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• Cyber Warriors and the 'Jus in Bello'

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  "The increasing interest in cyber operations, or 'efforts to alter, disrupt, degrade or destroy computer systems or networks or the information or programs on them,' as a warfighting tool raises questions regarding application of the 'jus in bello' to 'cyber warriors,' or actors involved with cyber operations. Most cyber warriors will not be evaluated under the law of armed conflict. Cyber operations to date generally have amounted to nothing more than annoyances or crimes, or were in reality espionage, and therefore are regulated by municipal criminal law. […] Nevertheless, the question of the legal status of cyber warriors under the 'jus in bello' is likely to arise in two circumstances. First, the international armed conflicts and non-international armed conflicts of the present and the future are likely to include cyber operations as one element of an integrated war strategy. […] Second, an isolated cyber operation may have sufficient kinetic effects to rise to the level of an 'armed attack,' justifying the use of force in lawful self-defense. […] Under these two circumstances, categorization of cyber warriors as combatants, civilians or potentially unlawful combatants carries consequences. The most important of these are with respect to targeting. […] This article analyzes the difficult legal questions raised by application of the 'jus in bello' categories to cyber warriors. The traditional category approach to targeting and detention works best when participation is limited to traditional combatants and it is possible to distinguish on the battlefield between combatants and civilians. Both assumptions are challenged in cyber operations."

  Naval War College (U.S.). International Law Studies

  Padmanabhan, Vijay M.

  2013
• Today's FBI Facts & Figures 2013-2014

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  From the text: "The FBI today is considered one of the world's premier security and crime-fighting forces. Reporting to both the attorney general and director of national intelligence, the Bureau has dual responsibilities as a law enforcement and intelligence agency. It gathers evidence and solves cases using cutting edge and time-tested investigative techniques. At the same time, it collects, analyzes, synthesizes, and shares vital information and intelligence with everyone from national policy makers to local partners in order to counter threats and foil crimes and attacks. With a foot in the realms of both law enforcement and intelligence, the FBI is able to get its arms around emerging threats and neutralize them through arrests and targeted, often multi-agency operations. The FBI's investigative responsibilities are both considerable and far-reaching. A key part of our country's national security team, the Bureau addresses the most significant threats facing the U.S.--terrorism, espionage, weapons of mass destruction, and cyber crime. At the same time, it plays an essential role in protecting local communities, from rescuing kidnapped children to dismantling street gangs, from catching murderers and serial killers to stopping scams that raid the pocketbooks of the American people. On any given day, the FBI is rooting out public corruption, recovering stolen art, protecting corporate trade secrets, taking down organized crime networks, and much more."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2013
• Investigating and Prosecuting 21st Century Cyber Threats, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, March 13, 2013

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  This is the March 13, 2013 hearing, "Investigating and Prosecuting 21st Century Cyber Threats," before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations. From the opening statement of F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.: "Today's hearing will investigate our focus on how America investigates and prosecutes 21st century cyber threats. The United States has been the subject of the most coordinated and sustained computer attacks the world has ever seen. Rival nations, particularly China, have been invading corporate computer systems and stealing intellectual property at an increasing rate. Spying between governments has always been a fact of life, but in the digital age the spying is more pervasive and harder to guard against. The systematic and strategic theft of intellectual property by foreign governments threatens one of America's most valuable commodities, our innovation and hard work." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr., Robert C. Scott, John Conyers, Jr., Bob Goodlatte, Jenny S. Durkan, John Boles, Robert Holleyman and Orin Kerr.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2013
• DHS Announces Stop.Think.Connect™ Campaign Partnership With the National Crime Prevention Council [October 23, 2012]

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  On October 23, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Stop.Think.Connect.™ campaign today announced a new partnership with the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), which seeks to reduce crime by helping citizens work with law enforcement to promote cybersecurity awareness and online safety. The campaign will provide NCPC with tools and resources to educate teens, young adults and parents about how youth can protect themselves from the risk of theft, fraud and abuse online. 'Cybersecurity is a shared responsibility, and everyone must play their part,' said Secretary Napolitano. 'Through partnerships like this one, and initiatives like National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, the Department is reaching out to audiences of all ages on the role each of us plays in securing cyberspace.'"

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2012-10-23
• 'Defending the Nation from Cyber Attack' (Business Executives for National Security)

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  This is the transcript of the speech entitled, "Defending the Nation from Cyber Attack," which was delivered by the Secretary of Defense, Leon Panetta on October 11, 2012. The following is an excerpt from Mr. Panetta's speech: "Cyberspace has fundamentally transformed the global economy. It's transformed our way of life, providing two billion people across the world with instant access to information to communication, to economic opportunities. Cyberspace is the new frontier, full of possibilities to advance security and prosperity in the 21st century. And yet, with these possibilities, also come new perils and new dangers. The Internet is open. It's highly accessible, as it should be. But that also presents a new terrain for warfare. It is a battlefield of the future where adversaries can seek to do harm to our country, to our economy, and to our citizens. I know that when people think of cybersecurity today, they worry about hackers and criminals who prowl the Internet, steal people's identities, steal sensitive business information, steal even national security secrets. Those threats are real and they exist today. But the even greater danger -- the greater danger facing us in cyberspace goes beyond crime and it goes beyond harassment. A cyber attack perpetrated by nation states are violent extremists groups could be as destructive as the terrorist attack on 9/11. Such a destructive cyber-terrorist attack could virtually paralyze the nation."

  United States. Department of Defense

  Panetta, Leon E., 1938-

  2012-10-11
• Maritime Security Regime Concept: A Global Approach to Regional Challenges

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  "Unhindered ability to utilize the Maritime Domain is essential to a healthy global economy and is vital to the strategic security interests of all nations. Loss of access to this significant global supply chain that connects nations, people, markets and manufacturers around the world quickly expands to impact all nations. Direct threats to ensured maritime access include disruption of commerce, interference with the lawful use of the Maritime Domain, and transnational crimes such as piracy and terrorism. Natural phenomena such as severe weather, ice or geological disasters may limit access. Since these threats and events can be expected to continue it would be prudent to prepare for a future where the impact of a variety of access challenges could be prevented, mitigated or resolved. No single nation can ensure access for the global community. The complexity and uncertainty facing the nations of each unique maritime region are compounded by the problems and opportunities of cyber, air, and space domain interdependencies and regional relationships. The interdependence with other domains is evident in that the physical flow in the Maritime Domain is coupled with the information flow in cyberspace, a physical connection to the air domain, and the reliance on space assets for navigation and communication. Maritime Security Regime (MSR) is the term used to describe a group of states and/or organizations acting together, with an agreed upon framework of rules and procedures, to ensure security within the maritime environment. This Concept was developed under the Multinational Experiment 7 (MNE 7). An underlying insight of the Concept is that the global linking of MSRs to other regions and other domains can enhance the ability of the MSR to mitigate their own regional access challenges. It is clear that the nature of maritime access challenges is potentially global in scope and impact. This calls for a global and agile framework designed to support regional challenges."

  United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint and Coalition Operational Analysis

  2012-09-27
• Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement [July 20, 2012]

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  "Savvy criminals constantly develop new techniques to target U.S. persons, businesses, and interests. Individual criminals as well as broad criminal networks exploit geographic borders, criminal turf, cyberspace, and law enforcement jurisdiction to dodge law enforcement countermeasures. Further, the interplay of these realities can potentially encumber policing measures. In light of these interwoven realities, policy makers may question how to best design policies to help law enforcement combat ever-evolving criminal threats. Criminals routinely take advantage of geographic borders. They thrive on their ability to illicitly cross borders, subvert border security regimens, and provide illegal products or services. Many crimes--particularly those of a cyber nature--have become increasingly transnational. While criminals may operate across geographic borders and jurisdictional boundaries, law enforcement may not be able to do so with the same ease. Moreover, obstacles such as disparities between the legal regimens of nations (what is considered a crime in one country may not be in another) and differences in willingness to extradite suspected criminals can hamper prosecutions. The law enforcement community has, however, expanded its working relationships with both domestic and international agencies."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Finklea, Kristin M.

  2012-07-20
• Information as Power: An Anthology of Selected United States Army War College Student Papers [Volume 6]

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  This Information in Warfare Working Group (I2WG) anthology presents selected student work from the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Academic Year 2011. It includes examples of well-written and in-depth analyses on the vital subject of Information as Power. Section 1, "Information Effects in the Cyberspace Domain," includes the following: "Introduction," "Securing Cyberspace: Approaches to Developing an Effective Cybersecurity Strategy," "A Strategic Approach to Network Defense: Framing the Cloud," and "Crime or War: Cyberspace Law and its Implications for Intelligence." Section 2, "Information Effects in the Cognitive Dimension," includes the following: "Introduction," " Can't Count it, Can't Change it: Assessing Influence Operations Effectiveness ," and "Strategic Communication: The Meaning is in the People ." Section 3, "Information Sharing," includes the following: includes the following: "Introduction," "DOD Information Sharing with Domestic Emergency Partners for Defense Support of Civil Authorities Missions ," and "Coalition Mission Command: Balancing Information Security and Sharing Requirements."

  Army War College (U.S.). Information in Warfare Group

  Murphy, Dennis M.; Leitzel, Benjamin; Groh, Jeffrey L.

  2012-05
• In Support of the Common Defense: Homeland Defense & Security Journal [Volume 1]

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  This publication includes selected student work from the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Academic Years 2010 and 2011. Section 1, titled "Threats Facing Our Nation: Challenges and Responses," includes the following articles: "Introduction"; "A New Mindset for Countering Terrorism"; "Systems Analysis, Centers of Gravity and Homeland Security"; "Electromagnetic Pulse: A Catastrophic Threat to the Homeland"; "DIME [Diplomatic, Information, Military, and Economic] Elements of Jihad"; "Cyber Attack! Crime or Act of War?"; and "History and Evolution of MalWare". Section 2, titled "Strengthening Defense Support of Civil Authorities," includes the following articles: "Introduction"; "Reforming Disaster and Emergency Response"; "Homeland Security Regional Unity of Effort"; "Miltary [sic] Police Mutual Aid and the Posse Comitatus Act"; and "Contingency Dual Status Commander: Balancing Title 10 and 32 Responsibilities". Section 3, titled "Securing our Borders," includes the following articles: "Introduction"; " The Mexican Cartels and Jihadist Terrorism"; "Securing the U.S. Southern Land Border: Enhancing the Interagency Effort"; and "U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: The Time to Act is Now".

  Army War College (U.S.). Center for Strategic Leadership

  2012-04
• Cybersecurity: Cyber Crime Protection Security Act (S. 2111)--A Legal Analysis [March 12, 2012]

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  "The Cyber Crime Protection Security Act (S. 2111) would enhance the criminal penalties for the cyber crimes outlawed in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Those offenses include espionage, hacking, fraud, destruction, password trafficking, and extortion committed against computers and computer networks. S. 2111 contains some of the enhancements approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee when it reported the Personal Data Privacy and Security Act (S. 1151), S.Rept. 112-91 (2011). The bill would (1) establish a three-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment for aggravated damage to a critical infrastructure computer; (2) streamline and increase the maximum penalties for the cyber crimes proscribed in CFAA; (3) authorize the confiscation of real property used to facilitate the commission of such cyber offenses and permit forfeiture of real and personal property generated by, or used to facilitate the commission of, such an offense, under either civil or criminal forfeiture procedures; (4) add such cyber crimes to the racketeering (RICO) predicate offense list, permitting some victims to sue for treble damages and attorneys' fees; (5) increase the types of password equivalents covered by the trafficking offense and the scope of federal jurisdiction over the crime; (6) confirm that conspiracies to commit one of the CFAA offenses carry the same penalties as the underlying crimes; and (7) provide that a cyber crime prosecution under CFAA could not be grounded exclusively on the failure to comply with a term of service agreement or similar breach of contract or agreement, apparently in response to prosecution theory espoused in 'Drew'. With the exception of this last limitation on prosecutions, the Justice Department has endorsed the proposals found in S. 2111. The bill has been placed on the Senate calendar. As of this date, S. 2111 has no House counterpart."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Doyle, Charles

  2012-03-12
• Secretary Napolitano Highlights DHS' Progress in 2011 [January 23, 2012]

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  On January 23, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Janet Napolitano on Monday toured operations and received briefings at DHS facilities in the National Capital Region. The Secretary toured Transportation Security Administration and Customs and Border Protection operations at Washington Dulles International Airport, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Cyber Crimes Center in Virginia, the Secret Service's James J. Rowley Training Center in Beltsville, Md. and the FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency] IMAT [Incident Management Assistance Team]and the Fairfax USAR [Urban Search and Rescue] team in Herndon, Va. - highlighting the major steps the Department has taken this year to enhance America's capabilities to guard against terrorism; secure the nation's borders; engage in smart enforcement of our immigration laws; safeguard and secure cyberspace; prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters; and to mature and strengthen the homeland security enterprise."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2012-01-23
• 2012: The FBI Story

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  "For the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] and its partners, 2012 was a year that reminded us once again of the seriousness of the security threats facing our nation. During the year, extremists plotted to attack--unsuccessfully, thanks to the work of our Joint Terrorism Task Forces--the U.S. Capitol, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and other landmarks on U.S. soil. Tragically, on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, a hateful attack in Benghazi took the lives of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans. In the cyber realm, a rising tide of hackers took electronic aim at global cyber infrastructure, causing untold damages. High-dollar white-collar crimes of all kinds also continued to siphon significant sums from the pocketbooks of consumers. And in Newtown, Connecticut, 20 young children and six adults lost their lives in one of the worst mass shootings in American history, ending a year of violence that saw similar tragedies around the country. Working with its colleagues around the globe, the FBI is committed to taking a leadership role in protecting the nation. As you can see from this book--an annual compilation of stories from the FBI's public website that provides a snapshot of Bureau milestones, activities, and accomplishments--we used the full range of our intelligence, investigative, and operational skills to address major threats during the year. We helped avert terrorist attacks and derail terrorist supporters, put cyber criminals and fraudsters behind bars, and dismantled violent gangs and organized crime groups. Today, as these pages make clear, protecting our country and our communities is truly a team effort. National security and law enforcement organizations are working together more closely than ever. At the same time, Americans from all walks of life can and do make a difference in solving and preventing crime and terrorism."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2012-01-23
• Department of Homeland Security: Budget-in-Brief, Fiscal Year 2013

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  "Today's threats are not limited to any one individual, group or ideology and are not defined nor contained by international borders. Terrorist tactics can be as simple as a homemade bomb and as sophisticated as a biological threat or a coordinated cyber attack. We have had success in thwarting numerous terrorist plots including the attempted bombings of the New York City subways and Times Square, foiled attacks against air cargo, and other attempts across the country. […] To continue to address these evolving threats, DHS employs risk-based, intelligence-driven operations to prevent terrorist attacks. Through a multi-layered detection system focusing on enhanced targeting and information sharing, DHS works to interdict threats and dangerous people at the earliest point possible. DHS also works closely with its Federal, State and local law enforcement partners on a wide range of critical homeland security issues in order to provide those on the frontlines with the tools they need to address threats in their communities. Strengthening homeland security also includes a significant international dimension. To most effectively carry out DHS's core missions - including preventing terrorism, securing our borders, and protecting cyberspace - we must partner with countries around the world. This work ranges from strengthening cargo, aviation, and supply chain security to joint investigations, information sharing, and science and technology cooperation. Through international collaboration, we not only enhance our ability to prevent terrorism and transnational crime, we also leverage the resources of our international partners to more efficiently and cost-effectively secure global trade and travel. Today, DHS works in more than 75 different countries, the third largest foreign footprint of any civilian U.S. Government agency, in order to address and respond to evolving threats before they reach our shores."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2012?
• Cyber Security: Protecting America's New Frontier, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, November 15, 2011

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  This is the November 15, 2011 hearing on "Cyber Security: Protecting America's New Frontier," held before the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. From the opening statement of Louis Gohmert: "I want to welcome everybody to the hearing on ''Cyber Security: Protecting America's New Frontier.'' The Internet revolutionized our society in many ways. While its benefits abound and extend from our largest corporations to remote rural regions throughout the Nation, individuals in the United States and abroad have unfortunately been able to exploit the Internet for criminal means. Cyber crime often is faceless and has proven to defy traditional investigative prosecutorial tools. As a result, the frequency of cyber crime is growing rapidly and now includes many international criminal syndicates and is threatening our economy, our safety and our prosperity. Even more worrisome are the national security implications of cyber intrusion. We in Congress are concerned that we are witnessing the opening salvos of a new kind of conflict waged in cyberspace." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Louis Gohmert, Robert C. Scott, Richard W. Downing, Michael Chertoff, James A. Baker, and Orin S. Kerr.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• Cybersecurity: Threats to the Financial Sector, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, September 14, 2011

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  From the opening statement of Shelley Moore Capito: "Today's hearing will provide members of this subcommittee the opportunity to better understand the challenges financial institutions and their customers face from cyber threats. This year alone, there have been numerous security breaches and attacks on private companies, Federal agencies, and financial institutions. Actually, I think I might include myself in one of those; I think my card got caught up in one of these. Reports estimate that more than $1 trillion is lost annually to cyber attacks and that, on average, a security breach costs a small business approximately $7 million. These threats are especially acute and worrisome in the financial services industry. In June of this year, Citigroup reported that sensitive account information for 200,000 customers had been compromised by hackers. Statistics show that most of these attacks originate in Eastern European countries that were once part of the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, most of these nations do not regard the actions of the hackers to be a crime so it is very difficult to bring these criminals to justice. The technological advances that provide hackers with the ability to carry out these attacks also make it very difficult to track the actions of the hackers. In order to effectively combat these hackers, it is critical for financial institutions to share information with other institutions as well as Federal law enforcement agencies." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Shelley Moore Capito, Greg Garcia, William B. Nelson, Marc Rotenberg, A. Bryan Sartin, Greg Schaffer, Gregory E. Shannon, A.T. Smith, Gordon M. Snow, and Brain Tillett.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, December 14, 2011

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  From the opening statement of Patrick J. Leahy: "Today the Judiciary Committee will hear from Director Robert Mueller of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Now, the Bureau plays an integral role in protecting our Nation's security through its counterterrorism investigations and intelligence gathering. Its work has contributed to more than 400 convictions in terrorism cases since September 11, 2011. Knowing this, I remain deeply concerned about a provision of the national defense authorization bill that would mandate--and I stress the word 'mandate'--as the Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee knows, the military detention of certain terrorism suspects, even if they are arrested on U.S. soil. Director Mueller has written that this provision would adversely impact the Bureau's ability to conduct counterterrorism investigations and inject 'a substantial element of uncertainty' into its operations. I appreciate what Director Mueller meant when he wrote that the misguided provision fails to take into account 'the reality of a counterterrorism investigation,' especially the successful convictions that we have gotten in our Federal courts. Now, Congress needs to do more to support important law enforcement efforts. We should give law enforcement the appropriate tools to combat the growing threat of cyber crime, something Senator Coons mentioned in the other room. More and more, American consumers and businesses are being targeted by sophisticated cyber attacks designed to steal their most sensitive information. In September, this Committee again voted for the Personal Data Privacy and Security Act. It is long overdue legislation that will provide tools to help law enforcement combat cyber crime. And the Senate and the House should promptly pass this measure." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Chuck Grassley, Patrick J. Leahy, Robert S. Mueller, and Ronald Weich.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, June 2, 2011

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  From the opening statement of Mary Bono Mack: "In today's online world, your name, birth date, and mother's maiden name are often used to verify your identity. But in the wake of massive data breaches at Sony and Epsilon, we are now painfully more aware that this very same information can be used just as easily to falsify your identity. The time has come for Congress to take action. And the chair now recognizes herself for an opening statement. With nearly 1.5 billion credit cards now in use in the United States and more and more Americans banking and shopping online, cyber thieves have a treasure chest of opportunities today to get rich quick. Why crack a vault when you can hack a network? The Federal Trade Commission estimates that nearly 9 million Americans fall victim to identity theft every year, costing consumers and businesses billions of dollars annually, and those numbers are growing steadily and alarmingly. In recent years, sophisticated and carefully orchestrated cyber attacks designed to obtain personal information about consumers, especially when it comes to their credit cards, have become one of the fastest-growing criminal enterprises here in the U.S., as well as across the world. Just last month, the Justice Department shut down a cyber crime ring believed to be based in Russia, which was responsible for the online theft of up to $100 million."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• Secretary Napolitano Highlights DHS' Progress in 2011 [December 22, 2011]

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  On December 22, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Janet Napolitano on Monday toured operations and received briefings at DHS facilities in the National Capital Region. The Secretary toured Transportation Security Administration and Customs and Border Protection operations at Washington Dulles International Airport, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Cyber Crimes Center in Virginia, the Secret Service's James J. Rowley Training Center in Beltsville, Md. and the FEMA [Federal Emergency Management Agency] IMAT [Incident Management Assistance Teams] and the Fairfax USAR [Urban Search and Rescue] team in Herndon, Va. - highlighting the major steps the Department has taken this year to enhance America's capabilities to guard against terrorism; secure the nation's borders; engage in smart enforcement of our immigration laws; safeguard and secure cyberspace; prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters; and to mature and strengthen the homeland security enterprise."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-12-22
• African Peace and Security Architecture: A Strategic Analysis

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  From the thesis abstract: "In recent years, global players such as the United States, the European Union (EU) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) have noted Africa's growing strategic importance to their respective interests. Among those interests is the increasing importance of Africa's natural resources particularly oil, agricultural raw materials, and mineral resources, but also growing concerns over other peace and security threats such as conflicts, terrorism, cross-border crimes, cyber threats, or piracy. African Union (AU) Member States are developing an African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) to address all these types of threats. This study is a descriptive study in the realm of strategy, focused on creating a holistic and meaningful picture about the mechanisms and purpose of the APSA. The overall intent of this study is to analyze the mechanisms developed, or in a developing stage, by the AU and regional organizations to address peace and security issues in the Africa, with the ultimate goal of contributing to a better understanding of African security context at the strategic level. By using the strategic model of Ends-Ways-Means, this study concluded that the APSA is a viable security strategy to deal with the principal threats in Africa. However, there are still important shortcomings and its effectiveness is dependent upon three critical ingredients: political will of AU Member States, developments at the regional level, and by addressing the external threats much more consistently, covering the security dimension of the APSA in the same extent of its peace dimension."

  U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

  Escorrega, Luis Carlos Falcão

  2011-12-16
• Readout Of Secretary Napolitano's Visit To Stockholm, Sweden [November 15, 2011]

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  On November 15, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano today traveled to Stockholm, Sweden to meet with international partners, and underscore the Department's ongoing commitment to collaborating with our international partners to address cybersecurity as well as combat violent extremism and transnational crime and terrorism."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-11-15
• Readout Of Secretary Napolitano's Visit To Oslo, Norway [November 14, 2011]

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  On November 14, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano today traveled to Oslo, Norway to meet with international partners and discuss the Department's ongoing collaboration with the public and private sector on issues such as cybersecurity as well as combating violent extremism and transnational crime."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-11-14
• Statement by Press Secretary Matt Chandler on Secretary Napolitano's Upcoming Visit to Norway and Sweden [November 10, 2011]

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  On November 10, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release by Press Secretary Matt Chandler: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano will travel to Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden, Nov. 14-15, to meet with international partners and discuss the Department's ongoing collaboration with the two countries on cybersecurity and combating violent extremism and transnational crime. While in Oslo, Secretary Napolitano will meet with the Norweigian Minister of Justice and the Police Knut Storberget, Norwegian Police Security Service Director Janne Kristiansen, and U.S. Ambassador to Norway Barry White, and will offer condolences at the Oslo Cathedral for the victims of the 7/22 bombing and attack on Utoya Island."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-11-10
• Statement by Press Secretary Matt Chandler on Secretary Napolitano's Upcoming Visit to the Bahamas [November 8, 2011]

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  On November 8, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano will travel to Nassau, Bahamas on Nov. 9th-10th to deliver the keynote address at the second Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI) Dialogue and meet with senior U.S. State Department officials and regional security partners - highlighting the Department's commitment to collaboration in the Caribbean on a variety of security initiatives to combat transnational crime, cyber threats, and terrorism."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-11-08
• Readout of Secretary Napolitano's Trip to New York [October 18, 2011]

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  On October 18, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano today traveled to New York City to visit the NASDAQ MarketSite in Times Square and ring the Opening Bell alongside private sector partners. Secretary Napolitano then joined U.S. Secret Service Assistant Director for Investigations A. T. Smith and National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) Acting Deputy Under Secretary Greg Schaffer for a roundtable discussion with cybersecurity partners from law enforcement and the private sector to discuss efforts to combat cyber crime, as part of National Cyber Security Awareness Month."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-10-18
• Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey

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  "In school year 2008--09, some 7,066,000 U.S. students ages 12 through 18, or 28.0 percent of all such students, reported they were bullied at school, and about 1,521,000, or 6.0 percent, reported they were cyber-bullied anywhere (i.e., on or off school property). These Web Tables use data from the 2009 School Crime Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 1 to show the extent to which bullying and cyber-bullying are reported by students with different personal characteristics. Estimates are included for the following student characteristics: student sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and household income. In addition, data appended from the 2008--09 Common Core of Data (CCD) and the 2009--10 Private School Universe Survey (PSS) show the extent to which bullying and cyber-bullying are reported by students in schools with different characteristics.2 School characteristics examined are region; sector (public or private); locale; level; enrollment size; student-to-full-time-equivalent (FTE) teacher ratio; percentage of combined American Indian/ Alaska Native, Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and students of two or more races students; and percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. Furthermore, the tables use the SCS data to show the relationship between bullying and cyber-bullying victimization and other variables of interest, such as the reported presence of gangs, guns, drugs, and alcohol at school; selected school security measures; student criminal victimization; and personal fear, avoidance behaviors, fighting, and weapon carrying at school. The tables are grouped into four sections."

  National Center for Education Statistics; Institute of Education Sciences (U.S.); United States. Department of Education

  2011-08
• Obama Administration's Cybersecurity Proposal: Criminal Provisions [July 29, 2011]

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  "Responding to ongoing concerns over the state of U.S. cybersecurity, the Obama Administration released a report containing a proposal for significant cybersecurity legislation on May 12, 2011. The Administration's proposal contains seven sections and addresses many different subject areas. This report examines the first section of the Administration's proposal, dealing with criminal law. That section would supplement the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) by adding a mandatory three-year minimum penalty for damaging certain critical infrastructure computers, increase the penalties for most violations of the CFAA, modify the conspiracy and forfeiture provisions of the CFAA, and make felony violation of the CFAA a racketeering predicate offense. This report also compares the Administration's proposal to bills pending before the House of Representatives and the Senate. Although Congress is considering many bills addressing cybersecurity, there are relatively few which would modify computer crime laws such as the CFAA. The bills which do address computer crime differ in significant ways from the Administration's proposal, though they would accomplish some of the same goals."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Stevens, Gina Marie; Miller, Jonathan

  2011-07-29
• Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement [July 19, 2011]

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  "Savvy criminals constantly develop new techniques to target U.S. persons, businesses, and interests. Individual criminals as well as broad criminal networks exploit geographic borders, criminal turf, cyberspace, and law enforcement jurisdiction to dodge law enforcement countermeasures. Further, the interplay of these realities can potentially encumber policing measures. In light of these interwoven realities, policy makers may question how to best design policies to help law enforcement combat ever-evolving criminal threats. Criminals routinely take advantage of geographic borders. They thrive on their ability to illicitly cross borders, subvert border security regimens, and provide illegal products or services. Many crimes--particularly those of a cyber nature--have become increasingly transnational. While criminals may operate across geographic borders and jurisdictional boundaries, law enforcement may not be able to do so with the same ease. Moreover, obstacles such as disparities between the legal regimens of nations (what is considered a crime in one country may not be in another) and differences in willingness to extradite suspected criminals can hamper prosecutions. The law enforcement community has, however, expanded its working relationships with both domestic and international agencies. […] Congress may question how it can leverage its legislative and oversight roles to bolster U.S. law enforcement's abilities to confront modern-day crime. For instance, Congress may consider whether federal law enforcement has the existing authorities, technology, and resources--both monetary and manpower--to counter 21st century criminals. Congress may also examine whether federal law enforcement is utilizing existing mechanisms to effectively coordinate investigations and share information."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Finklea, Kristin M.

  2011-07-19
• Remarks by Secretary Napolitano Before the Joint Meeting of the OSCE Permanent Council and OSCE Forum for Security Cooperation [July 1, 2011]

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  On July 1, 2011, in Vienna Austria, Secretary Napolitano went before the Joint Meeting of the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe(OSCE) Permanent Council and Forum to discuss the necessity of working together to "tackle transnational threats." Secretary Napolitano stated that: "[g]iven the evolving nature of the threats we face today-from terrorism and organized crime to weapons smuggling, human trafficking, and cyber attacks-the expertise and adaptability of the OSCE and its tools become vitally important."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-07-01
• Testimony of Assistant Director A.T. Smith, Office of Investigations, U.S. Secret Service, Before the House Committee on Financial Services, 'Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement Protect Private Financial Information' [June 29, 2011]

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  On June 29, 2011 in Hoover, Alabama at the National Computer Forensics Institute (NCFI), Assistant Director A.T. Smith from the Office of Investigations of the U.S. Secret Service went before the House Committee on Financial Services to discuss the action of safeguarding the financial systems by "dismantling criminal groups involved in cyber crime." Topics also included were: Successful Cyber Investigations as a Result of NCFI Training, Private Sector Partnerships, Successful Cyber Investigations as a Result of NCFI Training, and the Collaboration among State, Local, Federal, and International Law Enforcement.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-06-29
• Statement of Mr. Pablo A. Martinez, Deputy Special Agent in Charge, Criminal Investigative Division, U.S. Secret Service, Before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade: 'The Threat of Data Theft to American Consumers' [May 4, 2011]

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  "Good morning, Madam Chair, Ranking Member Butterfield and distinguished members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to testify on the role of the U.S. Secret Service (Secret Service) in investigating and dismantling criminal organizations involved in cyber crime. On February 1, 2010, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) delivered the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR), which established a unified, strategic framework for homeland security missions and goals. The QHSR underscores the need for a safe and secure cyberspace: 'Our economic vitality and national security depend today on a vast array of interdependent and critical networks, systems, services and resources. We know this interconnected world as cyberspace, and without it, we cannot communicate, travel, power our homes, run the economy, or obtain government services. Yet as we migrate more of our economic and societal transactions to cyberspace, these benefits come with increasing risk. We face a variety of adversaries who are working day and night to use our dependence on cyberspace against us. Sophisticated cyber criminals pose great cost and risk both to our economy and national security. They exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to steal money and information, and to destroy, disrupt, or threaten the delivery of critical services. For this reason, safeguarding and securing cyberspace has become one of the Department of Homeland Security's most important missions.' In order to maintain a safe and secure cyberspace, we have to disrupt the criminal organizations and other malicious actors engaged in high consequence or wide-scale cyber crime."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-05-04