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Identity Theft: Trends and Issues [January 16, 2014]

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"An increase in globalization and a lack of cyber borders provide an environment ripe for identity thieves to operate from within the nation's borders--as well as from beyond. Federal law enforcement is thus challenged with investigating criminals who may or may not be operating within U.S. borders; may have numerous identities--actual, stolen, or cyber; and may be acting alone or as part of a sophisticated criminal enterprise. In addition, identity theft is often interconnected with various other criminal activities. These activities range from credit card and bank fraud to immigration and employment fraud. In turn, the effects felt by individuals and businesses who have fallen prey to identity thieves extend outside of pure financial burdens; identity thieves affect not only the nation's economic health, but its national security as well. Consequently, policymakers may debate the federal government's role in preventing identity theft and its related crimes, mitigating the potential effects of identity theft after it occurs, and providing the most effective tools to investigate and prosecute identity thieves. This report first provides a brief federal legislative history of identity theft laws. It analyzes selected trends in identity theft, including prevalent identity theft-related crimes, the federal agencies involved in combating identity theft, and the trends in identity theft complaints and prosecutions. The report also discusses the relationship between data breaches and identity theft as well as possible effects of the FTC's [Federal Trade Commission] Identity Theft Red Flags Rule. It also examines possible issues for Congress to consider."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Finklea, Kristin M.

2014-01-16
Internet Crime Complaint Center's (IC3) Scam Alerts, January 7, 2013

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"This report, which is based upon information from law enforcement and complaints submitted to the IC3 [Internet Crime Complaint Center], details recent cyber crime trends and new twists to previously-existing cyber scams. […] The IC3 continues to receive complaints reporting telephone calls from individuals claiming to be with Tech Support from a well-known software company. The callers have very strong accents and use common names such as 'Adam' or 'Bill.' Callers report the user's computer is sending error messages, and a virus has been detected. In order to gain access to the user's computer, the caller claims that only their company can resolve the issue. The caller convinces the user to grant them the authority to run a program to scan their operating system. Users witness the caller going through their files as the caller claims they are showing how the virus has infected their computer. Users are told the virus could be removed for a fee and are asked for their credit card details. Those who provide the caller remote access to their computers, whether they paid for the virus to be removed or not, report difficulties with their computer afterwards; either their computers would not turn on or certain programs/files were inaccessible. Some report taking their computers to local technicians for repair and the technicians confirmed software had been installed. However, no other details were provided. In a new twist to this scam, it was reported that a user's computer screen turned blue, and eventually black, prior to receiving the call from Tech Support offering to fix their computer. At this time, it has not been determined if this is related to the telephone call or if the user had been experiencing prior computer problems."

Internet Crime Complaint Center (U.S.)

2013-01-07
Serial No. 109-157: The Internet in China: A Tool for Freedom or Suppression? Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations and the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee On International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, Second Session, February 15, 2006

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This congressional hearing pertains to the subject of cyber utilization in China. This Congressional Hearing questions the legitimacy of China's internet and whether or not it is used as a "tool of freedom" or in a form of "suppression." From the beginning of the document: "U.S. technology companies today are engaged in a similar sickening collaboration, decapitating the voice of the dissidents. In 2005, Yahoo!'s cooperation with Chinese secret police led to the imprisonment of cyber-dissident Shi Tao. And this was not the first time. According to Reporters Without Borders, Yahoo! also handed over data to Chinese authorities on another of its users, Li Zhi. Li Zhi was sentenced on December 10, 2003, to 8 years in prison for inciting subversion. His ''crime'' was criticizing in online discussion groups and articles the well-known corruption of local officials. Women and men are going to the gulag and being tortured as a direct result of information handed over to Chinese officials. When Yahoo! was asked to explain its actions, Yahoo! said that it must adhere to local laws in all countries where it operates. But my response to that is, if the secret police, a half century ago, asked where Anne Frank was hiding, would the correct answer be to hand over the information in order to comply with local laws? Again, these are not victimless crimes that the Chinese secret police are committing, and I believe we must stand with the oppressed and not with the oppressors." Statements, letters and materials from the following: Christopher H. Smith, David A. Gross, James R. Keith, Michael Callahan, Jack Krumholtz, Elliot Schrage, Mark Chandler, Harry Wu, Liiby Liu, Xiao Qiang, Lucie Morillon, and Sharon Hom.

United States. Government Printing Office

2006
DHS Announces Stop.Think.Connect™ Campaign Partnership With the National Crime Prevention Council [October 23, 2012]

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On October 23, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Stop.Think.Connect.™ campaign today announced a new partnership with the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), which seeks to reduce crime by helping citizens work with law enforcement to promote cybersecurity awareness and online safety. The campaign will provide NCPC with tools and resources to educate teens, young adults and parents about how youth can protect themselves from the risk of theft, fraud and abuse online. 'Cybersecurity is a shared responsibility, and everyone must play their part,' said Secretary Napolitano. 'Through partnerships like this one, and initiatives like National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, the Department is reaching out to audiences of all ages on the role each of us plays in securing cyberspace.'"

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

2012-10-23
Identity Theft: Trends and Issues [January 5, 2010]

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"An increase in globalization and a lack of cyber borders provide an environment ripe for identity thieves to operate from within the nation's borders--as well as from beyond. Federal law enforcement is thus challenged with investigating criminals who may or may not be operating within U.S. borders; may have numerous identities--actual, stolen, or cyber; and may be acting alone or as part of a sophisticated criminal enterprise. In addition, identity theft is often interconnected with various other criminal activities. These activities range from credit card and bank fraud to immigration and employment fraud. In turn, the effects felt by individuals and businesses who have fallen prey to identity thieves extend outside of pure financial burdens; identity thieves affect not only the nation's economic health, but its national security as well. Consequently, policymakers may debate the federal government's role in preventing identity theft and its related crimes, mitigating the potential effects of identity theft after it occurs, and providing the most effective tools to investigate and prosecute identity thieves. This report first provides a brief federal legislative history of identity theft laws. It analyzes the current trends in identity theft, including prevalent identity theft-related crimes, the federal agencies involved in combating identity theft, and the trends in identity theft complaints and prosecutions. The report also discusses the relationship between data breaches and identity theft as well as possible effects of the FTC's Identity Theft Red Flags Rule, effective June 1, 2010. It also examines current legislation on identity theft and possible issues for the 111th Congress to consider."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Finklea, Kristin M.

2010-01-05
Joint Economic Committee Report on New Security Challenges and Strategies

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Over the years, the Joint Economic Committee has investigated a wide range of threats to the United States and its economy. The committee has consistently identified emerging issues including radio frequency weapons, bioterrorism, information warfare, espionage, technology transfers, transnational crime, and weapons proliferation. We continued that course in June 2001 with a hearing entitled, "Wired World: Cyber Security and the U.S. Economy." Following this hearing, it became clear that we needed to better understand an increasingly complicated set of diffuse security threats. Senator Bennett volunteered to identify individuals whose perspectives about critical infrastructure protection would be of value to the Congress and compile a study. Computer networks connect and control everything from pipelines to stock exchanges. At a speech given on March 23, 2001, to the Partnership for Critical Infrastructure of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Condoleeza Rice, United States National Security Advisor said, "Today, the cyber economy is the economy. . . . Corrupt those networks and you disrupt this nation." The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon make it clear that we must be better aware of our vulnerabilities and develop viable strategies to detect, deter, and counter both physical and cyber-based threats to our people and our infrastructures. This compendium represents a range of perspectives on infrastructure protection, from definitions and strategies to business challenges and policy actions. I thank Senator Bennett for his efforts and the authors for sharing their expertise.

United States. Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office

2002-05-29
Future Role of the Department of Defense in Protecting and Defending America's Economy in Cyberspace

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From the Abstract: "Cyberspace attacks continue in the United States with many of these incidents crossing international borders. The global nature of cyberspace makes it difficult to determine if a breach into a computer system is an act of cyberterrorism, cyber crime, or cyber warfare. An attack to steal credit card information may be all three simultaneously [sic]. The Department of Defense is ready to protect the nation against all enemies in the air, on the land, or on the sea. These domains are well protected with military forces postured to respond. Our nation's economy is under constant attack through the cyberspace domain. Attacks through electonic [sic] means happen at the speed of light and require a quick response to contain. Proactive appoaches [sic] defend our borders, but not our economy. Instead, the United States has a passive defense relying on the goodwill of commercial enterprises and the investigative approaches of law enforcement agencies. Through the Untied [sic] States Cyber Command, the Department of Defense has capability that can be used to defend America. This reseach [sic] paper looks at the roles and responsibilities of the Department of Defense as it relates to Homeland Defense and the protection of credit card information transitioning across the Internet."

U.S. Army Command and General Staff College

Jensen, Scott A.

2014-02
Strategic Studies Quarterly (Spring 2014)

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"'Strategic Studies Quarterly' (SSQ) is the senior United States Air Force-- sponsored journal fostering intellectual enrichment for national and international security professionals. 'SSQ' provides a forum for critically examining, informing, and debating national and international security matters. Contributions to 'SSQ' will explore strategic issues of current and continuing interest to the US Air Force, the larger defense community, and our international partners." This issue contains the following articles: "China's Military Modernization and Cyber Activities: Testimony of Dr. Larry M. Wortzel before the House Armed Services Committee" by Larry M. Wortzel; "Why Cyber War Will Not and Should Not Have Its Grand Strategist" by Martin C. Libicki; "War on Our Doorstep: Not a Mere Crime Problem" by James P. Farwell and Darby Arakelian; "Toward Attaining Cyber Dominance" by Martin R. Stytz and Sheila B. Banks; "China: An Unlikely Economic Hegemon" by Maj. Heather Fox, USAF; "Act and Actor Attribution in Cyberspace: A Proposed Analytic Framework" by Col. Eric F. Mejia, USAF; and "Airpower Writings of John Andreas Olsen" by Phillip S. Meilinger.

Air University (U.S.). Press

2014
Testimony of Assistant Director A.T. Smith, Office of Investigations, U.S. Secret Service, Before the House Committee on Financial Services, 'Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement Protect Private Financial Information' [June 29, 2011]

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On June 29, 2011 in Hoover, Alabama at the National Computer Forensics Institute (NCFI), Assistant Director A.T. Smith from the Office of Investigations of the U.S. Secret Service went before the House Committee on Financial Services to discuss the action of safeguarding the financial systems by "dismantling criminal groups involved in cyber crime." Topics also included were: Successful Cyber Investigations as a Result of NCFI Training, Private Sector Partnerships, Successful Cyber Investigations as a Result of NCFI Training, and the Collaboration among State, Local, Federal, and International Law Enforcement.

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

2011-06-29
Serial No. 112-55: Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, June 2, 2011

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From the opening statement of Mary Bono Mack: "In today's online world, your name, birth date, and mother's maiden name are often used to verify your identity. But in the wake of massive data breaches at Sony and Epsilon, we are now painfully more aware that this very same information can be used just as easily to falsify your identity. The time has come for Congress to take action. And the chair now recognizes herself for an opening statement. With nearly 1.5 billion credit cards now in use in the United States and more and more Americans banking and shopping online, cyber thieves have a treasure chest of opportunities today to get rich quick. Why crack a vault when you can hack a network? The Federal Trade Commission estimates that nearly 9 million Americans fall victim to identity theft every year, costing consumers and businesses billions of dollars annually, and those numbers are growing steadily and alarmingly. In recent years, sophisticated and carefully orchestrated cyber attacks designed to obtain personal information about consumers, especially when it comes to their credit cards, have become one of the fastest-growing criminal enterprises here in the U.S., as well as across the world. Just last month, the Justice Department shut down a cyber crime ring believed to be based in Russia, which was responsible for the online theft of up to $100 million."

United States. Government Printing Office

2012
Statement By Secretary Jeh C. Johnson Concerning The Extradition And Arraignment Of Vladimir Drinkman [February 18, 2015]

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On February 18, 2015, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "I congratulate the United States Secret Service for their fine work in bringing here to face justice alleged international cyber criminal Vladimir Drinkman. Yesterday, after extradition from the Netherlands, Drinkman was arraigned in United States District Court in Newark, New Jersey. As the U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, Paul Fishman, has explained, Drinkman is alleged to have operated a vast worldwide hacking and data breach scheme that targeted the networks of NASDAQ [National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Stock Market] , Dow Jones, Global Payments, Heartland Payment Systems, J.C. Penny, Euronet Worldwide, Discover Financial Services, Visa-Jordan Card Services, and other U.S. and global corporations. These network intrusions resulted in the theft and distribution of sensitive financial data, including more than 160 million payment card numbers, which were used in identity theft schemes to cause financial losses exceeding $300 million. This is the largest such scheme ever prosecuted in the United States, and the Secret Service is the lead investigative agency. Coming just days after our White House summit on cybersecurity last week at Stanford University, this successful extradition and arraignment highlights the talent and experience of the men and women of the Secret Service in combating cyber crime."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

2015-02-18
Incident Response and Planning Strategies When Notifying Law Enforcement

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"As cyber incidents rapidly spread across the nation's financial and critical infrastructure an effective response requires close coordination from multiple stakeholders affected by the incident. The purpose of this document is to provide insight from the United States Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force on law enforcement's response as a stakeholder investigating cyber intrusions. Although there are a number of previously published incident response resources (articles, brochures, manuals and other printed materials, etc.) readily available, we are simply providing steps to consider when notifying law enforcement. A well-defined and organized response to a cyber incident requires a team effort. Getting the right people involved is essential to properly responding, coordinating, mitigating, and investigating your incident. Although law enforcement is just one of several stakeholders needed for a response strategy, our objective is to assist with the prevention, detection, and aggressive investigation of attacks on our nation's financial and critical infrastructures. The following three steps are intended to guide organizations when notifying law enforcement."

United States. Secret Service
Cyber Security for the 44th Presidency: Hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, September 18, 2008

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This testimony compilation is from the September 18, 2008 hearing, "Cyber Security for the 44th Presidency," before the U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. From Paul Kurtz' opening statement: "Cyber security is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we will face in the 21st century. U.S. Government leadership is vital to mitigating massive problems with our information infrastructure. Our current information infrastructure is riddled with holes, unknown backdoors, and is extremely difficult to protect in the face of increasingly sophisticated adversaries. Unlike Y2K [Year 2000], there is no single fix. Adversaries are not limited to nation states' military and intelligence organizations. Criminals, organized crime, terrorists, malicious insiders, and business competitors can and do engage. The battle in cyberspace is just beginning. It is destined to be complicated and costly. There is an urgent need to understand the problem and set the foundations for a more secure, reliable, resilient information infrastructure that can operate in an increasingly hostile environment." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Paul Kurtz, Former Senior Director, Critical Infrastructure Protection White House Homeland Security Council, Amit Yoran, Former Director, National Cyber Security Division, Department of Homeland Security, John Nagengast, Former Assistant Deputy Director, National Security Agency.

United States. Congress. House. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence

2008-09-18
Readout of Secretary Napolitano's Trip to New York [October 18, 2011]

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On October 18, 2011, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano today traveled to New York City to visit the NASDAQ MarketSite in Times Square and ring the Opening Bell alongside private sector partners. Secretary Napolitano then joined U.S. Secret Service Assistant Director for Investigations A. T. Smith and National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) Acting Deputy Under Secretary Greg Schaffer for a roundtable discussion with cybersecurity partners from law enforcement and the private sector to discuss efforts to combat cyber crime, as part of National Cyber Security Awareness Month."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

2011-10-18
Serial No. 115-81: After the Breach: The Monetization and Illicit Use of Stolen Data, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, March 15, 2018

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This is the March 15, 2018 hearing on "After the Breach: The Monetization and Illicit Use of Stolen Data," held before the U.S. House of Representative subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance of the Committee on Financial Services. From the opening statement of Steven Pearce: "In today's hearing, we will examine the economics of cyber crime, the monetization of stolen data from cyber attacks, the role the dark Web marketplaces play in helping criminals profit from their theft, and how illicit proceeds are laundered into our financial system. Last month, the Council of Economic Advisors released a report estimating that malicious cyber activity cost the U.S. economy be-tween $57 and $109 billion in 2016. And this cost is expected to climb as more devices become Internet connected." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Lillian Ablon, Joe Bernik, Nicolas Christin, and James Lewis.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2018
National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC): Meeting Agenda, November 26, 2002

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The following are the Meeting notes for the National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC) on Tuesday, November 26, 2002. The formal opening of the meeting was followed by welcoming remarks, and then by a discussion of NIAC comments on the Draft of the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. "Mr. Tritak explained that the objectives of regulation are to ensure the security of cyber systems related to primary matters, and to secure cyber systems to assure the functioning and protection of the critical infrastructures. To protect these cyber systems, one must first determine where the markets will fail and, where there is the potential for failure, regulation should be examined and considered. Another cautionary note raised by the members was that we must be careful to avoid over-regulation, and also must compare how state and local governments interact, including how information to protect vital infrastructures is exchanged throughout the country. In response to a question regarding a member's previous comment on 'deputizing' IT professionals, it was explained that since there are not enough IT professionals in the government, perhaps the government could leverage the private sector to help pursue these issues, help with enforcement, and fill the current void. Mr. Schmidt replied that the Secret Service's new Crime Enforcement program is doing just that."

National Infrastructure Advisory Council (U.S.)

Clarke, Richard A.; Juster, Kenneth I.; Tritak, John S.

2002-11-26
Private Sector and Government Challenges and Opportunities to Promote the Cybersecurity and Resiliency of Our Nation's Critical Energy Infrastructure, Hearing Before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, March 1, 2018

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This is the March 1, 2018 hearing on "Private Sector and Government Challenges and Opportunities to Promote the Cybersecurity and Resiliency of Our Nation's Critical Energy Infrastructure" held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Lisa Murkowski:"Cyberattacks are a well-documented and continuing threat. Every day we seem to hear of yet another incident. Increasingly, it appears that the bad actors are nation-states and sophisticated entities, such as organized crime or terror groups. These attacks are across-the-board and not limited, of course, to energy infrastructure. [...] What should the Federal Government do, or refrain from doing, to meet this dynamic and evolving threat? And how can the government help improve the cyber resiliency of critical energy infrastructure if a threat becomes a reality? [...] Protecting our nation's energy infrastructure, we all agree, is critical to maintaining so much of the American way of life. We must determine what the next appropriate steps will be to further identify and prevent cyber intrusions and increase resiliency in the event of an attack. Those solutions may not require more regulation, but rather more common sense and cooperation." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Bruce J. Walker, Jim Matheson, Barbara Endicott-Popovsky, William H. Sanders, and Robert M. Lee.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2019
Missing and Exploited Children: Background, Policies, and Issues [April 29, 2015]

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"Beginning in the late 1970s, highly publicized cases of children abducted, sexually abused, and sometimes murdered prompted policymakers and child advocates to declare a missing children problem. At that time, about 1.5 million children were reported missing annually. Though dated, survey data from 1999 provide the most recent and comprehensive information on missing children. The data show that approximately 1.3 million children went missing from their caretakers that year due to a family or nonfamily abduction, running away or being forced to leave home, becoming lost or injured, or for benign reasons, such as a miscommunication about schedules. […] The number of children who are sexually exploited is unknown because of the secrecy surrounding exploitation; however, in the 1999 study, researchers found that over 300,000 children were victims of rape; unwanted sexual contact; forceful actions taken as part of a sex-related crime; and other sex-related crimes that do not involve physical contact with the child, including those committed on the Internet. […] Since 1984, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) has served as the national resource center and has carried out many of the objectives of the act in collaboration with OJJDP [U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention] . In addition to NCMEC, the MEC program supports (1) the Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force program to assist state and local enforcement cyber units in investigating online child sexual exploitation; (2) training and technical assistance for state AMBER (America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response) Alert systems, which publicly broadcast bulletins in the most serious child abduction cases; and (3) other initiatives, including a membership-based nonprofit missing and exploited children's organization that assists families of missing children and efforts to respond to child sexual exploitation through training."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L.

2015-04-29
United States Attorneys' Bulletin: Cyber Misbehavior, Volume 64 Number 3, May 2016

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This edition of the United States Attorneys' Bulletin covers Cyber Misbehavior. The following articles are included: "An Introduction to Violent Crime on the Internet"; "Intimate Partner Cyberstalking - Terrorizing Intimate Partners With 21st Century Technology"; "United States v. Matusiewicz: Lessons Learned From the First Federal Prosecution of Cyberstalking Resulting in Death"; "Elonis v. United States: Consequences for 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) and the Communication of Threats in Interstate Commerce"; "Growing Threat: Sextortion"; "Revenge Porn: Can Victims Get Images Off the Internet?"; "Prevent Online Crime Against Children Before It Happens: AUSAs and Community Outreach"; "Cyberbullying: How Can United States Attorneys' Offices Address This Problem in Our Schools and Communities?"; "Investigating and Prosecuting 'Swatting' Crimes"; and "Making the Most of Your Statutory Electronic Evidence Toolbox."

Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys

2016-05
Threat to U.S. National Security Posed by Transnational Organized Crime [infographic]

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This infographic provides a world map that indicates where certain types of transnational organized crime (TOC) occur and what the regional impact of those crimes are. It also describes the impact of TOC on the United States. "Transnational organized crime has expanded dramatically in size, scope, and influence. Transnational organized criminals are threatening US interests by: [1] Co-opting some governments and weakening governance in others. [2] Forging alliances with government elements including security services and big business figures. [3] Undermining competition in strategic markets. [4] Providing funding and logistical support for terrorist/insurgent activities. [5] Stealing intellectual property. [6] Expanding narcotrafficking and engaging in arms smuggling and human trafficking. [7] Using cyber technologies to perpetrate sophisticated frauds. [8] Using facilitators who operate in the licit and illicit worlds and provide services to criminals and terrorists alike."

National Intelligence Council (U.S.)

2011?
Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013

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From the Executive Summary's Introduction: "This report is the sixteenth in a series of annual publications produced jointly by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Institute of Education Sciences (IES), in the U.S. Department of Education, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in the U.S. Department of Justice. This report presents the most recent data available on school crime and student safety. The indicators in this report are based on information drawn from a variety of data sources, including national surveys of students, teachers, principals, and postsecondary institutions. [...] This report covers topics such as victimization, teacher injury, bullying and cyber-bullying, school conditions, fights, weapons, availability and student use of drugs and alcohol, student perceptions of personal safety at school, and criminal incidents at postsecondary institutions. Indicators of crime and safety are compared across different population subgroups and over time. Data on crimes that occur away from school are offered as a point of comparison where available."

United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics; National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Office of Justice Programs . . .

Robers, Simone; Kemp, Jana; Snyder, Thomas D. . . .

2014-06
Promoting Corporate Transparency: Examining Legislative Proposals to Detect and Deter Financial Crime, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security, International Development and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, First Session, March 13, 2019

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This is the March 13, 2019 hearing titled "Promoting Corporate Transparency: Examining Legislative Proposals to Detect and Deter Financial Crime," held before the House Subcommittee on National Security, International Development and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Financial Services. From the opening statement of Emanuel Cleaver: "Since the last major anti-money laundering reforms in 2001, the national security threats that face our country have evolved profoundly. Cyber and technological attacks have risen to the very top of our most recent worldwide threat assessment as a paramount national security risk. Underground online trafficking now allows for simplified avenues to transport illicit materials across the nation and around the globe. While the bill that we are dealing with today will close a number of loopholes that have allowed for financial crimes to be committed, it will also pull us into the 21st Century by positioning the U.S. to face tomorrow's challenges. An innovation council will be created from this bill, represented by directors from each innovation lab, who will coordinate on active Bank Secrecy Act compliance. It is imperative that we modernize our efforts to combat financial crimes because our adversaries will continue to modernize theirs. And this proposal is an important step, even though it is our first step." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jacob Cohen, Dennis M. Lormel, Amit Sharma, and Gary F. Shiffman.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2019
Cybercrime: Conceptual Issues for Congress and U.S. Law Enforcement [Janaury 9, 2013]

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From the Summary: "Twenty-first century criminals increasingly rely on the Internet and advanced technologies to further their criminal operations. These criminals can easily leverage the Internet to carry out traditional crimes such as distributing illicit drugs and sex trafficking. In addition, they exploit the digital world to facilitate crimes that are often technology driven, including identity theft, payment card fraud, and intellectual property theft. Cybercrimes have economic, public health, and national security implications, among others. For over three decades, Congress has been concerned about cybercrime and its related threats. Today, these concerns often arise among a larger discussion surrounding the federal government's role in ensuring U.S. cyber security. Conceptualizing cybercrime involves a number of key elements and questions that include 'where' do the criminal acts exist in the real and digital worlds (and what technologies are involved in carrying out the crimes), 'why' are malicious activities initiated, and 'who' is involved in carrying out the malicious acts?"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Finklea, Kristin M.; Theohary, Catherine A.

2013-01-09
Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement [July 19, 2011]

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"Savvy criminals constantly develop new techniques to target U.S. persons, businesses, and interests. Individual criminals as well as broad criminal networks exploit geographic borders, criminal turf, cyberspace, and law enforcement jurisdiction to dodge law enforcement countermeasures. Further, the interplay of these realities can potentially encumber policing measures. In light of these interwoven realities, policy makers may question how to best design policies to help law enforcement combat ever-evolving criminal threats. Criminals routinely take advantage of geographic borders. They thrive on their ability to illicitly cross borders, subvert border security regimens, and provide illegal products or services. Many crimes--particularly those of a cyber nature--have become increasingly transnational. While criminals may operate across geographic borders and jurisdictional boundaries, law enforcement may not be able to do so with the same ease. Moreover, obstacles such as disparities between the legal regimens of nations (what is considered a crime in one country may not be in another) and differences in willingness to extradite suspected criminals can hamper prosecutions. The law enforcement community has, however, expanded its working relationships with both domestic and international agencies. […] Congress may question how it can leverage its legislative and oversight roles to bolster U.S. law enforcement's abilities to confront modern-day crime. For instance, Congress may consider whether federal law enforcement has the existing authorities, technology, and resources--both monetary and manpower--to counter 21st century criminals. Congress may also examine whether federal law enforcement is utilizing existing mechanisms to effectively coordinate investigations and share information."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Finklea, Kristin M.

2011-07-19
Cyberbullying and other Online Safety Issues for Children, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1966 and H.R. 3630, September 30, 2009

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From the opening statement of Robert C. Scott: "The term 'cyberbullying' has many different definitions and can cover many different types of speech. It can consist of rumors or lies, a publication of something meant to be private, or the impersonation of another person. Or it can encompass more problematic speech, involving threats, stalking, or predatory behavior. [...] H.R. 1966, the 'Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act,' addresses the problem by creating a new Federal crime prohibiting communications made with the intent to coerce, intimidate, harass, or cause substantial emotional distress that use electronic means to support severe, repeated, and hostile behavior. [...] H.R. 3630, the 'Adolescent Web Awareness Requires Education Act,' the 'WARE Act,' seeks to address the problem of online safety issues for youth, including cyberbullying, through education and prevention. It creates a grant program to be implemented by the Attorney General in accordance with best practices and authorizes $125 million for grants to carry out Internet crime awareness and cyber-crime prevention programs." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Robert C. Scott, Subcommittee Chair (D-VA); Louie Gohmert, Ranking Member (R-TX), Linda T. Sanchez, (D-CA); Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL); Robert M. O'Neil, Law Professor Emeritus, University of Virginia; Judi Westberg Warren, President, Web Wise Kids; Harvey A. Silverglate, Attorney, Zilkind, Rodriguez, Lunt and Duncan, LLP; Nancy Willard, Director, Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use; and John Palfrey, Law Professor, Harvard Law School.

United States. Government Printing Office

2010
Overview of U.S. Sanctions Regimes on Russia [January 11, 2017]

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"On December 29, 2016, President Barack Obama imposed sanctions on Russia for malicious cyber activity. These are the latest in a series of U.S. sanctions regimes that have been imposed on Russia over the last several years in response to activities that are state-sponsored or allegedly conducted by government officials. In addition, a number of Russian individuals and entities are subject to sanctions for terrorism, transnational crime, and weapons proliferation. The United States' use of economic sanctions in furtherance of national security or foreign policy is implemented, primarily, by the Departments of State (visas, arms embargos, arms sales, foreign aid, and in limited circumstances, prohibiting the use of U.S. passports to travel), Commerce (commercial exports), Defense (arms sales), Justice (investigation and prosecution), and the Treasury (blocking assets, prohibiting transactions, licensing export transactions, financial services, and in limited circumstances, restricting transactions related to travel). Interagency consulting occurs in implementing and administering any economic sanctions regime. In the 115th Congress, Members are drafting legislation to require sanctions on Russia for its cyber intrusions and other aggressive activities (pending in the Senate), and election interference (pending in the House)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Welt, Cory; Rennack, Dianne E.

2017-01-11
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significant Challenges in Developing National Capabilities, Report to the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate

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To better protect the nation's critical computer-dependent infrastructures from computer-based attacks and disruption, the President issued Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63 in 1998. The directive established the National Infrastructure Protection Center as a national focal point for gathering information on threats and facilitating the federal government's response to computer-based incidents. This report evaluates the center's progress in (1) developing national capabilities for analyzing cyber threat and vulnerability data and issuing warnings, (2) enhancing its capabilities for responding to cyber attacks, and (3) developing outreach and information-sharing initiatives with government and private-sector entities. GAO found that although the center has taken some steps to develop analysis and warning capabilities, the strategic capabilities described in PDD 63 have not been achieved. The center has provided important support to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's investigations of computer crimes by coordinating investigations and providing technical assistance. The center has also developed crisis management procedures and drafted an emergency law enforcement sector plan, which is now being reviewed by sector members. The center's information-sharing relationships are still evolving and will probably have limited effectiveness until reporting procedures and thresholds are defined and trust relationships are established.

United States. General Accounting Office

2001-04-25
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Significant Challenges in Developing Analysis, Warning, and Response Capabilities, Statement of Robert F. Dacey, Director, Information Security Issues, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism and Government Information, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate

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To better protect the nation's critical computer-dependent infrastructures from computer-based attacks and disruption, the President issued a directive in 1998 that established the National Infrastructure Protection Center as a national focal point for gathering information on threats and facilitating the federal government's response to computer-based incidents. This testimony discusses the center's progress in (1) developing national capabilities for analyzing cyber threat and vulnerability data and issuing warnings, (2) enhancing its capabilities for responding to cyber attacks, and (3) developing outreach and information-sharing initiatives with government and private-sector entities. GAO found that although the center has taken some steps to develop analysis and warning capabilities, the strategic capabilities described in the presidential directive have not been achieved. By coordinating investigations and providing technical assistance the center has provided important support that has improved the Federal Bureau of Investigations' ability to investigate computer crimes. The center has also developed crisis management procedures and drafted an emergency law enforcement sector plan, which is now being reviewed by sector members. The center's information-sharing relationships are still evolving and will probably have limited effectiveness until reporting procedures and thresholds are defined and trust relationships are established. This testimony summarized an April 2001 report (GAO-01-323).

United States. General Accounting Office

2001-05-22
CIKR Monthly Open Source Cyber Digest (OSCD): May 2010

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"The Monthly Open Source Cyber Digest (OSCD) is a tailored summary of domestic and international cyber events with specific relevance to the operations of the Critical Sectors community. The OSCD is primarily a compilation and reorganization of reporting drawn from the Daily Open Source Infra- structure Report (OSIR)." This CIKR [Critical Infrastructure and Key Structures ] Edition focuses on: "DarkReading reported a single crime syndicate dubbed 'Avalanche' was responsible for some 66 percent of the phishing traffic generated in the second half of 2009, according to a report published by the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG). A consumer group has called on the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate Google and the Wi-Fi sniffing has prompted a class-action lawsuit that could force the company to pay up to $10,000 for each time it snatched data from unprotected hotspots, court documents show Computerworld reported. Finally, University researchers have taken a close look at the computer systems used to run today's cars and discovered new ways to hack into them IDG News Service provided."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Infrastructure Protection

2010-05
EU-U.S. Summit Joint Statement [November 20, 2010]

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This November 20, 2010 joint statement re-affirms the close partnership between the European Union (EU) and the United States. Topics include the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Strategic Concept, the EU-U.S. Working Group on Cyber-security and Cyber-crime, the Terrorist Finance Tracking Programme, the Visa Waiver Programme, and negotiations on a Passenger Name Record agreement.

United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary

2010-11-20

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