive non-covert action intelligence activities, including principally, but not exclusively, intelligence collection programs, that the Intelligence Community typically limits to the chairmen and ranking Members of the two congressional intelligence committees. Gang of Four notifications are not based in statute but have constituted a practice generally accepted by the leadership of the intelligence committees and that is employed when the Intelligence Community believes a particular intelligence activity to be of such sensitivity that a restricted notification is warranted in order to reduce the risk of disclosure, inadvertent or otherwise. Intelligence activities viewed as being less sensitive typically are briefed to the full membership of each committee. [...] This report reviews the history of Gang of Four notification process and compares this procedure with that of the 'Gang of Eight' notification procedure. The 'Gang of Eight' procedure is statutorily based and provides that that the chairmen and ranking Members of the intelligence committee, along with the Speaker and minority leader of the House, and Senate majority and minority leaders--rather than the full membership of the intelligence committees--are to receive prior notice of particularly sensitive covert action programs, if the President determines that limited access to such programs is essential to meet extraordinary circumstances affecting vital U.S. interests."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Cumming, Alfred

  2011-03-18
• CRS Issue Statement on Organized Crime and Gangs in the U.S. [January 12, 2010]

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  From the Document: "Terrorists and other organized criminal groups pose a threat to the United States. Over the past year alone, two shootings and one attempted bombing of an airliner occurred that have been considered terrorist attacks. Individuals claiming allegiance to groups that wish to do harm to U.S. interests continue to be of concern to Congress. Also of concern to Congress are criminal activities of other organized groups and the potential nexus between them and terrorist organizations. [...] In recent years, there has been an increase in violence directed at Americans and American economic interests from other organized criminal elements--many with transnational connections--such as drug trafficking organizations, gangs, and criminal syndicates. Drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) are a domestic criminal threat and a significant concern to federal, state, and local law enforcement. [...] A number of street and prison gangs work closely with Mexican DTOs and drug cartels, including the Surenos 13, 18th Street, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), the Mexican Mafia in California, the Texas Mexican Mafia (Mexikanemi), Hermanos de Pistoleros Latinos, and the Texas Syndicate in the south Texas area. A number of regional and national gangs, including Asian gangs, are also reported to have transnational connections and be criminally active along the U.S.-Canada border. Growing gang involvement in smuggling operations has long been a concern as a potential domestic security threat."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Randol, Mark A.

  2010-01-12
• 'Gang of Four' Congressional Intelligence Notifications [September 25,2009]

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  This Report to Congress contains information regarding, "'Gang of Four' intelligence notifications generally are oral briefings of certain particularly sensitive non-covert action intelligence activities, including principally, but not exclusively, intelligence collection programs, that the Intelligence Community typically limits to the chairmen and ranking members of the two congressional intelligence committees, and at times, but not always, to their respective staff directors. Gang of Four notifications are not based in statute but have constituted a practice generally accepted by the leadership of the intelligence committees and that is employed when the Intelligence Community believes a particular intelligence activity to be of such sensitivity that a restricted notification is warranted in order to reduce the risk of disclosure, inadvertent or otherwise. Intelligence activities viewed as being less sensitive typically are briefed to the full membership of each committee. [...] This report reviews the history of Gang of Four notification process and compares this procedure with that of the 'Gang of Eight' notification procedure. The 'Gang of Eight' procedure is statutorily based and provides that that the Chairmen and Ranking Members of the intelligence committee, along with the Speaker and minority leader of the House, and Senate majority and minority leaders--rather than the full membership of the intelligence committees--are to receive prior notice of particularly sensitive covert action programs, if the President determines that limited access to such programs is essential to meet extraordinary circumstances affecting vital U.S. interests."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Cumming, Alfred

  2009-09-25
• 'Gang of Four' Congressional Intelligence Notifications [November 19, 2012]

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  "'Gang of Four' intelligence notifications generally are oral briefings of certain particularly sensitive non-covert action intelligence activities, including principally, but not exclusively, intelligence collection programs, that the intelligence community typically limits to the chairmen and ranking Members of the two congressional intelligence committees. Gang of Four notifications are not based in statute but have constituted a practice generally accepted by the leadership of the intelligence committees and that is employed when the intelligence community believes a particular intelligence activity to be of such sensitivity that a restricted notification is warranted in order to reduce the risk of disclosure, inadvertent or otherwise. Intelligence activities viewed as being less sensitive typically are briefed to the full membership of each committee. […] This report reviews the history of the Gang of Four notification process and compares this procedure with that of the 'Gang of Eight' notification procedure. The 'Gang of Eight' procedure is statutorily based and provides that that the chairmen and ranking Members of the intelligence committee, along with the Speaker and minority leader of the House, and Senate majority and minority leaders--rather than the full membership of the intelligence committees-- are to receive prior notice of particularly sensitive covert action programs, if the President determines that limited access to such programs is essential to meet extraordinary circumstances affecting vital U.S. interests."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Lange, Rebecca S.; Rollins, John

  2012-11-19
• Examining Drug Smuggling and Gang Activity in Indian Country, Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, November 19, 2009

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  From the openings statement of Byron L. Dorgan: "Recently, we learned that increased marijuana growth by Mexican gangs and drug cartels occur on U.S. park lands. A report noted that the fastest expansion for drug production is on Indian reservations. In 2008, tribal police seized more than 233,000 marijuana plants on Indian reservations in Washington State alone. Mexican gangs, we know, are moving east into Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota, using reservations to produce and distribute drugs, as well as smuggling guns. And we know that drug trafficking by these non-Indian gangs have enticed a number of Native American youth to join gangs or to form their own gangs." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Maria Cantwell, Nancy Dooley, Matt Haney, Arnold Moorin, Ivan D. Posey, Martina Whelshula, and Thomas Harrigan.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Eastern Pennsylvania Drug and Gang Threat Assessment 2011

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  "The influence of New York area (New York City and northern New Jersey) drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and gangs reaches nearly every sizable drug market in eastern Pennsylvania. a Dominican DTOs and gangs are the most active of these groups, and their influence within the region is increasing except in select drug markets where Mexican DTOs are dominant and growing. [...] The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) assesses with high confidence that the influence of Mexican DTOs will increase in eastern Pennsylvania drug markets, spurred by the ability of these groups to supply the markets with cocaine shipments directly from the Southwest Border area and supported by growing Mexican populations in the region, which they use as cover to mask their operations. Furthermore, NDIC assesses with moderate confidence that incidents of drug-related violence against law enforcement officers will increase, as evidenced by rising levels of aggression by some gang members. NDIC assesses with high confidence that heroin use will increase in the near term as high availability and low prices encourage an increasing prescription opioid abuser population to transition to heroin. Finally, NDIC assesses with high confidence that members affiliated with New York area gangs will move farther into Pennsylvania drug markets--including those in central and western Pennsylvania--where drug prices are higher and where smaller communities often lack the law enforcement strength to deter highly organized drug distribution groups."

  United States. Department of Justice; National Gang Intelligence Center (U.S.); National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.)

  2011-03
• 'Gang of Four' Congressional Intelligence Notifications [April 16, 2013]

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  "'Gang of Four' intelligence notifications generally are oral briefings of certain particularly sensitive 'non-covert action intelligence activities', including principally, but not exclusively, intelligence collection programs, that the intelligence community typically limits to the chairmen and ranking Members of the two congressional intelligence committees. […] This report reviews the history of the Gang of Four notification process and compares this procedure with that of the 'Gang of Eight' notification procedure. The 'Gang of Eight' procedure is statutorily based and provides that the chairmen and ranking Members of the intelligence committee, along with the Speaker and minority leader of the House, and Senate majority and minority leaders--rather than the full membership of the intelligence committees-- are to receive prior notice of particularly sensitive 'covert action' programs, if the President determines that limited access to such programs is essential to meet extraordinary circumstances affecting vital U.S. interests."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Erwin, Marshall Curtis

  2013-04-16
• Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent Behavior

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  "'Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent Behavior' describes the findings of OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention]-funded longitudinal research involving juveniles in Seattle, WA, and Rochester, NY. This research addressed a fundamental question, 'Does gang membership contribute to delinquency above and beyond the influence of associating with delinquent peers?' The answer was yes in both cities, despite significant differences in demographics. After describing study methods and results, the authors summarize the implications of their findings. One crucial implication is that communities developing comprehensive approaches to reducing juvenile violence and victimization must consider the role of youth gangs and the necessity of including youth gang prevention, intervention, and suppression components."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Hawkins, J. David; Thornberry, Terence P.; Battin-Pearson, Sara R.

  1998-10
• Social Movement Theory Typology of Gang Violence

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  "This thesis uses social movement theory to describe the formation of street gangs and account for their high levels of violence. By understanding street gangs as a social movement contributing to the gang cycle, my hope is that communities and law enforcement will be able to adopt better strategies for breaking the cycle. Likewise, the study of street gangs serves as a laboratory for counterinsurgency operations overseas. By understanding the potential effects of repression on a population, future counterinsurgent operators will better understand the complex environment in which they serve. As demonstrated by the case studies of Salinas and Oakland, continued coercive repression and negative channeling are recipes for creating isolation within a community that leads to fragmentation and increased violence."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Long, Joseph E.

  2010-06
• Gangs, Extremists Groups, and the Military: Screening for Service

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  "The Security Research Center (SRC) of the Defense Security Service (DSS) is conducting a program of research addressing government and industry procedures for security prescreening. Considerable emphasis has been placed upon developing tools and procedures for prescreening personnel at the time of enlistment into the military services. The SRC was tasked by the Director of Accession Policy, ASD (Force Manpower Policy) to determine potential measures for identifying military personnel associated with gangs and extremist groups and to design procedures for screening members of such groups during the enlistment process. We reviewed the literature on gangs and extremist groups and examined actual incidents within military contexts. We also reviewed the military's current responses to the problem to include existing directives, policies and procedures. Particular attention was given to the prescreening of military applicants during the phases of the enlistment process. The report documents the strong efforts of the Armed Services to address the issues attending gang and extremist group members but also concludes that these efforts could be enhanced through better guidance to relevant military and civilian personnel. We present four main recommendations for improving the military's gang and extremist screening efforts and point to some areas for future research."

  Defense Personnel Security Research Center (U.S.)

  Wiskoff, Martin F.; Flacks, Marc

  1998-06
• Third Generation Gangs Revisited: The Iraq Insurgency

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  "The insurgency in Iraq has continued despite the determination of U.S. and Iraqi forces. U.S. counter-insurgent strategy has operated from the premise that the main thrust behind anti-U.S. activities is a combination of Sunnis desiring a return to their former privileged position and tribal collective actors with long-standing grievances fuelled by radical Islam. Yet an analysis incorporating insights from gang theory illuminates the diverse, practical, and local motivations of those involved in insurgent networks. Gang theory is uniquely suited to illuminate the street-level dynamics that drive insurgent violence. Through this, a more precise picture of the relevant networks and their operative motivations can be drawn, allowing finer tuned policies targeted to the differentiated factors behind non-state violence. I first consider the origins of and interactions between the armed groups operating in Iraq for discernible trends in development, paying particular attention to factors consistent with gang models. I then alter the gang model for the context of Iraq, and present an integrated model that articulates the likely effects of state-insurgent interaction on stability and security there. I conclude with recommendations demonstrating the models relevance for strategic use in other regions."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Haussler, Nicholas I.

  2005-09
• Highlights of the 2001 National Youth Gang Survey

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  "The 2001 National Youth Gang Survey is the seventh annual survey conducted by the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) since 1995. The 2001 survey used the same nationally representative sample as the surveys conducted since 1996, which consists of the following: A total of 1,216 police departments serving cities with a population of 25,000 or more (larger cities). A total of 661 suburban county police and sheriffs departments (suburban counties). A randomly selected sample (n=398) of police departments serving cities with a population between 2,500 and 25,000 (smaller cities). A randomly selected sample (n=743) of rural county police and sheriff's departments (rural counties). Survey recipients were asked to report information only for youth gangs, defined as 'a group of youths or young adults in your jurisdiction that you or other responsible persons in your agency or community are willing to identify or classify as a gang.'"

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Egley, Arlen; Major, Aline K.

  2003-04
• Enhancing Community Safety: Gang Graffiti Automatic Recognition and Interpretation System

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  This factsheet describes the Gang Graffiti Automatic Recognition and Interpretation (GARI) system, which was developed by the Center for Visualization and Data Analytics, a DHS Science and Technology (S&T) Center of Excellence. This system identifies and tracks gang activity by analyzing gang graffiti through an app. The user takes an image of the graffiti and GARI gives an immediate analysis of the tag, including gang affiliation and interpretation. GARI is available on Android systems and desktop computers. Currently law enforcement officials in Indiana are using GARI.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
• Street Outreach and Law Enforcement Collaboration: Prioritizing Safety When Working With Gang Members [presentation]

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  This is the presentation from the National Gang Center's March 2016 presentation on "Street Outreach and Law Enforcement Collaboration". From the training summary: "This webinar will outline how best to conduct street outreach when gang-involved clients are in danger. The webinar will highlight the work of the National Gang Center and Houston Mayor's Anti-Gang Office. The presenters will discuss the importance of building collaborative relationships and communication protocols among outreach staff, police, schools, and justice systems to develop crisis response and safety plans, including plans to address client, outreach worker and public safety violent retaliatory situations."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  2016-03-16
• Gangs, 'Coups D' Streets,' and the New War in Central America

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  "A new kind of war is being waged in Central America"and elsewhere around the world"today. The main protagonists are what have come to be called first, second, and third generation street gangs. In this war, gangs are not sending conventional military units across national borders, or supporting proxy forces in an attempt to conquer territory or bring down governments. Rather, these nonstate actors are more interested in commercial profit and controlling territory (turf) to allow maximum freedom of movement and action. That freedom of movement within countries and across national borders ensures commercial market share and revenues, as well as secure bases for market expansion. Thus, in addition to drug smuggling, these gangs are known to have expanded their activities to smuggling people, body parts, weapons, and cars; associated murder, kidnapping, and robbery; home and community invasion; and other lucrative societal destabilization activities. What makes all this into a new kind of war is that these commercial motives are known to have been developed into political agendas by more sophisticated gangs."

  Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

  Manwaring, Max G.

  2005-07
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1279: Gang Deterrence and Community Protection Act of 2005

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  "H.R. 1279 would authorize the appropriation of nearly $80 million annually over the 2006-2010 period for Department of Justice (DOJ) programs to investigate and prosecute criminal street gangs and to protect witnesses and victims of gang-related crimes. The bill also would establish mandatory minimum prison sentences for certain crimes committed by members of criminal street gangs. Assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 1279 would cost about $370 million over the 2006-2010 period. This total includes roughly $60 million to incarcerate individuals in the federal prison system for longer periods of time than they would serve under current law. The bill could affect direct spending and receipts, but CBO estimates that any such effects would not be significant. H.R. 1279 contains no intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). State and local governments would benefit from the authorization of funds for certain programs to reduce participation in criminal street gangs; any costs to those governments would be incurred voluntarily. H.R. 1279 contains no new private-sector mandates as defined in UMRA."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2005-05-05
• Highlights of the 2009 National Youth Gang Survey

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  "Gangs, and their activities, remain a serious concern for law enforcement agencies and the public in many jurisdictions across the United States. Since 1996, the National Gang Center, through the National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS), has collected data annually from a large, representative sample of local law enforcement agencies to track the size and scope of the national gang problem.This fact sheet summarizes findings from the 2009 NYGS."

  United States. Office of Justice Programs

  Slowikowski, Jeff

  2011-06
• OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model Online Overview

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  The United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's "Comprehensive Gang Model Online Overview provides a 23-minute overview of the Model for individuals exploring strategies to assess and address their communities' gang problems. Key concepts covered include a brief overview of the nation's gang problem, a discussion of theory behind the Model and its five core strategies, a discussion on assessing the gang problem, and tools to assist community leaders in implementing the Model in their communities."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
• Why Youth Join Gangs [video]

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  "This video presentation features gang researchers, practitioners, and young people who were previously involved in gangs. Learn about research regarding gang joining, as well as firsthand insights into the behaviors and the circumstances that you might observe when interacting with youth who are at high risk of joining a gang." The video is broken up into seven main sections: "Intro to Risk Factors"; "Individual Risk Factors"; "Family Risk Factors"; "School Risk Factors"; "Peer Risk Factors"; "Community Risk Factors"; and "Pushes and Pulls."

  National Gang Center (U.S.)

  2014?
• Attorney General's Report to Congress on the Growth of Violent Street Gangs in Suburban Areas

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  "This Report to Congress on the growth of violent street gangs in suburban areas was requested by the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, in reference to Commerce, Justice, Science, and related Agencies Appropriations Bill 2008 (H. Rept. No. 110-240, July 19, 2007). The report provides a look at the types of gangs, the regions where they operate, and the relationships of these gangs with drug trafficking organizations. The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) provided substantive gang-related information for this report from their 2007 National Drug Threat Survey, along with Field Program Specialist Intelligence Reports; federal, state, and local law enforcement reporting; intelligence community reporting; open source reporting; and personal interviews of law enforcement officials by NDIC's intelligence analysts. The key findings from the survey and other reporting efforts are listed herein."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2008-04
• Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment: Annex 2: Guatemala Profile

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  This document is Annex #2 to the principal USAID "Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment" report and covers the country of Guatemala. "Violence is undeniably not a new phenomenon in Guatemala. The 36-year civil conflict was characterized by high levels of violence, much of it state-sponsored or institutional, the effects of which continue to manifest in the country today. There are significant levels of economic, institutional, and social violence in Guatemala. Organized crime networks exploit the weak rule of law to carry out their illicit businesses of money laundering, kidnapping, and trafficking of narcotics, contraband, weapons, and people. Youth gangs have emerged on the scene as willing functionaries of these organized crime networks at one end of the spectrum and, at the other end, as their convenient criminal scapegoats. Indeed, since the end of the conflict, 'maras,' or gangs, have become public enemy number one. Despite the end of the civil conflict, there are still incidents of institutional violence in the country, including police brutality and extrajudicial killing, as the state attempts to respond to mounting pressure to address high crime levels, particularly gang violence. Levels of social violence are also elevated in Guatemala, with a very high incidence of intra-familial violence including domestic abuse, child abuse, and sexual violence, all of which contribute to perpetuating the cycle of violence within successive generations."

  United States. Agency for International Development

  del Castillo, Christina; Loudis, Richard; Rajaraman, Anu

  2006-04
• National Gang Center Newsletter [Summer 2013]

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  This issue of the National Gang Center (NGC) Newsletter contains the following articles: "When Gangs Come to School"; "Civil Gang Injunctions - Part 2"; "2011 National Youth Gang Survey Analysis"; and "OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Strategic Planning Tool."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  2013
• National Gang Center Newsletter [Winter 2014]

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  This edition of the "National Gang Center Newsletter" contains the following articles: "Gang Member Reentry: Probation and Parole Perspectives"; "Parents' Guide to Gangs"; "OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Comprehensive Gang Model Training"; and "Global: Collaboration and Information Sharing for Better Juvenile Justice."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  2014
• National Gang Center Newsletter [Spring 2015]

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  This edition of the "National Gang Center Newsletter" contains the following articles: "Planning for Successful Summer Programs"; "Internet Adoption and Online Behavior Among American Street Gangs: Integrating Gangs and Organizational Theory"; "Constitutional Policing: Issues, Awareness, and Action Steps"; "International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Launches Online Brief on Adolescent Development and Policing"; and "National Gang Center (NGC) Resources Update."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  2015
• Serial No. 115-41: Gangs in Our Communities: Drugs, Human Trafficking, and Violence, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, July 20, 2017

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  This is the July 20, 2017 hearing on "Gangs in Our Communities: Drugs, Human Trafficking, and Violence," held before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations of the Committee on the Judiciary. From the testimony of Kenneth Blanco: "Violent crime is on the rise in many parts of America. Gang violence is increasingly in the headlines and news cycles every day in its frequency and its effect in the communities and its effect on innocent people who get caught in the crossfire. There are approximately 1.4 million members of 33,000 gangs operating across the country, all of whom use violence to boost their illegal money-making activities, protect their territories, intimidate their rivals, and enhance their status and fulfill their missions. Too many of our citizens live in fear of these violent criminals. All Americans deserve to be free from violence and safe in their homes, schools, jobs, and neighborhoods. This is why it is a top priority of the Department of Justice, under the leadership of Attorney General Sessions, to reduce violent crime in America, including gang-related violence." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Kenneth Blanco, Mark Vanek, Chris Marks, and Gary Slutkin.

  United States. Government Publishing Office

  2018
• Parent's Quick Reference Card: Recognizing and Preventing Gang Involvement

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  "This quick reference guide provides common warning signs of gang involvement, but may not be all-encompassing. Parents should look for multiple signs to indicate possible gang involvement because some of these indicators alone, such as clothes or musical preferences, are also common among youth not involved in gangs. Parents are encouraged to familiarize themselves with local gang symbols, seek help early, and consider contacting school personnel, local law enforcement, faith leaders, and community organizations for additional assistance."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services

  2005-10-17?
• Gangs in Schools [March 2019]

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  From the Impact to Schools: "The absence of a well-developed, strategic, collaborative, and effective school safety plan can lead to violence and other unsafe and disruptive activities within a school setting. It is not solely the responsibility of schools to create and maintain a safe learning environment, free from the disruption gangs can cause, for students, faculty, and staff. To develop a comprehensive plan that identifies effective, evidence-based strategies to address gang issues in the school environment requires the involvement of law enforcement, school administrators and staff, and other key sectors of the community. The OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Comprehensive Gang Model highlights such a holistic approach by coordinating the roles of all agencies and organizations within a community that are responsible for addressing gang-related crime and violence."

  National Gang Center (U.S.); United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  2019-03