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Honduran-U.S. Relations [Updated January 30, 2008]
This report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Honduras, and relations with the United States including trade, foreign assistance, military presence, migrations issues, drug and human trafficking, port security. From the report: "The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation with Honduras on port security. Some 78,000 Hondurans living in the United States have been provided temporary protected status (TPS) since the country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998. In early May 2007, TPS was extended until January 2009. U.S. foreign aid to Honduras amounted to almost $53 million in FY2006 and an estimated $46 million in FY2007. The Millennium Challenge Corporation approved a five-year $215 million compact with Honduras in 2005. The Administration requested $43 million in FY2008 foreign aid funding for Honduras. Although foreign aid allocations are not yet available, the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 101-161) provided for levels of Development Assistance and Child Survival and Health assistance for Honduras not lower than that provided in FY2007. The Administration has also requested at least $7.4 million in FY2008 supplemental assistance for Honduras as part of the Administration's Mérida Initiative to boost the region's capabilities to interdict the smuggling of drugs, arms, and people, and to support a regional anti-gang strategy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2008-01-30
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [August 10, 2007]
From the Summary: "The Central American nation of Honduras, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces significant challenges in the areas of crime, human rights, and improving overall economic and living conditions. While traditional agricultural exports of coffee and bananas are still important for the economy, nontraditional sectors, especially the maquiladora, or export-processing industry, have grown significantly over the past decade. Among the country's development challenges are a poverty rate over 70%, high infant mortality, and a significant HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite these challenges, increased public spending on health and education have reaped significant improvements in development indicators over the past decade. Current President Manuel Zelaya of the Liberal Party won a four-year term in the November 2005 elections. The country has enjoyed 25 years of uninterrupted elected civilian democratic rule. The economy grew an estimated 6% in 2006, benefiting from significant debt reduction by the international financial institutions that is freeing government resources to finance poverty-reduction programs. A key challenge for the government is curbing violent crime and the growth of youth gangs. The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation on port security, with the largest port in Honduras, Puerto Cortés, included in both the Container Security Initiative and the Secure Freight Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Olhero, Nelson
2007-08-10
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Merida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issues [January 21, 2010]
"Increasing violence perpetrated by drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and other criminal groups is threatening citizen security in Mexico and Central America. Drug-related violence claimed more than 6,500 lives in Mexico in 2009, and several Central American countries have among the highest homicide rates in the world. Mexican DTOs dominate the illicit drug market in the United States and are expanding their operations by forming partnerships with U.S. gangs. As a result, some of the drug-related violence in Mexico has spilled over into the United States. On October 22, 2007, the United States and Mexico announced the Mérida Initiative, a proposed package of U.S. counterdrug and anticrime assistance for Mexico and Central America that would begin in FY2008 and last through FY2010. Congress appropriated roughly $1.3 billion for Mexico and Central America, as well as Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in the FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-252), FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act (P.L. 111- 8), and the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-32). Each of these Acts contained human rights conditions on 15% of certain law enforcement and military assistance provided. Throughout 2009, drug-related violence in Mexico and the potential threat of spillover along the Southwest border focused congressional concern on the pace of implementation of the Mérida Initiative. On December 3, 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a preliminary report for Congress on the status of funding for the Mérida Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2010-01-21
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First Responder's Toolbox: Terrorism Prevention--A Form of Violence Reduction
From the Document: "Terrorism Prevention, previously known as Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), is a multi-agency, multidisciplinary, proactive approach against the many forms of terrorist ideology. Terrorism Prevention works to protect our nation from terrorist threats, and remains our highest priority. It utilizes prevention, intervention, and disengagement efforts. The principles and strategies used in Terrorism Prevention are similar to those applied to community policing, counter-drug, and counter-gang initiatives. Where possible, Terrorism Prevention should be incorporated into existing programs related to public safety, public health, resilience, inclusion, and violence prevention."
National Counterterrorism Center (U.S.)
Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team
2017-10-30
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First Responder's Toolbox: Acid Attacks: Potential Opportunistic Threat and Rapid Treatment Awareness
From the Document: "The number of criminal and gang-related assaults involving acid or other corrosive substances has risen sharply in some Western countries. As of July 2017, police statistics in England indicate assaults and threats involving corrosives have risen from 183 in 2012 to more than 500 this year, according to open source reporting. Although there has been minimal specific interest by terrorists in acid attacks to date, we judge the increase in criminal incidents coupled with recent English-language terrorist messaging encouraging attacks using acid may spur opportunistic terrorist use of the tactic, underscoring the potential threat and importance of an immediate on-scene emergency response."
National Counterterrorism Center (U.S.)
Joint Counterterrorism Assessment Team
2017-10-03
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [Updated September 25, 2008]
This Congressional Research Service (CRS) report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Honduras, and relations with the United States including trade, foreign assistance, military presence, migrations issues, drug and human trafficking, port security. "The Central American nation of Honduras, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces significant challenges in the areas of crime, human rights, and improving overall economic and living conditions. […] Among the country's development challenges are a poverty rate over 70%, high infant mortality, and a significant HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite these challenges, increased public spending on health and education have reaped significant improvements in development indicators over the past decade. […] The country has enjoyed 26 years of uninterrupted elected civilian democratic rule. […] The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues, although there have been some recent strains in relations in light of President Zelaya's move toward closer relations with Venezuela. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation with Honduras on port security. […] Honduras will also be receiving at least $7.3 million in FY2008 supplemental assistance funding under the Administration's Mérida Initiative designed to boost the region's capabilities to interdict the smuggling of drugs, arms, and people and also support a regional anti-gang strategy (P.L. [Public Law] 110--252). For FY2009, the Administration has requested almost $53 million in assistance for Honduras, and the country would also receive a portion of the $100 million requested for Central America for continuation of the Mérida Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Meyer, Peter J.
2008-09-25
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 21 Issue 40, October 7, 2021
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "NVFC [National Volunteer Fire Council] and IAFC [International Association of Fire Chiefs] release update to Lavender Ribbon Report on 11 best practices to prevent firefighter cancer"; "DHS S&T [Science and Technology Directorate] field tests FirstNet push-to-talk app for communications interoperability among DHS components and first responders"; "FEMA releases major update to Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101, final webinar on Oct. 13"; "REMINDER: Deadline to request FEMA Exercise Support is Nov. 1"; "Blockchain technology could provide secure communications for robot teams"; "Coinbase says hackers stole cryptocurrency from at least 6,000 customers;" "DHS issues roadmap to help organizations prepare for quantum computing threat"; "Conti gang threatens to dump victim data if ransom negotiations leak to reporters"; and "GAO [Government Accountability Office] flags six agencies on telework security measures."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2021-10-07
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Central America's Northern Triangle: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 [Updated May 13, 2021]
From the Document: "El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, located in the Northern Triangle region of Central America, have long struggled with high levels of poverty and inequality, widespread insecurity, and fragile democratic institutions. Already-difficult living conditions have worsened over the past year due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and two hurricanes. The International Monetary Fund estimates [hyperlink] the Salvadoran economy contracted by nearly 8.6% in 2020 and the Honduran and Guatemalan economies contracted by 8.0% and 1.5%, respectively. Nearly 1 million [hyperlink] Salvadorans, 3.1 million [hyperlink] Hondurans, and 3.7 million [hyperlink] Guatemalans are contending with crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity. Although the pandemic and government lockdowns initially disrupted criminal activities, reports suggest [hyperlink] domestic violence increased and gangs and illicit trafficking groups quickly adapted to the changed circumstances. Amid these challenges, the Northern Triangle governments have sought to undermine [hyperlink] anti-corruption efforts, weaken [hyperlink] judicial independence, and consolidate power [hyperlink], in the view of many analysts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Meyer, Peter J.
2021-05-13
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Mexico's Drug-Related Violence [May 27, 2009]
"Drug-related violence in Mexico has spiked in recent years as drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have competed for control of smuggling routes into the United States. [...] President Felipe Calderón... [has] made battling the Mexican drug trafficking organizations a top priority. [...] In response to the government's crackdown, the DTOs have responded with escalating violence. [...] The government's intensified campaign against the DTOs resulted in changes in the structure of these criminal organizations. The seven major DTOs in Mexico have reconfigured. The fracturing of some of the most powerful drug trafficking syndicates and the reemergence of once powerful DTOs have led to bloody conflict within and among the DTOs. [...] In October 2007, [the U.S. and Mexico] announced the Mérida Initiative to combat drug trafficking, gangs and organized crime... To date, the U.S. Congress has appropriated a total of $700 million for Mexico under the Mérida Initiative. The program, which combines counternarcotics equipment and training with rule of law and justice reform efforts, is still in its initial stages of implementation. [...] This report examines the causes for the escalation of the violence in Mexico. It provides a brief overview of Mexico's counterdrug efforts, a description of the major DTOs, the causes and trends in the violence, the Calderón government's efforts to crackdown on the DTOs, and the objectives and implementation of the Mérida Initiative as a response to the violence in Mexico."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Beittel, June S.
2009-05-27
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Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools - Second Edition
"This compendium provides researchers and prevention specialists with a set of tools to assess violence-related beliefs, behaviors, and influences, as well as to evaluate programs to prevent youth violence. If you are new to the field of youth violence prevention and unfamiliar with available measures, you may find this compendium to be particularly useful. If you are an experienced researcher, this compendium may serve as a resource to identify additional measures to assess the factors associated with violence among youths. [...] Several measures to assess peer, family, and community influences have been added to the compendium. Many of these measures are from the major longitudinal and prevention research studies of youth violence being conducted in the United States. Most of the measures in this compendium are intended for use with youths between the ages of 11 and 24 years, to assess such factors as serious violent and delinquent behavior, conflict resolution strategies, social and emotional competencies, peer influences, parental monitoring and supervision, family relationships, exposure to violence, collective efficacy, and neighborhood characteristics. The compendium also contains a number of scales and assessments developed for use with children between the ages of 5 and 10 years, to measure factors such as aggressive fantasies, beliefs supportive of aggression, attributional biases, prosocial behavior, and aggressive behavior. When parent and teacher versions of assessments are available, they are included as well." Assessments on gang attitudes are also included.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.)
2005
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El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and Relations with the United States [Updated January 3, 2007]
From the Summary: "Tony Saca, a businessman from the conservative National Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, was inaugurated for a five-year presidential term in June 2004. President Saca is seeking to promote trade-led economic growth, combat gang violence, and improve El Salvador's public finances. His ARENA party is the largest party in the legislature but lacks a majority and generally relies on support from small parties to enact legislation. Saca's agenda is facing continued opposition from the leftist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), the second largest party in the legislature. In 2006, despite tough anti-crime legislation, there were reportedly 3,671 homicides in El Salvador, the same as in 2005. In February 2006, the Bush Administration extended the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) of eligible Salvadoran migrants living in the United States until September 9, 2007. On March 1, 2006, El Salvador became the first country in the region to implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). In late November 2006, El Salvador signed a five-year, $461 million compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation for development of its impoverished northern border region. This report will be updated periodically."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2007-01-03
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FY2022 NDAA: Extremism in the Military [Updated January 5, 2022]
From the Background: "Government agencies and other experts have warned of an increasing threat of domestic violent extremism [hyperlink] in the United States, efforts by supremacist and anti-government extremist groups to recruit those with military experience, and evidence of military-affiliated personnel membership and participation [hyperlink] in these groups' activities. Extremist [hyperlink] and supremacist [hyperlink] activity among military-affiliated personnel has been the subject of several congressional hearings and legislative proposals over the past few years. This issue received further attention following revelations [hyperlink] that several alleged perpetrators of crimes at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, had military backgrounds. In response, the Department of Defense (DOD) increased efforts to address these issues. In February 2021, Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III issued an order [hyperlink] for a 60-day DOD-wide stand down to address and discuss issues related to extremism followed on April 9 by the establishment of a working group to counter extremism. DOD released the Countering Extremist Activity Working Group [hyperlink] (CEAWG) report in December 2021, along with an updated DOD instruction on 'Handling Protest, Extremist, and Criminal Gang Activities Among Members of the Armed Forces [hyperlink]' that defines both 'extremist activities' and 'active participation.' Other federal government initiatives are detailed in the National Security Council's June 2021 'National Strategy for Combatting Domestic Terrorism [hyperlink].' Several provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (FY2022 NDAA), enacted on December 27, 2021, seek to enhance oversight, awareness, and disciplinary authorities related to servicemember support for or participation in extremist activities[.]"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kamarck, Kristy N.
2022-01-05
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Closer Look at Cuba and Its Recent History of Proliferation, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, September 26, 2013
This is the September 26, 2013 hearing on "Closer Look at Cuba" held before a Subcommittee of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. From the opening statement of Matt Salmon: "Earlier this summer on July 16th, the Panamanian Government discovered and detained the North Korean flagged Chong Chon Gang cargo vessel travelling from Cuba. Found on board were 25 cargo containers of Cuban weapons and other U.N.-sanctioned items bound for the rogue regime in North Korea. In anticipation of the U.N. Security Council Sactions Committee, its impending report on the incident, I've convened this subcommittee today to investigate further Cuba's recent history of military proliferation and noncompliance with U.N. sanctions, and to review options available to the subcommittee to attempt to hold Cuba accountable for their violations." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Hugh Griffiths, Maria C. Werlau, Mary Beth Nikitin, and Matt Salmon.
United States. Government Printing Office
2013
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF): Budget and Operations for FY2010 [April 27, 2010]
From the Summary: "The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is the lead federal law enforcement agency charged with administering and enforcing federal laws related to the manufacture, importation, and distribution of firearms and explosives. Congress transferred ATF's enforcement and regulatory functions for firearms and explosives from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Justice (DOJ) as part of the Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296). […]. In March 2010, the House Commerce-Justice-State Appropriations subcommittee held a hearing on the ATF FY2011 budget submission. Members of the subcommittee raised questions about gun trafficking on the Southwest border, regulatory backlogs, violent crime impact teams, and interagency coordination on gang violence. Congress has passed and the President has signed into law the Prevent All Cigarette Trafficking Act (P.L. 111-154). This act grants ATF greater authority to inspect the businesses and records of 'cigarette deliverers.' In addition, under the Mérida Initiative, ATF has recently released a Spanish language version of its firearms trace request software (e-Trace 4.0) to Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica, and has established a U.S.-Mexico ballistic information exchange capability under the National Integrated Ballistic Imaging Network program. Also of note, in the fall of 2009, the Department of Justice Office of Inspector General released three reports on ATF operations. The first examined ATF's Project Gunrunner. The second examined ATF's efforts to investigate contraband cigarette trafficking. The third examined ATF's concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for explosives-related investigations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Krouse, William J.
2010-04-27
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Building Safer Communities: The Importance of Effective Federal-Local Collaboration in Law Enforcement, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, Wilmington, Deleware, June 20, 2011
This is the June 20, 2011 hearing on "Building Safer Communities: The Importance of Effective Federal-Local Collaboration in Law Enforcement," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary. From the opening statement of Christopher A. Coons: "The goal of this hearing is to examine how well federal and local collaboration, including both information-sharing and funding support, is working using Delaware as a model. We will examine Delaware's fusion center, which serves as the information and analysis nerve center, for information at every level that affects Delaware's public safety. We will also examine the use of joint task forces which our local police and federal partners have established to bring a merged operational focus to counterterrorism, as well as to keeping our streets safe from gangs, drugs and guns. We will also look at formal information-sharing arrangements. While Delaware's small size and the much-vaunted Delaware way of doing business have helped allow Delaware to innovate in these informal partnering arrangements, they can also serve, I believe, as models for States of any sizes." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Mark Brunswick, James Burch, Robert Coupe, Drewry Fennell, James Hosfelt, Richard McFeely, and James Nolan.
United States. Government Printing Office
2012
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Report from the Front Line: The Status of Northeast Texas' Fight Against Drugs, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, July 21, 1997
From the opening statement of Mark Souder: "Today, we will be examining the dire threat of drugs to our communities. It is a sad fact, but a harbinger of the times, that no young person in any community in America is out of the reach of cocaine, heroin, LSD [Lysergic Acid Diethylamide] and methamphetamine. Nor is any community immune from the drug violence, street gangs and trafficking to teens which accompany the arrival of these poisons in our midst. We have held hearings in New England, we have held hearings in Chicago, in the Detroit area and in Indiana. We have held hearings in the southwest and central and south Florida, in several parts of California, all over this Nation, and seen very similar types of problems with local variations. This problem is devastating and will require effort by all of us to reverse. We must do a better job of educating them about the dangers of these drugs, and protecting them from those who traffic in these poisons. We must wake up to our collective responsibility in meeting this collective threat--and get serious about fighting drugs. On behalf of the U.S. House leadership, this subcommittee began trying to pull together Republicans and Democrats committed to finding real and lasting solutions to our Nation's drug problems. During the time we have been involved in this effort, this subcommittee has traveled throughout our Nation to see how drug use is being [combated]." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Paul E. Coggins, Donnie R. Marhsall, Julio F. Mercado, Kenneth R. Yarbrough, Pete Sessions, and Mark E. Souder.
United States. Government Printing Office
1998
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Fact Sheet: Witness Security 2022
This fact sheet provides an overview of the federal Witness Security Program. From the Document: "[1] The U.S. Marshals Service operates the federal Witness Security Program, sometimes referred to as the 'Witness Protection Program.' [2] Witnesses protected by the Witness Security Program generally testify against major criminal organizations and their members, such as traditional organized crime groups, gangs and terrorist organizations. [3] The Witness Security Program provides for the security, safety and health of government witnesses and their authorized family members, whose lives are in danger as a result of their cooperation with the U.S. government."
United States. Marshals Service; United States. Department of Justice
2022-02-17
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Report on Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2021
From the Document: "'Report on Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2021' provides the most recent national indicators on school crime and safety. The information presented in this report serves as a reference for policymakers and practitioners so that they can develop effective programs and policies aimed at violence and school crime prevention. [...] This report covers a variety of topics on school crime and safety. It first examines different types of student victimization, including violent deaths and school shootings, nonfatal criminal victimization, and bullying victimization. Then, the report presents data on measures of school conditions--such as discipline problems, gangs, hate-related speech, possession of weapons, and use and availability of illegal drugs--as well as data that reflect student perceptions about their personal safety at school. This report wraps up the discussion on crime and safety issues at the elementary and secondary level by examining the percentages of teachers who reported having been threatened or attacked by their students."
National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Irwin, Véronique; Wang, Ke; Cui, Jiashan . . .
2022-06
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National Drug Control Strategy: Northern Border Counternarcotics Strategy
From the Introduction: "Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) operating on both sides of the United States-Canada border (Northern Border) often exploit the international boundary's vulnerabilities for illegal activities, at times in conjunction with outlaw motorcycle gangs. They smuggle illegal drugs as well as both weapons and the illicit proceeds from drug sales between the two countries. The predominate drugs trafficked across the Northern border are cocaine, which is smuggled into Canada, and MDMA [methylenedioxy-methylamphetamine] (ecstasy), which is smuggled into the United States. Though marijuana, heroin, and illicitly manufactured fentanyl are also trafficked across the Northern Border, their volume is substantially less than that which is trafficked across the Southwest Border."
United States. Office of National Drug Control Policy; United States. Executive Office of the President
2022-04-22?
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Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2011 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey
"This document reports data from the 2011 School Crime Supplement (SCS) of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The Web Tables show the extent to which students with different personal characteristics report bullying and cyber-bullying. Estimates include responses by student characteristics: student sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and household income. The U.S. Census Bureau (Census) appended additional data from the 2009--10 Common Core of Data (CCD) and the 2009--10 Private School Universe Survey (PSS) to generate tables showing the extent to which bullying and cyber-bullying are reported by students in schools with different characteristics.2 School characteristics examined are region; sector (public or private); locale; level; enrollment size; student-to-full-time-equivalent (FTE) teacher ratio; percentage of combined American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/ Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and students of two or more races; and percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-priced lunch. The SCS data tables show the relationship between bullying and cyber-bullying victimization and other crime-related variables, such as reported presence of gangs, guns, drugs, and alcohol at school; selected school security measures; student criminal victimization; and personal fear, avoidance behaviors, fighting, and weapon carrying at school."
National Center for Education Statistics
2013-08
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Reducing the Budget Deficit: Tax Policy Options [August 8, 2011]
"Tax reform and deficit reduction are two issues being considered by the 112th Congress. In recent months, a number of groups have published various plans for tackling the nation's growing deficits. Other groups, such as the Senate 'Gang of Six' and a group led by Vice President Biden comprised of Members of Congress, have engaged in deficit reduction negotiations. This report analyzes various revenue options for deficit reduction, highlighting proposals made by the President's Fiscal Commission and the Debt Reduction Task Force. Others, such as House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan and the Obama Administration, have noted the importance of tax reform as part of deficit reduction plans. These plans, however, do not provide the same level of detail as the Fiscal Commission and Debt Reduction Task Force, and are therefore not reviewed in detail as part of this report. […] There are other options for generating additional revenues outside of the current tax system. The federal government could raise revenues through additional consumption taxes, excise taxes, or by imposing a tax on carbon. The President's Fiscal Commission and the Debt Reduction Task Force took different approaches in the tax reform components of their fiscal sustainability plans. The President's Fiscal Commission raised additional tax revenues primarily through comprehensive income tax reform. The Fiscal Commission chose to broaden the tax base, allowing for both lower tax rates and increased federal revenues. The Debt Reduction Task Force's proposal also recommended individual income tax reform. The individual income tax reforms recommended by the Debt Reduction Task Force were designed to enhance efficiency and increase progressivity in the income tax system. Additional revenues in the Debt Reduction Task Force's plan originate from the proposed 6.5% debt-reduction sales tax."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.
2011-08-08
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Reducing the Budget Deficit: Tax Policy Options [July 13, 2011]
"Tax reform and deficit reduction are two issues being considered by the 112th Congress. In recent months, a number of groups have published various plans for tackling the nation's growing deficits. Other groups, such as the Senate 'Gang of Six' and a group led by Vice President Biden comprised of Members of Congress, have engaged in deficit reduction negotiations. This report analyzes various revenue options for deficit reduction, highlighting proposals made by the President's Fiscal Commission and the Debt Reduction Task Force. Others, such as House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan and the Obama Administration, have noted the importance of tax reform as part of deficit reduction plans. These plans, however, do not provide the same level of detail as the Fiscal Commission and Debt Reduction Task Force, and are therefore not reviewed in detail as part of this report. […] There are other options for generating additional revenues outside of the current tax system. The federal government could raise revenues through additional consumption taxes, excise taxes, or by imposing a tax on carbon. The President's Fiscal Commission and the Debt Reduction Task Force took different approaches in the tax reform components of their fiscal sustainability plans. The President's Fiscal Commission raised additional tax revenues primarily through comprehensive income tax reform. The Fiscal Commission chose to broaden the tax base, allowing for both lower tax rates and increased federal revenues. The Debt Reduction Task Force's proposal also recommended individual income tax reform. The individual income tax reforms recommended by the Debt Reduction Task Force were designed to enhance efficiency and increase progressivity in the income tax system. Additional revenues in the Debt Reduction Task Force's plan originate from the proposed 6.5% debt-reduction sales tax."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sherlock, Molly F.
2011-07-13
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National Drug Control Strategy Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy
From the Introduction: "Criminal activity along the Southwest Border (SWB) poses a significant national security threat to the United States. The almost 2,000-mile border that separates the United States and Mexico includes major population centers, transportation hubs, Tribal lands and Tribal Trust lands, and large tracts of uninhabited desert. Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) are the greatest drug trafficking threat to the United States; they control most of the U.S. drug market and have established varied transportation routes, have advanced communications capabilities, and hold strong affiliations with criminal groups and gangs in the United States. Mexican TCOs supply the majority of the heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, and foreign-produced marijuana available in U.S. illicit drug markets. These drugs are also smuggled into the United States across other land, sea, and air borders, but not on the same scale as the substances transported across the SWB."
United States. White House Office; United States. Executive Office of the President; United States. Office of National Drug Control Policy
2022
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2017 Firearms Used in the Commission of Crimes
From the Document: "California Penal Code section 34200 requires the Department of Justice (DOJ) to provide to the Legislature [...] a written report on the specific types of firearms used in the commission of crimes based upon information obtained from state and local crime laboratories. [...] The report must include all of the following information regarding crimes in which firearms were used: (a) A description of the relative occurrence of firearms most frequently used in the commission of violent crimes, distinguishing whether the firearms used were handguns, rifles, shotguns, assault weapons, or other related types of weapons. (b) A description of specific types of firearms that are used in homicides or street gang and drug trafficking crimes. (c) The frequency with which stolen firearms were used in the commission of the crimes. (d) The frequency with which fully automatic firearms were used in the commission of the crimes. (e) Any trends of importance such as those involving specialized ammunition or firearms modifications, such as conversion to a fully automatic weapon, removal of serial number, shortening of barrel, or use of a suppressor."
California. Office of the Attorney General
2018-05-10?
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2013 Firearms Used in the Commission of Crimes
From the Document: "'California Penal Code section 34200' requires that 'the Attorney General shall provide the Legislature [...] a written report on the specific types of firearms used in the commission of crimes based upon information obtained from state and local crime laboratories. The report shall include all of the following information regarding crimes in which firearms were used: (a) A description of the relative occurrence of firearms most frequently used in the commission of violent crimes, distinguishing whether the firearms used were handguns, rifles, shotguns, assault weapons, or other related types of weapons. (b) A description of specific types of firearms that are used in homicides or street gang and drug trafficking crimes. (c) The frequency with which stolen firearms were used in the commission of the crimes. (d) The frequency with which fully automatic firearms were used in the commission of the crimes. (e) Any trends of importance such as those involving specialized ammunition or firearms modifications, such as conversion to a fully automatic weapon, removal of serial number, shortening of barrel, or use of a suppressor.'"
California. Office of the Attorney General
2014-10-02?
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Law Enforcement Referral of At-Risk Youth: The SHIELD Program
"Police officers play a crucial role in the juvenile justice system, one that extends beyond enforcing the law. The police officer on the beat has first-hand knowledge of the community and its youth--knowledge that can prove a valuable asset in efforts to prevent delinquency. Initiated in 1996, with funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Westminster, CA, police department's Strategic Home Intervention and Early Leadership Development (SHIELD) program takes advantage of contacts made by law enforcement officers to identify youth at risk of delinquency and refer them to appropriate community services. Not only are officers familiar with the youth in their communities, they are increasingly knowledgeable about risk and protective factors related to delinquency. This Bulletin describes how the SHIELD program mobilizes these assets to identify youth at risk of involvement in violent behavior, substance abuse, and gang activity and to address their needs through a multidisciplinary team approach involving representatives from the community, schools, and service agencies."
United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Wyrick, Phelan A.
2000-11
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Multi-Component Efforts to Improve School Safety - Breakout Session, NIJ Virtual Conference on School Safety [video]
From the Webpage: "On February 16-18, 2021, the National Institute of Justice [NIJ] hosted the Virtual Conference on School Safety: Bridging Research to Practice to Safeguard Our Schools." The video includes the following presentations: "Exploring the Relationship Between School Climate and Safety: Restorative Justice and PBIS [Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports]" by Troy Smith, Karen Crews, Sean Kelly; "The Causes and Consequences of School Violence: The Impact of Social Media on Delinquency" by Timothy McCuddy; and "Suspension Diversion and Gang Prevention: Taking a Comprehensive Approach to School Safety" by Stephanie Hawkins. The duration of this video is 1 hour, 31 minutes and 5 seconds. This page also includes a transcript of the video.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Kelley, Barbara Tatem; Smith, Troy D.; Crews, Karen . . .
2021-02-16
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Child Protection and COVID-19: El Salvador Case Study
From the Document: "Prior to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, El Salvador was one of the most dangerous countries for a child to live in. Violence is perpetuated through negative peer influence, especially for adolescents, and through cultures of machismo and harsh discipline that see significant levels of violence in the home. In this context, children face significant protection concerns, including a 33% school drop-out rate, family separation and fracture due to violence, and pressure to join gangs that begins at an early age. [...] In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic has had many, varied impacts on children's protection and well-being. Child protection organizations, such as World Vision El Salvador, have had to adapt their programming to meet the enhanced and particular needs of children at this time. The objectives of our humanitarian response are: [1] Prevent infection[;] [2] Strengthen health systems[;] [3] Contribute to preventing secondary impacts on children[;] [4] Advocate for child protection."
World Vision International
2022-02-17?
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Heroin Trafficking in the United States [December 11, 2018]
"Over the past several years, the nation has seen an uptick in the use and abuse of opioids--both prescription opioids and non-prescription opioids such as heroin. In 2016, there were an estimated 948,000 individuals (0.4% of the 12 and older population) who reported using heroin within the past year--up from 0.2% to 0.3% of this population reporting use in the previous decade. In addition to an increase in heroin use over the past several years, there has been a simultaneous increase in its availability in the United States. The increase in availability has been fueled by a number of factors, including increased production and trafficking of heroin--principally by Mexican criminal networks. Mexican transnational criminal organizations are the major suppliers and key producers of most illegal drugs smuggled into the United States. They have been increasing their share of the U.S. drug market--particularly with respect to heroin--even though the United States still receives some heroin from South America and, to a lesser extent, Southwest Asia. To facilitate the distribution and sale of drugs in the United States, Mexican drug traffickers have formed relationships with U.S. gangs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin M.
2018-12-11
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Heroin Trafficking in the United States [Updated February 14, 2019]
"Over the past several years, the nation has seen an uptick in the use and abuse of opioids--both prescription opioids and non-prescription opioids such as heroin. In 2016, there were an estimated 948,000 individuals (0.4% of the 12 and older population) who reported using heroin within the past year--up from 0.2% to 0.3% of this population reporting use in the previous decade. In addition to an increase in heroin use over the past several years, there has been a simultaneous increase in its availability in the United States. The increase in availability has been fueled by a number of factors, including increased production and trafficking of heroin--principally by Mexican criminal networks. Mexican transnational criminal organizations are the major suppliers and key producers of most illegal drugs smuggled into the United States. They have been increasing their share of the U.S. drug market--particularly with respect to heroin--even though the United States still receives some heroin from South America and, to a lesser extent, Southwest Asia. To facilitate the distribution and sale of drugs in the United States, Mexican drug traffickers have formed relationships with U.S. gangs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Finklea, Kristin M.
2019-02-14
