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• 287(G): Cross-Delegating State and Local Law Enforcement Officers with Federal Immigration Authority -- Homeland Security Remedy or Rue?

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  "As a result of the federal government's shortcomings in thwarting illegal immigration, state and local law enforcement agencies are now largely shouldering the problem of criminal activity associated with illegal immigration. Section 287(g) of the INA allows state and local police to actively participate in immigration enforcement, but has raised concerns about how to balance public safety with concerns of a 'chilling effect' on the immigrant community. This thesis surveyed current and prospective 287(g) participants in order to develop a model for voluntary local, state and federal immigration enforcement collaboration. The proposed model confines immigration enforcement to a small group of select officers representing agencies that volunteer based on the needs of their communities; ICE agents would be active participants. The enforcement would target serious crimes that support illegal immigration such as alien smuggling, fraudulent documents, transnational gang activity and drug trafficking. Enforcement efforts would be supplemented by community outreach and efforts to mitigate the chilling effect that deters many state and local police from engaging in immigration enforcement."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Lines, Johnathan L.

  2008-12
• Juvenile Justice, September 1997

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  This issue of "Juvenile Justice", the "Youth Violence Issue", contains articles reporting on progress in "reducing youth gun violence and in the overall effort to combat juvenile violence and delinquency." Included is information relating to gang violence.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Greenbaum, Stuart; Ingersoll, Sarah

  1997-09
• Law Enforcement Referral of At-Risk Youth: The SHIELD Program

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  "Police officers play a crucial role in the juvenile justice system, one that extends beyond enforcing the law. The police officer on the beat has first-hand knowledge of the community and its youth--knowledge that can prove a valuable asset in efforts to prevent delinquency. Initiated in 1996, with funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Westminster, CA, police department's Strategic Home Intervention and Early Leadership Development (SHIELD) program takes advantage of contacts made by law enforcement officers to identify youth at risk of delinquency and refer them to appropriate community services. Not only are officers familiar with the youth in their communities, they are increasingly knowledgeable about risk and protective factors related to delinquency. This Bulletin describes how the SHIELD program mobilizes these assets to identify youth at risk of involvement in violent behavior, substance abuse, and gang activity and to address their needs through a multidisciplinary team approach involving representatives from the community, schools, and service agencies."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Wyrick, Phelan A.

  2000-11
• Challenges Facing American Indian Youth: On the Front Lines with Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell

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  This issue of 'Juvenile Justice Journal', the 'American Indian Issue', "presents feature articles, each of which provides a compendium of information on preventing and combating delinquency among American Indian youth." Included is information on gang membership among American Indian youths.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Wilson, John J.; Andrews, Chyrl

  2000-12
• Enhancing Prosecutors' Ability to Combat and Prevent Juvenile Crime in Their Jurisdictions

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  "Seeking to curb crime and protect citizens by holding delinquent youth accountable for their offenses, Congress enacted the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) program. This Bulletin features two of the three JAIBG purpose areas that focus on enhancing the ability of prosecutors to address juvenile crime by providing funding for (1) hiring additional prosecutors and (2) acquiring technology, equipment, and training. The Bulletin provides recommendations for the effective use of additional prosecutors and the use of technology to increase efficiency in the juvenile justice system. To combat and prevent juvenile crime, prosecutors require information that offers a range of responses. This Bulletin and its JAIBG companion, 'Enabling Prosecutors To Address Drug, Gang, and Youth Violence', provide some of that crucial information."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Gramckow, Heike P.; Tompkins, Elena

  1999-12
• Juvenile Justice, September 2004

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  This edition of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's [OJJDP] Juvenile Justice Journal "focuses on research that assess how and why children become delinquent, including its value in preventing and combating delinquency. The first article in this issue of Juvenile Justice outlines OJJDP's Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, a series of studies that has tracked the experiences of large samples of high-risk youth throughout their developmental years. Authors of the second article discuss how communities can use risk factor research to address local gang problems. The In Brief section includes an overview of how three communities made measurable inroads against delinquency by addressing risk factors and also reviews relevant publications."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  2004-09
• Global Highlights: December 2009

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  "This issue of Global Highlights focuses on the recent meeting of the Criminal Intelligence Coordinating Council (CICC) and the Global Intelligence Working Group (GIWG) and their efforts to continue toward enhanced intelligence information sharing. Members focused their talents on issues that included gang-related data exchange, privacy protections and associated training, and outreach."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2009
• Recent Inspector General Reports Concerning the Federal Bureau of Investigation: Statement of Glenn A. Fine Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice before the House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security, February 24, 2010

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  From the opening statement of Glenn A. Fine: "The FBI faces significant challenges in handling its many critical duties. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the FBI has reoriented its focus to make counterterrorism its top priority, but at the same time it must continue to address its many pressing traditional law enforcement responsibilities. As part of the OIG's ongoing oversight work, we have reviewed a variety of important FBI programs. At the request of the subcommittee, I will mainly focus my testimony on three recent OIG reviews: (1) coordination between the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) in explosives investigations; (2) the FBI's foreign language translation program; and (3) the FBI's and the Department of Justice's coordination of efforts to combat gang violence. Within the past year we have also issued several other reports on important FBI programs. My testimony briefly summarizes the findings of some of these reviews. Finally, my testimony highlights several ongoing OIG reviews of FBI programs."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General

  Fine, Glenn A.

  2010-02-24
• Violence by Teenage Girls: Trends and Context

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  "According to data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, from 1991 to 2000, arrests of girls increased more (or decreased less) than arrests of boys for most types of offenses. By 2004, girls accounted for 30 percent of all juvenile arrests. However, questions remain about whether these trends reflect an actual increase in girls' delinquency or changes in societal responses to girls' behavior. To find answers to these questions, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) convened the Girls Study Group to establish a theoretical and empirical foundation to guide the development, testing, and dissemination of strategies to reduce or prevent girls' involvement in delinquency and violence. The Girls Study Group Series, of which this Bulletin is a part, presents the Group's findings. The series examines issues such as patterns of offending among adolescents and how they differ for girls and boys; risk and protective factors associated with delinquency, including gender differences; and the causes and correlates of girls' delinquency." Included is a section on teenage girls and gang involvement.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Zahn, Margaret A.; Brumbaugh, Susan; Steffensmeier, Darrell J., 1942-

  2008-05
• Risk and Protective Factors of Child Delinquency

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  "Preventing children from engaging in delinquent behavior is one of OJJDP's [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] primary goals. Early intervention is crucial to achieving this goal, and understanding the factors related to child delinquency is essential to effective early childhood intervention. As part of its effort to understand and respond to these needs, OJJDP formed the Study Group on Very Young Offenders. This Bulletin, part of OJJDP's Child Delinquency Series, focuses on four types of risk and protective factors: individual, family, peer, and school and community. It is derived from the chapters devoted to these critical areas for prevention and intervention in the Study Group's final report, Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs. To succeed, intervention methods designed to prevent child delinquency from escalating into serious and violent juvenile offending must address a range of risk and protective factors. In addition to the factors addressed in this Bulletin, OJJDP is pursuing research to examine the role of religious traditions and training as protective factors in the life of a child. Preventing delinquency early in a child's life can pay significant dividends by reducing crime rates and decreasing crime-related expenditures of tax dollars. More important, it can help children avoid the consequences of delinquent behavior by increasing their chances of leading law-abiding and productive lives." Included is information on gang-related factors.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Wasserman, Gail A.; Keenan, Kate; Tremblay, Richard Ernest

  2003-04
• OJJDP's Tribal Youth Initiatives

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  "The violent crime rate among American Indians is twice that of the United States as a whole. Tribal communities are also beset by high rates of domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, alcohol abuse, and gang involvement. Given such factors, it is not surprising that tribal youth are exposed to multiple risk factors for delinquency. Indeed, while the violent crime rate for U.S. youth has steadily declined over the past several years, the rate of violent juvenile crime in tribal communities continues to grow. Risk factors for delinquency for the nearly 2 million American Indians who live on or near tribal lands are compounded by a lack of social services. Tribal communities are challenged by inadequate resources for their juvenile justice systems, resulting in insufficient training of law enforcement and other justice personnel and a dearth of programs that comprehensively combat juvenile delinquency through appropriate prevention, intervention, and sanction activities. This Bulletin describes the efforts of OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] to assist tribal communities through such initiatives as the Tribal Youth Program, the Tribal Youth Program Mental Health Project, the Comprehensive Indian Resources for Community and Law Enforcement (CIRCLE) Project, training and technical assistance, and research and evaluation."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  McKinney, Kay C.

  2003-05
• Changes to OJJDP's Juvenile Accountability Program

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  "Holding youth accountable for their delinquent acts is a matter of basic justice. It is also a practical response to delinquency. By consistently applying accountability-based sanctions that take into account the developmental stage of the offender and the severity of the offense, juvenile justice systems foster individual responsibility, protect the public, and enhance our quality of life. OJJDP's [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants (JAIBG) program was introduced in 1998 to help states and communities strengthen their juvenile justice systems by implementing accountability-based reforms. Public Law 107--273, enacted in November 2002, renames the program, expands its 12 purpose areas, adjusts funding levels, and introduces new requirements and procedures. This Bulletin highlights the new Juvenile Accountability Block Grants (JABG) program provisions, which take effect in October 2003. It offers point-by-point comparisons with previous provisions and answers frequently asked questions. OJJDP is in the process of developing regulations to implement the JABG program. Input from states and communities is an integral part of this process. A productive partnership of stakeholders at the federal, state, and local levels will ensure that all concerned benefit from an accountability-based approach to juvenile justice." Included are changes to gang member prosecution.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Andrews, Chyrl; Marble, Lynn

  2003-06
• Juvenile Delinquency and Serious Injury Victimization

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  "Conventional wisdom generally conceives of victims of violence as innocent bystanders. Although many victims fall into this category, this Bulletin focuses on another set of victims: youth involved with juvenile delinquency. These victims are prone to engage in illegal activities, associate with delinquents, victimize other delinquents, and avoid legal recourse in resolving conflicts. It appears that delinquent behavior and victimization are inextricably linked for some individuals. A recent study found that 1 in 2 males who were serious, violent juvenile offenders were violently victimized compared with 1 in 10 of their nondelinquent peers. Being victimized, in turn, may lead to victimizing others. Retaliatory acts of violence, often associated with gangs, are classic examples of this cycle of behavior. A clearer understanding of the patterns and predictors of juvenile victimization thus offers the potential for increased effectiveness in designing and implementing strategies to reduce both victimization and offending. This Bulletin draws on data from two OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] longitudinal studies on the causes and correlates of juvenile delinquency--the Denver Youth Survey and the Pittsburgh Youth Study--to enhance our appreciation of the interrelationship between delinquency and victimization."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Loeber, Rolf; Kalb, Larry; Huizinga, David

  2001-08
• Gun Use by Male Juveniles: Research and Prevention

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  "Although many adolescents own and use guns for legitimate, legal sporting activities, other youth report that they own and carry guns for protection or for the purpose of committing a crime. Illegal gun ownership and use among juveniles are the focus of public concern and of this Bulletin. While prior research on gun ownership and use has concentrated largely on adults, the Bulletin's authors draw on data from OJJDP's [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Rochester Youth Development Study to examine patterns of gun ownership and gun carrying among adolescents. The Bulletin also addresses the interrelationship between gangs and guns. Efforts to reduce the illegal carrying of guns by youth and juvenile gun violence are described, in particular the Boston Gun Initiative, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services'Youth Firearms Violence Initiative, and OJJDP's Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Violence Program. Reducing the illegal carrying of guns by juveniles and youth firearm violence is not just a problem for law enforcement agencies to resolve. Effective efforts will require support and participation from multiple community agencies."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Sheppard, David I.; Lizotte, Alan

  2001-07
• OJJDP Annual Report 1999

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  "Although the nature and extent of delinquency and abuse have changed considerably since OJJDP [Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] was created, the Office continues to provide national leadership and to support an array of activities to help States and communities meet many juvenile justice challenges at the local level. These challenges include dealing with the small percentage of juveniles who are serious, violent, and chronic offenders; holding offenders accountable for their unlawful actions; combating alcohol and drug abuse; addressing gang and juvenile gun violence; working to strengthen families; and helping children victimized by crime and child abuse. [...] This annual report describes OJJDP's major accomplishments in these areas during FY 1999 and discusses the philosophy that guided its programming. These activities reflect OJJDP's continuing commitment to focus on programs that have the greatest potential to reduce juvenile delinquency and the victimization of children and to improve the juvenile justice system."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  2000-07
• Juvenile Justice, December 1997

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  This issue of "Juvenile Justice", the "Making a Difference Issue", "highlights efforts to "make a difference" in the juvenile justice system and examines drug trafficking and homicides involving youth gangs."

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Appleby, Earl E.

  1997-12
• Homicides of Children and Youth

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  "Homicides are always tragic, but our sympathies are heightened when the victim is a young child or adolescent. Thus, the deaths of juveniles raise understandable public concerns. Unfortunately, research statistics seldom claim the broad audience of the morning newspaper or the evening news. This Bulletin, part of OJJDP's [Office of juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] Crimes Against Children Series, draws on FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation] and other data to provide a statistical portrait of juvenile homicide victimization. Homicide is the only major cause of childhood deaths that has increased over the past three decades. In 1999, some 1,800 juveniles, or 3 per 100,000 of the U.S. juvenile population, were homicide victims--a rate substantially higher than those of other developed countries. At the same time, murders of juveniles are infrequent in many areas of our country. In 1997, 85 percent of U.S. counties had no homicides of juveniles. The Bulletin offers detailed information about overall patterns and victim age groups. Specific types of juvenile homicide victimization are discussed in further detail, including maltreatment homicides, abduction homicides, and school homicides. Finally, initiatives designed to prevent homicides of children and youth (juveniles) are explored. Given the unacceptable rate of such crimes, much remains to be done." Also included are gang-related homicide statistics.

  United States. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

  Finkelhor, David; Ormrod, Richard

  2001-10
• Comprehensive Communities Program: Promising Approaches

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  Crime continues to be a major concern in our nation's communities. Public safety and quality of life are of critical importance to citizens, elected officials, and community services providers. Although public and private agencies and businesses have an interest and investment in preserving public safety, neither can do this job alone. Experience has taught us that problems can be solved better and more efficiently when tackled by communities as a whole rather than by individuals working alone. Partnerships work, and the Comprehensive Communities Program (CCP), a collaborative approach to reducing crime and increasing public safety, has proven its effectiveness. Under the aegis of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, CCP was initiated in 1994. The 15 CCP jurisdictions were able to successfully solve many of their crime prevention and control problems through partnerships developed between the community and local criminal justice agencies. These jurisdictions have done an exceptional job in developing their own resources, coordinating and implementing new programs and strategies, and reaching out to other sites and communities to share their experiences and assist with replication endeavors. This monograph details the planning, sustainment, support strategies used by the sites, and describes specific, successfully implemented programs. Many of the strategies developed and instituted focus on community mobilization, community policing, youth and gang initiatives, community prosecution, and alternatives to incarceration.

  United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance

  2001-04
• Transnational Activities of Chinese Crime Organizations

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  This study investigates the major pockets of activity of Chinese criminal groups from 2000-2003, throughout the world except for mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The main geographical regions of such activity are Australia, Europe, Japan, Latin America, North America, Russia, South Africa, and Southeast Asia. The report notes the participation of such groups in all major types of crime, including trafficking of human beings and various commodities, financial crimes, extortion, gambling, prostitution, and violent crimes. For the purposes of this report, the term "Chinese" refers to individuals of purely Chinese ethnic origin living in any part of the world. The criminal groups described vary in size and degree of structure; they include syndicates, triads, gangs, and ad hoc combinations of organization members and non-members. Because of this variety, an increasing tendency toward ad hoc activity, and the lack of specificity in many open sources, the term "group" is used when a criminal activity is not attributed to a specific type of organization. The report's sources are several recent monographs, journal articles on various aspects of such crime in the geographical regions where it occurs, and Internet reports by journalists and law enforcement agencies. Some sources published prior to the time period covered by the report have been used to provide background and establish long-term trends.

  Library of Congress. Federal Research Division

  Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon), 1946-; Hudson, Rex A.; Elan, Seth L.

  2003-04
• Human Security in Complex Operations

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  "Complex operations take place in zones of insecurity. In these zones, ordinary people face a range of everyday risks and dangers. They risk being killed, tortured, kidnapped, robbed, raped, or displaced from their homes. They risk dying from hunger, lack of shelter, disease, or lack of access to health care. They are vulnerable to man-made and natural disasters--hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, or fires. These risks and dangers feed on each other. They are very difficult to eliminate; hence, the current preoccupation with 'persistent conflict' or 'forever wars.' These have a tendency to spread both to neighboring regions--growing zones of insecurity in places such as East Africa, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, or the Balkans--and, indeed, to the inner cities of the industrialized West. Yet our security forces, largely based on conventional military forces designed to meet a foreign attack, are unsuited to address these risks and dangers; indeed, the application of conventional military force can often make things worse--as we have learned painfully in Iraq and Afghanistan. Already, a range of private actors, security contractors, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), militia, warlords, and criminal gangs have rushed to fill the vacuum created by the failure of public institutions to provide security, contributing both to security and, more often than not, to greater insecurity."

  National Defense University Press

  Kaldor, Mary

  2011-03
• Crime and Insurgency in the Tribal Areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan

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  "Insurgent and terror groups operating in the tribal areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan are deepening their involvement in organized crime, an aspect of the conflict that at once presents enormous challenges and also potential opportunities for Coalition forces trying to implement a population‐centric counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy. Within a realm of poor governance and widespread state corruption, anti‐state actors engage in and protect organized crime--mainly smuggling, extortion and kidnapping--both to raise funds and also to spread fear and insecurity, thus slowing the pace of development and frustrating attempts to extend the rule of law and establish a sustainable licit economy. Militant groups on either side of the frontier function like a broad network of criminal gangs, not just in terms of the activities in which they engage, but also in the way they are organized, how funds flow through their command chains and how they interact--and sometimes fight--with each other. There is no doubt that militant groups have capitalized on certain public grievances, yet their ties to criminal profiteering, along with the growing number of civilian casualties they cause on both sides of the frontier, have simultaneously contributed to a widening sense of anger and frustration among local communities. Through a series of focused and short anecdotal case studies, this paper aims to map out how key groups engage in criminal activity in strategic areas, track how involvement in illicit activity is deepening or changing and illustrate how insurgent and terror groups impose themselves on local communities as they spread to new territory. It is hoped that a closer examination of this phenomenon will reveal opportunities for disrupting the problem, as well as illustrate how Coalition forces, the international community and moderate Muslim leaders might capitalize on an untapped public relations opportunity by better protecting local communities who are the main victims of it."

  Combating Terrorism Center (U.S.)

  Peters, Gretchen

  2010-10-15
• FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: April 2011

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  This edition of the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] Law Enforcement Bulletin contains a featured article about "Combating Gangsters Online: Law enforcement personnel need to understand how to investigate gang activity in an online environment." Other articles include: "Law Enforcement Professionalism"; "Searches of Motor Vehicles Incident to Arrest in a Post-Gant World"; "Are You an Effective Leader?"; "Exposure to Child Pornography/ Exploitation Materials". and "Harnessing Technology".

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2011-04
• Security Developments in the Areas of Responsibility of the U.S. Southern Command, North Command, Africa Command, and Joint Forces Command, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, March 18, 2009

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  From the opening statement of Ike Skelton: "Every day, each of you enter intractable challenges that are not always part of the morning headlines, but are nevertheless vital to our national security. Let me mention a few. Latin America, narco-syndicates have stained the streets of Juarez, Tijuana, and elsewhere in Mexico with the blood of criminals and innocents alike, as drug lords struggle to survive against a Mexican government-led crackdown and inter-gang warfare. The impact of this violence on our borders concerns me very much in both the near term, as well as the long term regarding the state of Mexico. I would like to hear from General Mattis and General William Ward about the nature of the threat that we have been experiencing on our Mexican borders and in Mexico." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John McHugh, James N. Mattis, Victor Eugene Renuart, James G. Stravridis, William E. Ward, Rick Larsen, Frank A. LoBiondo, Jeff Miller, and Joe Wilson.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: November 2010

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  This issue of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Law Enforcement Bulletin features three articles: "Proactive Human Source Development" by Robin K. Dreeke and Kara D. Sidener; "Policing Liquor Establishments" by John L. Gray and "Supreme Court Cases 2009-2010 Term" by Lisa A. Baker. Other information in this edition includes: "Police Practice: Community-Oriented Policing in a Recession"; "Bulletin Honors:Contra Costa County, California"; "Leadership Spotlight: Lessons from the Living Room"; and "Bulletin Report: Gang Survey".

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2010-11
• National Drug Threat Assessment [HSDL Holdings]

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  This is a collection of National Drug Threat Assessments on the Homeland Security Digital Library. From the text: "The National Drug Intelligence Center's annual National Drug Threat Assessments gives policymakers and counterdrug executives timely, predictive reports on the threat of drugs, gangs, and violence. We synthesize the views of local, state, regional, and federal agencies to produce a comprehensive picture of these threats."

  National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.)
• EMR-ISAC: InfoGram 26-10 [July 1, 2010]

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  This document from the Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EMR-ISAC) is "distributed weekly to provide members of the Emergency Services Sector with information concerning the protection of their critical infrastructures." This edition includes sections about preparation for Independence Day security, safety issues with fireworks, interim guidance to protect the Deepwater Horizon oil spill responders, and gang awareness.

  Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)

  2010-07-01
• COINTELPRO: The FBI's Covert Action Programs against American Citizens

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  "This report is based on a staff study of more than 20,000 pages of Bureau documents, depositions of many of the Bureau agents involved in the programs, and interviews of several COINTELPRO targets. The examples selected for discussion necessarily represent a small percentage of the more than 2,000 approved COINTELPRO actions. Nevertheless, the cases demonstrate the consequences of a Government agency's decision to take the law into its own hands for the 'greater good' of the country. COINTELPRO is the FBI acronym for a series of covert action programs directed against domestic groups. In these programs, the Bureau went beyond the collection of intelligence to secret action defined to 'disrupt' and 'neutralize' target groups and individuals. The techniques were adopted wholesale from wartime counterintelligence, and ranged from the trivial (mailing reprints of Reader's Digest articles to college administrators) to the degrading (sending anonymous poison-pen letters intended to break up marriages) and the dangerous (encouraging gang warfare and falsely labeling members of a violent group as police informers)."

  United States. Congress. Senate

  1976-04
• Immigration and Naturalization Service Expenditures Charged to the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces Program for Fiscal Years 1997-2002

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  "The Executive Office (EO) for the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF) was created in 1982 to take advantage of multiagency cooperation and coordination to identify, investigate, and prosecute criminal enterprises engaged in high-level drug trafficking and related enterprises. In December 1986, the Attorney General designated the INS as an OCDETF Program participant. The INS and the other federal agencies participating in the OCDETF Program submit annual operating plans that outline how OCDETF funding will be used. Upon acceptance of these plans, the EO issues reimbursable agreements to each of the participating agencies. In April of 2000, the General Accounting Office (GAO) initiated an audit into the INS's participation in antigang task forces in the Los Angeles area, including a review of whether OCDETF funds were inappropriately used to support gang-related investigations. As a result of their audit, GAO concluded that seven Los Angeles OCDETF dedicated agents had been reassigned to non-OCDETF cases and that the INS costs related to these agents were erroneously billed to the EO. GAO also tested a sample of the other direct costs billed to the EO and found that 67 percent of the amount tested was used for law enforcement purposes not directly related to OCDETF investigations. GAO also reported that interviews of other INS OCDETF regional coordinators outside of the Los Angeles area indicated that INS OCDETF dedicated agents in their regions were sometimes used for non-OCDETF purposes and that nonpayroll OCDETF funds should be, but were not always, used only for OCDETF cases."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General

  2003-11
• Milwaukee High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area: Drug Market Analysis 2007

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  "This assessment provides a strategic overview of the illicit drug situation in the Milwaukee High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) region, highlighting significant trends and law enforcement concerns related to the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs. The report was prepared through detailed analysis of recent law enforcement reporting, information obtained through interviews with law enforcement and public health officials, and available statistical data. The report is designed to provide policymakers, resource planners, and law enforcement officials with a focused discussion of key drug issues and developments facing the Milwaukee HIDTA. The heroin abuser population in Milwaukee, which had been limited to small networks of inner-city residents, has changed. Caucasian males and females from suburban areas and smaller outlying towns are coming to Milwaukee in increasing numbers to purchase heroin for personal use or to sell to friends and acquaintances. In addition, the mean age of heroin users has decreased; abusers now include senior high school age youth. Canada-based Vietnamese criminal groups have increased their transportation of high-potency marijuana into Milwaukee, primarily through Detroit, Michigan, increasing the availability of the drug in the region. Traffickers use Milwaukee as a transit location for khat shipments that originate in England, France, Germany, and Italy, destined for Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sixty Latin Kings members were indicted in 2006, severely disrupting the criminal activities of the street gang; however, other members are poised to take over drug markets vacated by the indicted members."

  National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.)

  2007-04
• New England High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area: Drug Market Analysis 2007

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  "This report provides a strategic overview of the illicit drug situation in the New England High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA), highlighting significant trends and law enforcement concerns relating to the trafficking and abuse of illicit drugs. The report was prepared through detailed analysis of recent law enforcement reporting, information obtained through interviews with law enforcement and public health officials, and available statistical data. It is designed to provide policymakers, resource planners, and law enforcement officials with a focused discussion of key drug issues and developments facing the New England HIDTA region. Prescription narcotics abuse has spread among the New England drug abuser population and, in part, has fueled an increasing heroin problem in New England; chronic prescription narcotics abusers often switch to heroin because of its lower price. Methadone, a synthetic opiate used to treat heroin abuse and chronic pain, has become the leading cause of drug-related deaths in Maine and New Hampshire. Methadone is periodically prescribed by unscrupulous physicians to abusers who are seeking OxyContin (oxycodone); when abusers try to achieve an OxyContin-like high with methadone, which is not physiologically possible, they sometimes use excessive amounts of the drug and accidentally overdose. Asian drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) are establishing increasing numbers of hydroponically grown cannabis operations within the New England HIDTA region to avoid the risks associated with transporting the drug across the U.S.-Canada border. Crack cocaine distribution is increasing in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont as Massachusetts-based street gangs travel to these states to expand their distribution markets."

  National Drug Intelligence Center (U.S.)

  2007-06