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Merida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issues [January 21, 2010]
"Increasing violence perpetrated by drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and other criminal groups is threatening citizen security in Mexico and Central America. Drug-related violence claimed more than 6,500 lives in Mexico in 2009, and several Central American countries have among the highest homicide rates in the world. Mexican DTOs dominate the illicit drug market in the United States and are expanding their operations by forming partnerships with U.S. gangs. As a result, some of the drug-related violence in Mexico has spilled over into the United States. On October 22, 2007, the United States and Mexico announced the Mérida Initiative, a proposed package of U.S. counterdrug and anticrime assistance for Mexico and Central America that would begin in FY2008 and last through FY2010. Congress appropriated roughly $1.3 billion for Mexico and Central America, as well as Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in the FY2008 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 110-252), FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act (P.L. 111- 8), and the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-32). Each of these Acts contained human rights conditions on 15% of certain law enforcement and military assistance provided. Throughout 2009, drug-related violence in Mexico and the potential threat of spillover along the Southwest border focused congressional concern on the pace of implementation of the Mérida Initiative. On December 3, 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a preliminary report for Congress on the status of funding for the Mérida Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2010-01-21
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Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools - Second Edition
"This compendium provides researchers and prevention specialists with a set of tools to assess violence-related beliefs, behaviors, and influences, as well as to evaluate programs to prevent youth violence. If you are new to the field of youth violence prevention and unfamiliar with available measures, you may find this compendium to be particularly useful. If you are an experienced researcher, this compendium may serve as a resource to identify additional measures to assess the factors associated with violence among youths. [...] Several measures to assess peer, family, and community influences have been added to the compendium. Many of these measures are from the major longitudinal and prevention research studies of youth violence being conducted in the United States. Most of the measures in this compendium are intended for use with youths between the ages of 11 and 24 years, to assess such factors as serious violent and delinquent behavior, conflict resolution strategies, social and emotional competencies, peer influences, parental monitoring and supervision, family relationships, exposure to violence, collective efficacy, and neighborhood characteristics. The compendium also contains a number of scales and assessments developed for use with children between the ages of 5 and 10 years, to measure factors such as aggressive fantasies, beliefs supportive of aggression, attributional biases, prosocial behavior, and aggressive behavior. When parent and teacher versions of assessments are available, they are included as well." Assessments on gang attitudes are also included.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.)
2005
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El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and Relations with the United States [Updated January 3, 2007]
From the Summary: "Tony Saca, a businessman from the conservative National Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, was inaugurated for a five-year presidential term in June 2004. President Saca is seeking to promote trade-led economic growth, combat gang violence, and improve El Salvador's public finances. His ARENA party is the largest party in the legislature but lacks a majority and generally relies on support from small parties to enact legislation. Saca's agenda is facing continued opposition from the leftist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), the second largest party in the legislature. In 2006, despite tough anti-crime legislation, there were reportedly 3,671 homicides in El Salvador, the same as in 2005. In February 2006, the Bush Administration extended the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) of eligible Salvadoran migrants living in the United States until September 9, 2007. On March 1, 2006, El Salvador became the first country in the region to implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). In late November 2006, El Salvador signed a five-year, $461 million compact with the Millennium Challenge Corporation for development of its impoverished northern border region. This report will be updated periodically."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2007-01-03
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EMR-ISAC: Infogram, Volume 21 Issue 25, June 24, 2021
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Resources from USFA [United States Fire Administration] and IAFF [International Association of Fire Fighters] on mitigating heat stress with firefighter rehabilitation"; "FICEMS [Federal Interagency Committee on Emergency Medical Services] releases Telemedicine Framework for EMS [emergency medical services] and 911"; "FEMA releases NIMS [National Incident Management System] Incident Complexity Guide"; "ISAC National Webinar: Incident Response Tabletop - Working with law enforcement and insurers when responding to cyber incidents"; "CISA [Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] collaborating with White House on forthcoming zero-trust strategy"; "MITRE adds D3FEND countermeasures to ATT&CK framework"; "Average time to fix critical cybersecurity vulnerabilities is 205 days: report"; "Ransomware attacks decline as gangs focus on lucrative targets"; "Tulsa warns of data breach after Conti ransomware leaks police citations."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2021-06-24
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [December 13, 2007]
"The Central American nation of Honduras, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces significant challenges in the areas of crime, human rights, and improving overall economic and living conditions. While traditional agricultural exports of coffee and bananas are still important for the economy, nontraditional sectors, especially the maquiladora, or export-processing industry, have grown significantly over the past decade. Among the country's development challenges are a poverty rate over 70%, high infant mortality, and a significant HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite these challenges, increased public spending on health and education have reaped significant improvements in development indicators over the past decade. Current President Manuel Zelaya of the Liberal Party won a four-year term in the November 2005 elections. The country has enjoyed 25 years of uninterrupted elected civilian democratic rule. The economy, which grew 6% in 2006 and is forecast to grow 6% in 2007, has benefitted from significant debt reduction by the international financial institutions that is freeing government resources to finance poverty-reduction programs. A key challenge for the government is curbing violent crime and the growth of youth gangs. The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues. Some 78,000 Hondurans living in the United States who have been provided temporary protected status (TPS) since 1998 when the country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch. […]. The Millennium Challenge Corporation approved a five-year $215 million compact with Honduras in 2005."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Olhero, Nelson
2007-12-13
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Assessing Venezuela's Political Crisis: Human Rights Violations and Beyond, Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, May 8, 2014
This is the May 8, 2014 hearing on "Assessing Venezuela's Political Crisis: Human Rights Violations and Beyond" held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. From the opening statement of Committee Chairman Robert Menendez: "Let me welcome today's panelists from the Department of State, Duke University, the Carnegie Endowment, and Human Rights Watch, which this week released a deeply troubling report on the scale of human rights violations in Venezuela, a report documenting human rights abuses far worse than I had anticipated. The report documents how Venezuelan security forces, often in collaboration with colectivos, armed pro-government gangs, have systematically violated the rights of students, women, men, members of the political opposition, and journalists. […] Today's hearing is an opportunity for us to understand what role the United States has played and should play, given the current crisis in Venezuela. […] We must also look at the future implications of the deteriorating political and economic conditions in Venezuela, and its potential impact on Caribbean and Central American nations that have benefited from Venezuelan subsidized oil shipments. Finally, we must assess the destabilizing role that Cuba is playing in Venezuela and the very real security challenges from transnational criminal enterprises operating in the country, as well as the signs of their collusion with members of the Venezuelan Government." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Roberta S. Jacobson, Tomasz P. Malinowski, Patrick D. Duddy, Moisés Naím, and José Miguel Vivanco.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2017
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First Responder's Toolbox: Acid Attacks: Potential Opportunistic Threat and Rapid Treatment Awareness
"The number of criminal and gang-related assaults involving acid or other corrosive substances has risen sharply in some Western countries. As of July 2017, police statistics in England indicate assaults and threats involving corrosives have risen from 183 in 2012 to more than 500 this year, according to open source reporting. Although there has been minimal specific interest by terrorists in acid attacks to date, we judge the increase in criminal incidents coupled with recent English-language terrorist messaging encouraging attacks using acid may spur opportunistic terrorist use of the tactic, underscoring the potential threat and importance of an immediate on-scene emergency response."
National Counterterrorism Center (U.S.)
2017-10-03
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Death Penalty: Capital Punishment Legislation in the 110th Congress [September 7, 2007]
"The Death Penalty: Capital Punishment Legislation in the 110th Congress Summary Most capital offenses are state crimes. In 1994, however, Congress revived the death penalty as a federal sentencing option. More than a few federal statutes now proscribe offenses punishable by death. A number of bills have been offered during the 110th Congress to modify federal law in the area. One, S. 447 (Sen. Feingold), would abolish the federal death penalty. Others would increase the number of capital offenses to include one or more newly created offenses or existing non-capital offenses newly designated as capital offenses […]. Numbered among the new capital offenses and newly designated capital offenses are murder related to street gang offenses or Travel Act violations, murder committed during and in relation to drug trafficking, murder committed in the course of evading border inspection, murder of disaster assistance workers, and various terrorism-related murders. A third category of proposals would adjust in one way or another the procedures used to try and sentence capital defendants, including those relating to where a capital offense may be tried, the appointment of counsel in capital cases, the pre-trial notification which the parties must exchange in capital cases, the procedures that apply when the defendant claims to be mentally retarded, adjustments in the statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstances, jury matters, and the site of federal executions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Doyle, Charles
2007-09-07
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Mexico's Drug Cartels [Updated February 25, 2008]
"Mexico, a major drug producing and transit country, is the main foreign supplier of marijuana and a major supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of heroin consumed in the United States. An estimated 90% of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico. Violence in the border region has affected U.S. citizens and more than 60 Americans have been kidnapped in Nuevo Laredo. In July 2007, Mexican drug cartels reportedly threatened to kill a U.S. journalist covering drug violence in the border region. The proposed Mérida Initiative would provide at least $950 million to combat drug and organized crime. […] Felipe Calderón has called drug violence a threat to the Mexican state. This report provides an overview of: Mexican cartels and their operations, including the nature of cartel ties to gangs such as the Mara Salvatrucha; Mexican cartel drug production in the United States; and the presence of Mexican cartel cells in the United States. Mexican cartels allegedly have used their vast financial resources to corrupt Mexican public officials who either turn a blind eye to cartel activities or work directly for them. Since 2005, the Mexican government has made numerous efforts to purge corrupt police. In December 2006, President Felipe Calderón launched operations against the cartels in 9 of Mexico's 32 states. He has pledged to use extradition as a tool against drug traffickers, and sent 73 criminals to the United States as of August 2007, including the alleged head of the Gulf Cartel. This report also examines potential policy approaches to the problem of drug trafficking and violence. Current U.S. and Mexican policy emphasizes interdiction and eradication."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cook, Colleen W.
2008-02-25
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [Updated January 30, 2008]
This report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Honduras, and relations with the United States including trade, foreign assistance, military presence, migrations issues, drug and human trafficking, port security. From the report: "The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation with Honduras on port security. Some 78,000 Hondurans living in the United States have been provided temporary protected status (TPS) since the country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998. In early May 2007, TPS was extended until January 2009. U.S. foreign aid to Honduras amounted to almost $53 million in FY2006 and an estimated $46 million in FY2007. The Millennium Challenge Corporation approved a five-year $215 million compact with Honduras in 2005. The Administration requested $43 million in FY2008 foreign aid funding for Honduras. Although foreign aid allocations are not yet available, the FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 101-161) provided for levels of Development Assistance and Child Survival and Health assistance for Honduras not lower than that provided in FY2007. The Administration has also requested at least $7.4 million in FY2008 supplemental assistance for Honduras as part of the Administration's Mérida Initiative to boost the region's capabilities to interdict the smuggling of drugs, arms, and people, and to support a regional anti-gang strategy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.
2008-01-30
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [August 10, 2007]
From the Summary: "The Central American nation of Honduras, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces significant challenges in the areas of crime, human rights, and improving overall economic and living conditions. While traditional agricultural exports of coffee and bananas are still important for the economy, nontraditional sectors, especially the maquiladora, or export-processing industry, have grown significantly over the past decade. Among the country's development challenges are a poverty rate over 70%, high infant mortality, and a significant HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite these challenges, increased public spending on health and education have reaped significant improvements in development indicators over the past decade. Current President Manuel Zelaya of the Liberal Party won a four-year term in the November 2005 elections. The country has enjoyed 25 years of uninterrupted elected civilian democratic rule. The economy grew an estimated 6% in 2006, benefiting from significant debt reduction by the international financial institutions that is freeing government resources to finance poverty-reduction programs. A key challenge for the government is curbing violent crime and the growth of youth gangs. The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation on port security, with the largest port in Honduras, Puerto Cortés, included in both the Container Security Initiative and the Secure Freight Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Olhero, Nelson
2007-08-10
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Honduran-U.S. Relations [Updated September 25, 2008]
This Congressional Research Service (CRS) report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Honduras, and relations with the United States including trade, foreign assistance, military presence, migrations issues, drug and human trafficking, port security. "The Central American nation of Honduras, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces significant challenges in the areas of crime, human rights, and improving overall economic and living conditions. […] Among the country's development challenges are a poverty rate over 70%, high infant mortality, and a significant HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite these challenges, increased public spending on health and education have reaped significant improvements in development indicators over the past decade. […] The country has enjoyed 26 years of uninterrupted elected civilian democratic rule. […] The United States has a close relationship with Honduras, characterized by an important trade partnership, a U.S. military presence in the country, and cooperation on a range of transnational issues, although there have been some recent strains in relations in light of President Zelaya's move toward closer relations with Venezuela. Honduras is a party to the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). There has been extensive cooperation with Honduras on port security. […] Honduras will also be receiving at least $7.3 million in FY2008 supplemental assistance funding under the Administration's Mérida Initiative designed to boost the region's capabilities to interdict the smuggling of drugs, arms, and people and also support a regional anti-gang strategy (P.L. [Public Law] 110--252). For FY2009, the Administration has requested almost $53 million in assistance for Honduras, and the country would also receive a portion of the $100 million requested for Central America for continuation of the Mérida Initiative."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sullivan, Mark P.; Meyer, Peter J.
2008-09-25
