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• Cyber Security Response to Physical Security Breaches

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  "Physical break-ins and other unauthorized entries into critical infrastructure locations, such as electrical power substations, have historically been viewed as traditional property crimes where trespass, theft, and vandalism were the motives. However, the current trend of using computer networks to remotely monitor and control unmanned facilities has also increased the possibility that these physical property crimes could be used to conceal less discernible cyber crimes. For example, the physical breach of an electrical substation to steal materials and equipment could be viewed as a simple case of burglary. In the current environment however, such an event could just as easily be a distraction to draw the asset owner's attention and investigation away from the real motive. What if the underlying motive was to gain access to the systems and devices within the facility in order to either launch an immediate cyber attack? Or, introduce hardware or malicious software into the control system network, thereby establishing a cyber foothold for future attacks or stealing sensitive information?"

  Computer Emergency Response Team

  2007-11
• 2012: The FBI Story

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  "For the FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] and its partners, 2012 was a year that reminded us once again of the seriousness of the security threats facing our nation. During the year, extremists plotted to attack--unsuccessfully, thanks to the work of our Joint Terrorism Task Forces--the U.S. Capitol, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and other landmarks on U.S. soil. Tragically, on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, a hateful attack in Benghazi took the lives of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans. In the cyber realm, a rising tide of hackers took electronic aim at global cyber infrastructure, causing untold damages. High-dollar white-collar crimes of all kinds also continued to siphon significant sums from the pocketbooks of consumers. And in Newtown, Connecticut, 20 young children and six adults lost their lives in one of the worst mass shootings in American history, ending a year of violence that saw similar tragedies around the country. Working with its colleagues around the globe, the FBI is committed to taking a leadership role in protecting the nation. As you can see from this book--an annual compilation of stories from the FBI's public website that provides a snapshot of Bureau milestones, activities, and accomplishments--we used the full range of our intelligence, investigative, and operational skills to address major threats during the year. We helped avert terrorist attacks and derail terrorist supporters, put cyber criminals and fraudsters behind bars, and dismantled violent gangs and organized crime groups. Today, as these pages make clear, protecting our country and our communities is truly a team effort. National security and law enforcement organizations are working together more closely than ever. At the same time, Americans from all walks of life can and do make a difference in solving and preventing crime and terrorism."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2012-01-23
• Readout of Acting Secretary Beers' Trip to New York [October 21, 2013]

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  On October 21, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Rand Beers today traveled to New York City to discuss the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) work with private sector partners to increase cybersecurity, protect critical infrastructure and make the public less vulnerable to cyber crimes. Acting Secretary Beers began his day with a visit to the NASDAQ MarketSite in Times Square where he rang the Opening Bell alongside private sector partners. Acting Secretary Beers and National Protection and Programs Directorate Deputy Under Secretary for Cybersecurity Phyllis Schneck also delivered remarks and participated in a discussion with business leaders on cybersecurity, as part of National Cyber Security Awareness Month. National Cyber Security Awareness Month engages public and private sector stakeholders -- especially the public -- to create a safe, secure, and resilient cyber environment."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2013-10-21
• Readout of Deputy Secretary Mayorkas' Trip to California [April 10, 2014]

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  On April 10, 2014, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Yesterday, Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas traveled to California where he delivered remarks at the 8th annual IT [information technology] Security Entrepreneurs' Forum hosted by the Security Innovation Network to discuss the cyber threat landscape and the importance of innovation in the field. During his remarks, Deputy Secretary Mayorkas highlighted the work that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has taken to safeguard and secure cyberspace. Over the past five years, cybersecurity has emerged as a top priority for the Department in efforts to secure unclassified federal civilian government networks, work with owners and operators of the systems we all rely on, combat cyber crime, build a national capacity to promote responsible cyber behavior and cultivate the next generation of frontline cybersecurity professionals--while keeping a steady focus on safeguarding the public's civil rights and civil liberties."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2014-04-10
• Current and Projected National Security Threats to the United States, Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, February 2, 2010

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  From the opening statement of Dianne Feinstein: "This hearing presents an annual opportunity to focus on the threats our nation faces, and it provides a rare forum for the public to receive strategic intelligence analysis. I think that right now the top threat on everyone's mind is the heightened terrorism threat, especially against our own homeland. The committee has held hearings in the past two weeks to review the Christmas Day attempted attack by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab and the Fort Hood shootings by United States Army Major Nidal Hassan. We have also reviewed the attack on CIA's [Central Intelligence Agency] Khowst base in eastern Afghanistan on December 30th, the most deadly attack against CIA personnel in decades. [...] Let me shift from terrorism to the topic that DNI [Director of National Intelligence] Blair highlights in his written testimony, the threat to our government, public and private sector from cyber espionage, crime and attack. Director, your description of the problem is very blunt, and I believe it to be accurate. The need to develop an overall cyber security strategy is very clear. This committee has carefully examined cyber security through five hearings in the past year, carefully reviewed various cyber attacks and penetrations from foreign actors and appointed a cyber task force of three members--Senators Whitehouse, Mikulski and Snowe--to conduct a six-month analysis of our government's current plans. The task force will be reporting to the full committee shortly. [...] It is also worth noting that this country has stated its willingness to cooperate internationally on these matters. There are far more developments around the world that threaten the national security interests of the United States. The past year saw a Taliban surge in Afghanistan that led to the President's decision to shift strategy and increase troop levels. Pakistan continues to be an uneven partner in our counterterrorism and counterinsurgency efforts. Somalia and Yemen are failed and failing states that require enormous attention. These and many other threats are outlined in the DNI's testimony." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Dianne Feinstein, Christopher S. Bond, Dennis Blair, Leon Panetta, Robert S. Mueller, III, Ronald Burgess, John Dinger, Ronald Weich, and Russ Feingold.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2012

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  "This report is the fifteenth in a series of annual publications produced jointly by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Institute of Education Sciences (IES), in the U.S. Department of Education, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in the U.S. Department of Justice. This report presents the most recent data available on school crime and student safety. The indicators in this report are based on information drawn from a variety of data sources, including national surveys of students, teachers, and principals. Sources include results from the School-Associated Violent Deaths Study, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, the Department of Justice, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the National Crime Victimization Survey and School Crime Supplement to the survey, sponsored by the BJS and NCES, respectively; the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the Schools and Staffing Survey and School Survey on Crime and Safety, both sponsored by NCES. The most recent data collection for each indicator varied by survey, from 2007 to 2011. Each data source has an independent sample design, data collection method, and questionnaire design, or is the result of a universe data collection. All comparisons described in this report are statistically significant at the .05 level. Additional information about methodology and the datasets analyzed in this report may be found in appendix A. This report covers topics such as victimization, teacher injury, bullying and cyber-bullying, school conditions, fights, weapons, availability and student use of drugs and alcohol, and student perceptions of personal safety at school. Indicators of crime and safety are compared across different population subgroups and over time. Data on crimes that occur away from school are offered as a point of comparison where available."

  United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics; National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Department of Education . . .

  Roberts, Simone; Kemp, Jana; Truman, Jennifer L. . . .

  2013-06
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2016

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  "Our nation's schools should be safe havens for teaching and learning, free of crime and violence. Any instance of crime or violence at school not only affects the individuals involved, but also may disrupt the educational process and affect bystanders, the school itself, and the surrounding community. Establishing reliable indicators of the current state of school crime and safety across the nation and regularly updating and monitoring these indicators are important in ensuring the safety of our nation's students. This is the aim of 'Indicators of School Crime and Safety'. [...] This report covers topics such as victimization, teacher injury, bullying and cyber-bullying, school conditions, fights, weapons, availability and student use of drugs and alcohol, student perceptions of personal safety at school, and criminal incidents at postsecondary institutions. Indicators of crime and safety are compared across different population subgroups and over time. Data on crimes that occur away from school are offered as a point of comparison where available."

  United States. Department of Education; National Center for Education Statistics; United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics . . .

  Musu-Gillette, Lauren; Zhang, Anlan; Wang, Ke . . .

  2017-05
• Statement of Mr. Pablo A. Martinez, Deputy Special Agent in Charge, Criminal Investigative Division, U.S. Secret Service, Before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade: 'The Threat of Data Theft to American Consumers' [May 4, 2011]

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  "Good morning, Madam Chair, Ranking Member Butterfield and distinguished members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to testify on the role of the U.S. Secret Service (Secret Service) in investigating and dismantling criminal organizations involved in cyber crime. On February 1, 2010, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) delivered the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR), which established a unified, strategic framework for homeland security missions and goals. The QHSR underscores the need for a safe and secure cyberspace: 'Our economic vitality and national security depend today on a vast array of interdependent and critical networks, systems, services and resources. We know this interconnected world as cyberspace, and without it, we cannot communicate, travel, power our homes, run the economy, or obtain government services. Yet as we migrate more of our economic and societal transactions to cyberspace, these benefits come with increasing risk. We face a variety of adversaries who are working day and night to use our dependence on cyberspace against us. Sophisticated cyber criminals pose great cost and risk both to our economy and national security. They exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to steal money and information, and to destroy, disrupt, or threaten the delivery of critical services. For this reason, safeguarding and securing cyberspace has become one of the Department of Homeland Security's most important missions.' In order to maintain a safe and secure cyberspace, we have to disrupt the criminal organizations and other malicious actors engaged in high consequence or wide-scale cyber crime."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-05-04
• Testimony of Pablo A. Martinez, Deputy Special Agent in Charge, Criminal Investigative Division, U.S. Secret Service, Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism [April 12, 2011]

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  "Good afternoon, Chairman Whitehouse, Ranking Member Kyl and distinguished members of the Subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to testify on the role of the U.S. Secret Service (Secret Service) in investigating and dismantling criminal organizations involved in cyber crime. On February 1, 2010, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) delivered the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR), which established a unified, strategic framework for homeland security missions and goals. The QHSR underscores the need for a safe and secure cyberspace: 'Our economic vitality and national security depend today on a vast array of interdependent and critical networks, systems, services and resources. We know this interconnected world as cyberspace, and without it, we cannot communicate, travel, power our homes, run the economy, or obtain government services. Yet as we migrate more of our economic and societal transactions to cyberspace, these benefits come with increasing risk. We face a variety of adversaries who are working day and night to use our dependence on cyberspace against us. Sophisticated cyber criminals pose great cost and risk both to our economy and national security. They exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to steal money and information, and to destroy, disrupt, or threaten the delivery of critical services. For this reason, safeguarding and securing cyberspace has become one of the Department of Homeland Security's most important missions.' (p. 29). In order to maintain a safe and secure cyberspace, we have to disrupt the criminal organizations and other malicious actors engaged in high consequence or wide-scale cyber crime. As the original guardian of the nation's financial payment systems, the Secret Service has a long history of protecting American consumers, industries and financial institutions. Over the last two decades, the Secret Service's statutory authorities have been reinforced to include access device fraud (18 USC §1029), which includes credit and debit card fraud. The Secret Service also has concurrent jurisdiction with other law enforcement agencies for identity theft (18 USC §1028), computer fraud (18 USC §1030), and bank fraud (18 USC §1344)."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office

  2011-04-12
• Serial No. 113-65: Protecting Your Personal Data: How Law Enforcement Works With the Private Sector to Prevent Cybercrime, Field Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, April 16, 2014

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  This is the April 16, 2014 testimonyon, "Protecting Your Personal Data: How Law Enforcement Works With the Private Sector to Prevent Cybercrime," held before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies. From the witness statement of Ari Baranoff: "Advances in computer technology and greater access to personally identifiable information (PII) via the Internet have created online marketplaces for transnational cyber criminals to share stolen information and criminal methodologies. As a result, the Secret Service has observed a marked increase in the quality, quantity, and complexity of cyber crimes targeting private industry and critical infrastructure. These crimes include network intrusions, hacking attacks, malicious software, and account takeovers leading to significant data breaches affecting every sector of the world economy. The recently reported data breaches of Target and Neiman Marcus are just the most recent, well-publicized examples of this decade-long trend of major data breaches perpetrated by cyber criminals who are intent on targeting our Nation's retailers and financial payment systems." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick Meehan, Yvette Clarke, Mike Fitzpatrick, Ari Baranoff, Richard P. Quinn, John J. Whelan, Frederick Peters, Thomas Litchford, and Matthew Rhoades.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2014-04-16
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 754: Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015

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  "S. 754 would require the government to establish procedures to be followed when information on cyber threats is shared between the government and nonfederal entities. The bill also would require the government to audit the process for sharing information and would require additional reports to the Congress on cyber information sharing. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) anticipates that approximately 20 additional personnel would be needed to administer the program, prepare the required reports and manage the exchange of information. Based on information from the Department of Homeland Security, the Office of Management and Budget, and other cybersecurity experts, CBO estimates that the requirements imposed by S. 754 would cost approximately $20 million over the 2016-2020 period, assuming appropriation of the estimated amounts. The Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 establishes budget-reporting and enforcement procedures for legislation affecting direct spending or revenues. Enacting S. 754 would affect direct spending and revenues because the bill would allow information shared with the government to be used in investigating and prosecuting certain violent crimes. Any additional convictions for such offenses could increase the collection of fines. Criminal fines are recorded as revenues, deposited in the Crime Victims Fund, and later spent. CBO expects that additional revenues and direct spending would not be significant because of the small number of cases likely to be effected."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2015-04-14
• International Law and Cyber Threats from Non-State Actors

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  "As a preliminary matter, it is useful to note that cyber activities take place along an expansive continuum with information analysis and gathering at one end and hostilities at the other, roughly, and including espionage, surveillance, crime and other activities along its span. In many cases, it is likely that groups or individuals will engage in operations that fall within more than one category along that continuum, thus triggering potential application of multiple legal frameworks. Terrorist attacks pose many of the same challenges. A terrorist attack is, at a minimum, a crime, but over the past decade it has become accepted fact that terrorist attacks can also be hostilities that constitute an armed conflict. As a result, policymakers and academics have engaged in extensive debate regarding whether responses to terrorism fall within a law enforcement paradigm or a war paradigm. Although the full parameters of that debate are outside the scope of this article, the debate itself offers useful lessons in recognizing the multiple legal paradigms applicable to cyber activities and analyzing how and in what situations they apply. Throughout the analysis, therefore, this article will often refer to existing and developing considerations in responses to non-State terrorist entities, both in rhetoric and in policy and legal choices, as appropriate in examining the legal paradigms for responding to cyber threats from non-State actors."

  Naval War College (U.S.). International Law Studies

  Blank, Laurie R.

  2013
• Subcommittee Field Hearing: Protecting Your Personal Data: How Law Enforcement Works With the Private Sector to Prevent Cybercrime, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, April 16, 2014

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  This testimony compilation is from the Field Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies titled, "Protecting Your Personal Data: How Law Enforcement Works With the Private Sector to Prevent Cybercrime." From the witness statement of Ari Baranoff: "Advances in computer technology and greater access to personally identifiable information (PII) via the Internet have created online marketplaces for transnational cyber criminals to share stolen information and criminal methodologies. As a result, the Secret Service has observed a marked increase in the quality, quantity, and complexity of cyber crimes targeting private industry and critical infrastructure. These crimes include network intrusions, hacking attacks, malicious software, and account takeovers leading to significant data breaches affecting every sector of the world economy. The recently reported data breaches of Target and Neiman Marcus are just the most recent, well-publicized examples of this decade-long trend of major data breaches perpetrated by cyber criminals who are intent on targeting our Nation's retailers and financial payment systems." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick Meehan, Ari Baranoff, Richard P. Quinn, John J. Whelan, Frederick Peters, Thomas Litchford, and Matthew Rhoades.

  United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security

  2014-04-16
• Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, December 14, 2011

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  From the opening statement of Patrick J. Leahy: "Today the Judiciary Committee will hear from Director Robert Mueller of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Now, the Bureau plays an integral role in protecting our Nation's security through its counterterrorism investigations and intelligence gathering. Its work has contributed to more than 400 convictions in terrorism cases since September 11, 2011. Knowing this, I remain deeply concerned about a provision of the national defense authorization bill that would mandate--and I stress the word 'mandate'--as the Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee knows, the military detention of certain terrorism suspects, even if they are arrested on U.S. soil. Director Mueller has written that this provision would adversely impact the Bureau's ability to conduct counterterrorism investigations and inject 'a substantial element of uncertainty' into its operations. I appreciate what Director Mueller meant when he wrote that the misguided provision fails to take into account 'the reality of a counterterrorism investigation,' especially the successful convictions that we have gotten in our Federal courts. Now, Congress needs to do more to support important law enforcement efforts. We should give law enforcement the appropriate tools to combat the growing threat of cyber crime, something Senator Coons mentioned in the other room. More and more, American consumers and businesses are being targeted by sophisticated cyber attacks designed to steal their most sensitive information. In September, this Committee again voted for the Personal Data Privacy and Security Act. It is long overdue legislation that will provide tools to help law enforcement combat cyber crime. And the Senate and the House should promptly pass this measure." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Chuck Grassley, Patrick J. Leahy, Robert S. Mueller, and Ronald Weich.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2012
• Ensuring Student Cyber Safety, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Healthy Familites and Communities, Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, Hearing Held in Washington, DC, June 24, 2010

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  From the opening statement Carolyn McCarthy: "I now recognize myself, followed by the Healthy Families and Communities ranking member, Todd Platts. I would like to welcome our witnesses to this hearing on ensuring student cyber safety. As a nurse for over 30 years, I have seen firsthand the damage and the loss families can experience from bullying. The emerging world of cyber-bullying is taking a toll on our students in ways we couldn't even imagine just a few years ago. Traditional acts of bullying extend beyond the halls of our school buildings and have found a new home on the Internet. Through this hearing we will explore areas of concern related to cyber-bullying and how it is compounded by additional forms of bullying. While the overwhelming number of our students are safe, it is a parent's worse nightmare to learn that their child has become a victim of crime or other incident. Acts of bullying can quickly escalate into cyber-bullying which, as we know, is far reaching and can lead to outbreaks of violence. According to a February 2010 Pew report, 73 percent, 73 percent of wired American teens now use social networking Web sites. A significant increase from previous surveys. Another recent Pew report found that daily text messaging among American teens has shot up in the past year and a half. Thirty-eight percent in February of 2008 to 54 percent in September 2009. It is not just frequency, teens are sending enormous quantities of text messaging every single day. Half of our teens send 50 or more text messages a day, and 1 in 3 more send more than 100 text messages a day." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Carolyn McCarthy, Todd Russell Platts, Parry Aftab, Dave Finnegan, Phillip C. McGraw, Dominique Napolitano, Barbara-Jane Paris and Jorge C. Srabstein.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2010
• Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Framwork for Cyber-Threat Information Sharing

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  From the abstract: "The initiative to protect against future cyber crimes requires a collaborative effort from all types of agencies spanning industry, academia, federal institutions, and military agencies. Therefore, a Cybersecurity Information Exchange (CYBEX) framework is required to facilitate breach/patch related information sharing among the participants (firms) to combat cyber attacks. In this paper, we formulate a non-cooperative cybersecurity information sharing game that can guide: (i) the firms (players)1 to independently decide whether to 'participate in CYBEX and share' or not; (ii) the CYBEX framework to utilize the participation cost dynamically as incentive (to attract firms toward self-enforced sharing) and as a charge (to increase revenue). We analyze the game from an evolutionary gametheoretic strategy and determine the conditions under which the players' self-enforced evolutionary stability can be achieved. We present a distributed learning heuristic to attain the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) under various conditions. We also show how CYBEX can wisely vary its pricing for participation to increase sharing as well as its own revenue, eventually evolving toward a win-win situation."

  Rome Laboratory (Griffiss Air Force Base, N.Y.)

  Sengupta, Shamik; Tosh, Deepak; Kamhoua, Charles . . .

  2014-09
• Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Countering the Cyber-Attack, A Case Study [video]

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  "A cyber-criminal organization electronically diverts funds, a hacking group uses their prowess to try to influence politics, these are examples of the evolving world of cyber crime. Keith Squires, Commissioner of Public Safety and Homeland Security Advisor for the State of Utah talks about his experience in building a cyber security program to counter such cyber criminals."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  2015-05-22
• Cyber-Security Holism: A System of Solutions for a Distributed Problem

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  From the executive summary: "There is currently no effective cyber-security paradigm. Crime, exploitation, and invasions of privacy are increasing costing billions of dollars and have even started to bridge into the physical world with the destruction of uranium enrichment centrifuges in Iran by the Stuxnet virus. There are a multitude of cyber security issues, but the most important topics address how to define malicious actions in cyberspace, the inadequacy of the international community to address these actions, and how active a role the private sector should play in the overall cybersecurity effort. There is no groundbreaking technology that will solve this problem despite much work by government agencies and corporate entities. In fact, this effort has compounded the problem of cyber-security being examined in its parts when it should be looked at as a whole. This is a distributed problem that needs a distributed answer, a systems solution that works as in any well engineered system."

  Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)

  Dean, Kevin T.

  2013-04-25
• Socio-Metrics: Identifying Invisible Deviant Adversaries

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  "In recent times, with the increasing growth in popularity of online social networks (OSNs) and Internet discussion forums, cyber criminals have found new ways to communicate and collaborate with each other in order to carry out cyber-attacks. Adversaries actively use Internet forums to form underground hacking communities where they exchange information on creating malicious programs and engage in the trade of malicious goods and services. Identifying the influential members of these underground communities who are behind the creation and distribution of tools used in cyber-attacks would greatly help law enforcement agencies in controlling cyber crime. Manually analyzing real world data on hacking groups is tedious and requires enormous time and effort. For this seed project, we focus on SocialSEAL, a tool which makes use of social network analysis techniques to reduce the manual effort required in identifying influential adversaries and visualizing the underlying social structure of underground hacking communities, that will eventually help identify links between attack attributions and influential adversaries in the next phase of this project."

  Arizona State University; United States. Army Research Office

  Ahn, Gail-Joon

  2015-12-07
• 'Defending the Nation from Cyber Attack' (Business Executives for National Security)

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  This is the transcript of the speech entitled, "Defending the Nation from Cyber Attack," which was delivered by the Secretary of Defense, Leon Panetta on October 11, 2012. The following is an excerpt from Mr. Panetta's speech: "Cyberspace has fundamentally transformed the global economy. It's transformed our way of life, providing two billion people across the world with instant access to information to communication, to economic opportunities. Cyberspace is the new frontier, full of possibilities to advance security and prosperity in the 21st century. And yet, with these possibilities, also come new perils and new dangers. The Internet is open. It's highly accessible, as it should be. But that also presents a new terrain for warfare. It is a battlefield of the future where adversaries can seek to do harm to our country, to our economy, and to our citizens. I know that when people think of cybersecurity today, they worry about hackers and criminals who prowl the Internet, steal people's identities, steal sensitive business information, steal even national security secrets. Those threats are real and they exist today. But the even greater danger -- the greater danger facing us in cyberspace goes beyond crime and it goes beyond harassment. A cyber attack perpetrated by nation states are violent extremists groups could be as destructive as the terrorist attack on 9/11. Such a destructive cyber-terrorist attack could virtually paralyze the nation."

  United States. Department of Defense

  Panetta, Leon E., 1938-

  2012-10-11
• Information Operations and Cyberwar: Capabilities and Related Policy Issues [Updated September 14, 2006]

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  "This report describes the emerging areas of information operations in the context of U.S. national security. It assesses known U.S. capabilities and plans, and suggests related policy issues of potential interest to Congress. This report will be updated to accommodate significant changes. Several public policy issues that Congress may choose to consider include whether the United States should: encourage or discourage international arms control for cyber-weapons, as other nations increase their cyber capabilities; modify U.S. cyber-crime legislation to conform to international agreements that make it easier to track and find cyber attackers; engage in covert psychological operations potentially affecting domestic audiences; or, create new regulation to hasten improvements to computer security for the nation's privately-owned critical infrastructure. This report describes Department of Defense capabilities for conducting military information operations, and gives an overview of related policy issues."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Wilson, Clay

  2006-09-14
• Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration's Proposals, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, June 21, 2011

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  This is the June 21, 2014 Hearing, "Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration's Proposals" before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. From the opening statement of Senator Sheldon Whitehouse: "The hearing that brings us together today returns to a topic of vital importance: our Nation's cybersecurity. Since the Subcommittee's hearing back in April, the news has been full of reports of hacks and cyber intrusions. Lockheed Martin, Sony, Epsilon, Sega, the International Monetary Fund, and the Web sites of the CIA and the Senate, to name just a few, have been compromised in just a two-month period. This reflects the fact that our Nation's privacy, intellectual property, and security are under constant and worsening cyber attack. The Internet age has brought with it an explosion of new commerce, freedom of expression, and economic opportunity. We see its benefits at home and around the world. Unfortunately, our increased connectivity allows criminals, terrorists, and hostile nations to exploit cyberspace, to attack America, invade our privacy, loot our intellectual property, and expose America's core infrastructure to cyber sabotage. Whether by copying source code, by industrial espionage of military product designs, by identify theft, by online piracy, or by outright stealing from banks, cyber crime cripples American innovation and commerce, kills jobs, and undermines our economic and national security." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jim Langevin, James A. Baker, Greg Schaffer, and Ari Schwartz.

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2014
• Securing the Border: Assessing the Impact of Transnational Crime, Hearing Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session, March 24, 2015

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  This testimony compilation is from the March 24, 2015 hearing "Securing the Border: Assessing the Impact of Transnational Crime," held before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. From the statement of Barry R. McCaffrey: "The Department of Homeland Security and several of its subordinate agencies (e.g. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP)) are primarily responsible for protecting our borders and preventing the entrance of unauthorized individuals, terrorists, contraband, narcotics, and weapons of mass destruction into the United States. DHS and our border security agencies are ably supported by the Department of State's visa issuance activities, the Department of Treasury's anti-money laundering and terrorist financing programs, several Department of Justice agencies (e.g. DEA and FBI) that focus on transnational crime and drug trafficking, and multiple agencies in other departments that provide essential intelligence and other critical support. Collectively, these federal agencies have to address a multiplicity of threats, including: cyber-attacks and crime; drug trafficking; human trafficking; identity theft; illegal immigration; intellectual property theft; manipulation of securities and commodities markets; money laundering; penetration of financial systems; sophisticated frauds; and terrorism (and its financing). Transnational criminal organizations are engaged in all of these activities. Border security is an enormous challenge given the volume of activity at our borders. On any given day last year 678,000 individuals and 300,000 privately owned vehicles crossed our land borders from Canada or Mexico, almost 300,000 individuals landed at one of our international airports, while 50,000 entered through our sea ports, and some 70,000 truck, rail, and sea containers entered our land and sea ports of entry. As the cyber-attacks by Iran and North Korea against two U.S. corporations last year underscored, even if we were able to secure our physical borders, we would still be vulnerable to attacks from abroad." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John P. Torres, Elizabeth Kempshall, Benny Martinez, and Bryan E. Costigan.

  United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

  2015-03-24
• Rise of the Mobile State: Organized Crime in the 21st century

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  "Organized crime is a growth industry both within and outside the U.S. The fragmented global political environment has served to abet its growth. In the U.S. alone, organized crime is said to gross more than $200 billion annually. No nation is immune from its tentacles. Security experts fear that the international crime syndicates are, increasingly, going high-tech. In large part, capitalizing on the implements of the IT revolution." This paper addresses the advances made in cyber-crime by organized crime families.

  National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)

  Bequai, August

  1996-10-22
• FBI Transformation: Data Inconclusive on Effects of Shift to Counterterrorism-Related Priorities on Traditional Crime Enforcement, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, and the Judiciary, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives

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  As a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has committed to a transformation to increase its focus on national security. The FBI has shifted agent resources to its top priorities of counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and cyber crime. Some of these agent resources were shifted away from drug, white-collar and violent crime enforcement programs. The FBI's drug program has sustained, by far, the largest reduction in FBI agent workforce-about 550 positions, or more than 80 percent of the non-supervisory field agents who were permanently reprogrammed. In addition, the FBI has had a continuing need to temporarily redirect agents from drug, white-collar and violent crime enforcement to address counterterrorism-related workload demands. While GAO and other organizations have focused considerable attention on the progress of the FBI's transformation, this report addresses questions about the extent to which the shift in resources has affected federal efforts to combat drug, white-collar, and violent crime and whether other agencies, including the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the drug enforcement area, are filling gaps created by FBI resource shifts.

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2004-08
• Today's FBI Facts & Figures 2013-2014

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  From the text: "The FBI today is considered one of the world's premier security and crime-fighting forces. Reporting to both the attorney general and director of national intelligence, the Bureau has dual responsibilities as a law enforcement and intelligence agency. It gathers evidence and solves cases using cutting edge and time-tested investigative techniques. At the same time, it collects, analyzes, synthesizes, and shares vital information and intelligence with everyone from national policy makers to local partners in order to counter threats and foil crimes and attacks. With a foot in the realms of both law enforcement and intelligence, the FBI is able to get its arms around emerging threats and neutralize them through arrests and targeted, often multi-agency operations. The FBI's investigative responsibilities are both considerable and far-reaching. A key part of our country's national security team, the Bureau addresses the most significant threats facing the U.S.--terrorism, espionage, weapons of mass destruction, and cyber crime. At the same time, it plays an essential role in protecting local communities, from rescuing kidnapped children to dismantling street gangs, from catching murderers and serial killers to stopping scams that raid the pocketbooks of the American people. On any given day, the FBI is rooting out public corruption, recovering stolen art, protecting corporate trade secrets, taking down organized crime networks, and much more."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2013
• Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) [website]

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  "The IC3 [Internet Crime Complaint Center] was established as a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C) to serve as a means to receive Internet related criminal complaints and to further research, develop, and refer the criminal complaints to federal, state, local, or international law enforcement and/or regulatory agencies for any investigation they deem to be appropriate. The IC3 was intended, and continues to emphasize, serving the broader law enforcement community to include federal, as well as state, local, and international agencies, which are combating Internet crime and, in many cases, participating in Cyber Crime Task Forces."

  Internet Crime Complaint Center (U.S.)
• 2016 Internet Crime Report

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  "The FBI's Internet crime complaint center (IC3) provides the public with a trustworthy and convenient reporting mechanism to submit information concerning suspected Internet-facilitated criminal activity. The IC3 also strengthens the FBI's partnerships with our law enforcement and industry partners. The 2016 Internet Crime Report highlights the IC3's efforts in monitoring trending scams such as Business Email Compromise (BEC), ransomware, tech support fraud, and extortion. In 2016, IC3 received a total of 298,728 complaints with reported losses in excess of $1.3 billion. This past year, the top three crime types reported by victims were non-payment and non¬delivery, personal data breach, and payment scams. The top three crime types by reported loss were BEC, romance and confidence fraud, and non-payment and non-delivery scams. This year's report features a section on the importance of law enforcement collaboration and partnerships with the private sector and Intelligence Community. For example, the FBI continues to expand Operation Wellspring (OWS), an initiative through which state and local law enforcement officers are embedded in, and trained by, FBI cyber task forces and serve as the primary case agents on Internet-facilitated criminal investigations. Overall, OWS task forces opened 37 investigations in 2016 and have worked 73 total investigations since OWS was launched in August 2013."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation; Internet Crime Complaint Center (U.S.)

  2017?
• Incorporating Sextortion into School Emergency Operations Planning

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  From the Document: "Advances in technology such as the growth of the Internet, increased use of mobile devices, and the popularization of mobile applications, have given rise to new types of Internet-based crimes, including child pornography, identity theft, illegal access to data, and libel. As the largest group of Internet users and the segment of the population most likely to use social media (Perrin, 2015), youth are among the vulnerable populations at risk of being victimized by cyber-related crimes. Sextortion, which has been used to define crimes that occur 'when someone threatens to distribute your private and sensitive material if you don't provide them images of a sexual nature, sexual favors, or money,' (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2015) is just one of these emerging crimes. [...] The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) have worked in collaboration with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) to investigate how sextortion impacts youth and to promote awareness about this emerging issue."

  Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Technical Assistance Center (U.S.); United States. Department of Education
• Identity Theft: Trends and Issues [January 16, 2014]

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  "An increase in globalization and a lack of cyber borders provide an environment ripe for identity thieves to operate from within the nation's borders--as well as from beyond. Federal law enforcement is thus challenged with investigating criminals who may or may not be operating within U.S. borders; may have numerous identities--actual, stolen, or cyber; and may be acting alone or as part of a sophisticated criminal enterprise. In addition, identity theft is often interconnected with various other criminal activities. These activities range from credit card and bank fraud to immigration and employment fraud. In turn, the effects felt by individuals and businesses who have fallen prey to identity thieves extend outside of pure financial burdens; identity thieves affect not only the nation's economic health, but its national security as well. Consequently, policymakers may debate the federal government's role in preventing identity theft and its related crimes, mitigating the potential effects of identity theft after it occurs, and providing the most effective tools to investigate and prosecute identity thieves. This report first provides a brief federal legislative history of identity theft laws. It analyzes selected trends in identity theft, including prevalent identity theft-related crimes, the federal agencies involved in combating identity theft, and the trends in identity theft complaints and prosecutions. The report also discusses the relationship between data breaches and identity theft as well as possible effects of the FTC's [Federal Trade Commission] Identity Theft Red Flags Rule. It also examines possible issues for Congress to consider."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Finklea, Kristin M.

  2014-01-16