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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1232, Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act
From the Document: "Current law authorizes the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to waive all state, local, and federal laws--including environmental and land management laws, for example--as necessary to expedite the construction of barriers and roads near United States borders. The department has exercised its waiver authority in recent years, including in 2018 and 2019. H.R. 1232 would repeal this authority for any future construction."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-05-24
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China's Use of Power and Implications for the United States Military
From the Thesis Abstract: "Over the last two decades, with US military forces primarily focused on conflict in the Middle East, China's power projection proliferated from the Indo-Pacific region and spread Beijing's influence across all US geographic combatant command (COCOM) areas of responsibility (AORs). China's efforts put US national interests and security at risk and challenged the presence of US hard power resources in regions outside the sustainable operational reach of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). To fill the gap in the PLA's capabilities, China fostered relationships outside its immediate borders and challenged the Western-dominated status quo across the globe."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Schmidt II, Donald A.
2019-05-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 411, Counter Threats Advisory Board Act of 2019
From the Document: "S. 411 would establish an advisory board in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The board would consist of senior representatives of operational agencies within DHS (such as Customs and Border Protection and the Coast Guard) and offices in DHS headquarters, including the Office of Intelligence and Analysis. The board would meet on a regular basis to coordinate departmental activities to counter threats for two years."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-05-22
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Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Southern Border Barriers [May 22, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is performing work on border barriers, roads, and lighting along the U.S. southern border on behalf of the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD). In addition to USACE's military and civil works responsibilities, a variety of entities--federal agencies (including DOD entities) and tribal, state, local and foreign governments--may access USACE's engineering and contracting expertise through the agency's Interagency and International Support (IIS) program. Typically the requesting entity reimburses USACE's IIS work. Pursuant to IIS agreements, DHS has tasked USACE with managing various construction activities to meet border security requirements of DHS's Customs and Border Protection (CBP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.
2019-05-22
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'Migrant Protection Protocols': Legal Issues Related to DHS's Plan to Require Arriving Asylum Seekers to Wait in Mexico [Updated May 9, 2019]
From the Document: "Some advocacy organizations have expressed concern that the MPP [Migrant Protection Protocols] will endanger asylum seekers forced to remain in Mexico for long periods of time and will hinder their access to counsel. Groups have vowed to challenge the MPP in court. While a challenge does not appear to have been filed as of the time of this Sidebar's publication, the MPP does raise legal issues. Most significantly, there is a question as to whether DHS possesses authority to implement the MPP under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The statutory provision that DHS cites in support of the policy, INA § 235(b)(2)(C), does not plainly authorize application of the MPP to one significant group of aliens: those who are subject to 'expedited removal' under the INA. This group probably includes most Central American asylum seekers coming to the U.S.-Mexico border."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.; Harrington, Ben
2019-05-09
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Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States: Proclamation 9880 by the President of the United States of America, May 8, 2019
Proclamation 9880 issued by the president on May 8, 2019 is a 90 day extension of Proclamation 9842 issued on February 7, 2019, which extended Proclamation 9822 issued on November 9, 2018. Proclamation 9822 established that any asylum seekers attempting to enter the U.S. must enter at a legal port of entry to be processed accordingly. Aliens attempting entry through illegal ports will be ineligible for asylum claims. The president states in Proclamation 9880: "As President, I must act to protect the national interest and to maintain an effectively functioning asylum system for legitimate asylum seekers who demonstrate that they have fled persecution and warrant the many special benefits associated with being granted asylum. In view of the foregoing circumstances, and the joint recommendation from the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, I have determined to extend the suspension and limitation, as set forth below, on entry into the United States through the southern border established by Proclamation 9822 and extended by Proclamation 9842."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-05-08
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Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies [Updated May 8, 2019]
From the Introduction: "Successive Administrations have identified Iran as a key national security challenge. The Trump Administration encapsulated its assessment of the threat posed by Iran in a late September 2018 State Department report entitled 'Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran's Destructive Activities.' It outlines Iran's malign activities as well as a litany of other activities the Administration terms 'the Iranian regime's destructive behavior at home and abroad.' The U.S. intelligence community testified in January 2019 that 'Iran's regional ambitions and improved military capabilities almost certainly will threaten U.S. interests in the coming year, driven by Tehran's perception of increasing U.S., Saudi, and Israeli hostility, as well as continuing border insecurity, and the influence of hardliners.' An annual Defense Department report on Iran's military power required by successive National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs), generally contain assessments similar to those presented publicly by the intelligence community."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-05-08
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H. Rept. 116-45: Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act, Report Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 1232, May 2, 2019
From the Document: "H.R. 1232, the 'Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act' repeals the overly broad authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretary) to waive all legal requirements that, in the Secretary's view, may delay construction of barriers and roads at the U.S. border. Under current law, the Secretary has sole discretion to determine what laws and regulations need to be waived and judicial review over these decisions is extremely limited. Rescinding this authority would ensure that the Department of Homeland Security adheres to the same laws any other federal department or agency would have to follow."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-05-02
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Department of Homeland Security: Continued Leadership is Critical to Addressing a Range of Management Challenges, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Document: "In addition, DHS leadership is responsible for implementing numerous recommendations that GAO [Government Accountability Office] has made to the department and its component agencies. Current vacancies in top leadership positions could pose a challenge to addressing high-risk areas and priority recommendations that span DHS's diverse missions, which include preventing terrorism and enhancing security, managing our borders, administering immigration laws, securing cyberspace, and responding to disasters. This testimony discusses the need for DHS leadership commitment to strengthen its management functions and address GAO's priority recommendations. This testimony is based on GAO's 2019 high-risk update and other reports issued from March 2006 through April 2019."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Dodaro, Gene L.
2019-05-01
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Department of Homeland Security's Reported 'Metering' Policy: Legal Issues [April 29, 2019]
From the Document: "Generally, a non-U.S. national (alien) who arrives in the United States without valid documentation may pursue asylum and related protections if the alien demonstrates a credible fear of persecution or torture in his or her country of origin. In recent years, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has reportedly been limiting the number of asylum seekers who may be processed each day at designated ports of entry along the U.S. southern border. Aliens reportedly affected by this policy generally have not yet reached the U.S. border and, while at the cusp of physical entry, remain in Mexico. This policy--known as 'turnback' or 'metering'--is intended to address an 'unprecedented rise in asylum requests,' as well as safety and health concerns resulting from overcrowding at ports of entry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2019-04-29
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Department of Homeland Security: Border Security Status Report: Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2018 (Fiscal Year 2018 Report to Congress)
From the Legislative Language: "This report has been prepared pursuant to the direction in the Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Appropriations Act (P.L. 115-141). The Joint Explanatory Statement includes the following provision: The Department shall continue to submit quarterly Border Security Status reports and data on the deportation of parents of U.S.-born children semiannually, as in prior years."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Directorate for Management
2019-04-26
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tool: DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 052
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing the disk imaging function of DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 052 using the CFTT Federated Testing Test Suite for Disk Imaging, Version 3.1."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2019-04-21
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tool: DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 067
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing the disk imaging function of DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 067 using the CFTT Federated Testing Test Suite for Disk Imaging, Version 3.1."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2019-04-21
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[April 16, 2019 Letter to Acting Secretary of Department of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan]
From the Letter: "We write to request information you or Department of Homeland Security (DHS) personnel possess regarding President Donald Trump's reported offering of a pardon to you in the event you closed the southern border and thereby faced criminal liability. Given the Committee's continuing concerns related to the Administration's compliance with the nation's immigration laws, as well as possible misuses of the pardon power that is part of the Committee's ongoing inquiry into whether President Trump may have engaged in obstruction of justice or abuses of power, we request that you promptly provide details concerning this reported directive to close the border and the related offer of a pardon."
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary
Nadler, Jerrold; Cohen, Stephen Ira; Lofgren, Zoe, 1947-
2019-04-16
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Final Emergency Interim Report: CBP Families and Children Care Panel
From the Document: "There is a real crisis at our border. An unprecedented surge in family unit (FMU) migration from Central America is overwhelming our border agencies and our immigration system. This crisis is endangering children. In too many cases, children are being used as pawns by adult migrants and criminal smuggling organizations solely to gain entry into the United States (U.S.). Because 40% of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Border Patrol's (USBP) resources are currently absorbed in dealing with this crisis, the USBP is not able to effectively manage its other border security missions -- apprehending migrants illegally seeking to evade detection, including criminal aliens and those who pose a public safety or national security threat, uncovering instances of trafficking, fraudulent family relationships and other criminal activity among this population, and monitoring the border for drug smuggling and other contraband. To cover this gap, CBP will need to re-assign an increasing number of CBP officers stationed at ports of entry to assist the USBP in handling the surge in FMU migration."
President's Homeland Security Advisory Council (U.S.)
2019-04-16
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Removal of Aliens Claiming U.S.-Born Children: First Half, Calendar Year 2018 (Calendar Year 2018 Report to Congress)
From the Legislative Language: "This document responds to the reporting requirements set forth in the Joint Explanatory Statement and House Report 115-239, which accompany the Fiscal Year 2018 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act (P.L. 115-141). The Joint Explanatory Statement includes the following provision: The Department shall continue to submit quarterly Border Security Status reports and data on the deportation of parents of U.S.-born children semiannually, as in prior years. House Report 115-239 states: Consistent with prior years, ICE [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement] shall also continue submitting semi-annual reports to the Committees on the removal of parents of U.S. citizen minors. This report has been prepared pursuant to the report language and covers data for the first half of calendar year (CY) 2018, from January 1, 2018, through June 30, 2018."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2019-04-10
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[Letter from Bennie G. Thompson, Chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security to President Donald J. Trump on the Departure of Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, April 8, 2019]
In this letter, the Chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security expresses concerns over President Trump's attempt to install the now-Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Patrol as Secretary of DHS, post-departure of Kirstjen Nielsen. Chairman Thompson argues that, according to U.S. law, only the Under Secretary for Management can fill the position.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security
Thompson, Bennie, 1948-
2019-04-08
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Forensic Toolkit (FTK) 7.0.0.163, Registry Viewer 2.0.0.7: Test Results for Windows Registry Forensic Tool
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Program Office (SPO) and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensic tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing FTK [Forensic Toolkit] 7.0.0.163 against a registry dataset that consists of various Windows NT registry hive files."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2019-04-07
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EnCase Forensic 8.07.00.93 (x64): Test Results for Windows Registry Forensic Tool
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Program Office (SPO) and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensic tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing EnCase Forensic 8.07.00.93 against a registry dataset that consists of various Windows NT registry hive files."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2019-04-07
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Border Security: U.S. Government Efforts to Strengthen Nonimmigrant Visa Security and Address High-Risk Air Travelers, Statement of Rebecca Gambler, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Border Security, Facilitation, and Operations, and Intelligence and Counterterrorism, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Document: "This statement addresses (1) data and information on NIV [Nonimmigrant Visa] adjudications and (2) CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] programs aimed at preventing high-risk travelers from boarding U.S.- bound flights. This statement is based on prior products GAO [Government Accountability Office] issued in January 2017 and August 2018, along with selected updates conducted in December 2018 to obtain information from DHS on actions it has taken to address a prior GAO recommendation."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gambler, Rebecca
2019-04-02
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Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy [Updated April 1, 2019]
From the Document: "Georgia is one of the United States' closest partners among the states that gained their independence after the USSR [Union of Soviet Socialist Republics] collapsed in 1991. With a history of strong economic aid and security cooperation, the United States has deepened its strategic partnership with Georgia since Russia's 2008 invasion of Georgia and 2014 invasion of Ukraine. U.S. policy expressly supports Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders, and Georgia is a leading recipient of U.S. aid to Europe and Eurasia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Welt, Cory
2019-04-01
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H. Rept. 116-22: U.S. Customs and Border Protection Rural and Remote Hiring and Retention Strategy Act of 2019, Report to Accompany H.R. 1598, March 28, 2019
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 1598 is to require U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), in conjunction with the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO), to develop a strategy and implementation plan to improve hiring and retention of personnel in rural and remote areas. The strategy must consider direct feedback from current CBP personnel and their families on quality of life in rural and remote areas. The strategy shall include feedback from exit interviews of employees who are choosing to leave the agency as well, a recommendation from a June 2018 GAO [Government Accountability Office] report on CBP hiring challenges. It must also take into consideration an assessment of the effectiveness of current Federal programs, including financial incentives and DHS internships programs, on CBP's ability to recruit and retain personnel in rural and remote locations. The implementation plan must include a pilot or other program, as appropriate, to address hiring challenges CBP faces in those areas. The implementation plan must also include activities to enhance strategic recruitment efforts at educational institutions, veterans transition and employment centers and other job placement centers that operate in rural or remote areas. Lastly, H.R. 1598 requires CBP would to submit annual reports to Congress and the Comptroller General for five years on the effect its new efforts have on hiring and retention in rural and remote areas. The Comptroller General would, after each such report, be required to assess the effectiveness of CBP's efforts."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-03-28
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S. Rept. 116-17: Activities of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs During the 115th Congress, March 25, 2019
From Highlights of Activities: "To improve our Nation's national security, the Committee identified emerging threats facing our Nation and proactively addressed them, whether to help secure our borders, strengthen our cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure, combat terrorism, or improve the efficiency of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS, or the Department). The Committee helped enact legislation to protect Americans from the threats posed by drones in the hands of malicious actors, shield Federal networks from foreign adversaries, and improve our ability to combat human trafficking. To improve our Nation's economic security, the Committee has continued its job overseeing the Federal Government to help it work better for all Americans. The Committee examined political bias in the Federal bureaucracy, the President's steel and aluminum tariffs, and how the government can get out of the way of patients with terminal illnesses who are looking for new and promising treatments to try. The Committee worked together to approve bipartisan legislation to protect Federal whistleblowers from retaliation, improve the regulatory process, and make the government more efficient. The Committee also approved dozens of bills that protect taxpayer dollars by reducing wasteful government spending and addressing inefficient, duplicative, or nontransparent government programs."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-03-25
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Remarks on Signing a Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval Legislation to Terminate the National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States and an Exchange with Reporters
From the Document: "As President, the protection of the Nation is my highest duty. Yesterday, Congress passed a dangerous resolution that, if signed into law, would put countless Americans in danger--very grave danger. The Democrat-sponsored resolution would terminate vital border security operations by revoking the national emergency issued last month. It is definitely a national emergency. Rarely have we had such a national emergency. Therefore, to defend the safety and security of all Americans, I will be signing and issuing a formal veto of this reckless resolution."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-03-15
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Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies [Updated March 15, 2019]
From the Document: "Successive Administrations have identified Iran as a key national security challenge. The Trump Administration encapsulated its assessment of the threat posed by Iran in a late September 2018 State Department report entitled 'Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran's Destructive Activities.' The report outlines Iran's malign activities as well as a litany of other activities the Administration termed 'the Iranian regime's destructive behavior at home and abroad.' The U.S. intelligence community testified in January 2019 that 'Iran's regional ambitions and improved military capabilities almost certainly will threaten U.S. interests in the coming year, driven by Tehran's perception of increasing U.S., Saudi, and Israeli hostility, as well as continuing border insecurity, and the influence of hardliners.' Successive National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs) have required an annual report on Iran's military power, which has in recent years contained assessments of Iran similar to those presented publicly by the intelligence community."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-03-15
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U.S. Ports of Entry: Update on CBP Public-Private Partnership Programs (March 14, 2019)
From the Document: "On a typical day in fiscal year 2017, over 1 million passengers and pedestrians and over 78,000 truck, rail, and sea containers carrying goods worth approximately $7.2 billion entered the United States through 328 U.S. land, sea, and air ports of entry (POE), according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), CBP is the lead federal agency charged with a dual mission of keeping terrorists and their weapons, criminals and their contraband, and inadmissible aliens out of the country while facilitating the flow of legitimate international travel and trade through the nation's POEs. CBP's Office of Field Operations is responsible for conducting passenger and cargo processing activities related to security, trade, immigration, and agricultural inspection at the nation's POEs."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2019-03-14
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Cameroon [Updated March 12, 2019]
From the Document: "Cameroon is a diverse, resource-rich, majority Francophone country bordering the Gulf of Guinea. President Paul Biya, age 86, is one of Africa's longest-serving leaders. He was reelected in 2018 and has no clear successor. Cameroon faces security and humanitarian challenges on three fronts: the Nigerian-origin Boko Haram insurgency in the north, a separatist conflict in the Anglophone provinces in the west, and cross-border threats from the Central African Republic (CAR) in the east, where some 275,000 CAR refugees reside. The state's militarized response to Anglophone unrest has inflamed that conflict, while an early 2019 crackdown on Biya's top Francophone political rival may spark a broader crisis. Cameroon also faces wildlife poaching and piracy in the Gulf of Guinea."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Husted, Tomas F.; Arieff, Alexis
2019-03-12
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Data Flows, Online Privacy, and Trade Policy [March 11, 2019]
From the Document: "'Cross-border data flows' refers to the movement or transfer of information between computer servers across national borders. Such data flows enable people to transmit information for online communication, track global supply chains, share research, provide cross-border services, and support technological innovation. Ensuring open cross-border data flows has been an objective of Congress in recent trade agreements and in broader U.S. international trade policy. The free flow of personal data, however, has raised security and privacy concerns. U.S. trade policy has traditionally sought to balance the need for cross-border data flows, which often include personal data, with online privacy and security. Some stakeholders, including some Members of Congress, believe that U.S. policy should better protect personal data privacy and security, and have introduced legislation to set a national policy. Other policymakers and analysts are concerned about increasing foreign barriers to U.S. digital trade, including data flows."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fefer, Rachel F.
2019-03-11
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Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007-2019 [Updated March 11, 2019]
From the Document: "Violent criminal organizations have threatened security and governance in parts of Mexico for more than a decade. This situation affects U.S. security interests, particularly in the Southwest border region. Although the illicit drug trade has long been prevalent in Mexico, violence has escalated as transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) have fought for control of smuggling routes into the United States. In 2007, Mexico and the United States created the Mérida Initiative, a security and rule-of-law partnership to address drug trafficking and crime. Through this partnership, which has since been the centerpiece of bilateral security cooperation, both countries have invested in a broad range of efforts to combat transnational crime and its consequences. U.S. appropriations for the Mérida Initiative since FY2008 (some $3.0 billion) have constituted only 2% of Mexico's total security budget but have enabled the U.S. government to help shape Mexico's policies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2019-03-11
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U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Progress and Challenges in Recruiting, Hiring, and Retaining Law Enforcement Personnel, Statement of Rebecca Gambler, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Oversight, Management, and Accountability, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Document, "CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] is responsible for securing U.S. borders and employs nearly 45,000 law enforcement officers across its three operational components at and between U.S. ports of entry, in the air and maritime environment, and at certain overseas locations. In recent years, CBP has not attained target staffing levels for its law enforcement positions, citing high attrition rates in some locations, a protracted hiring process, and competition from other law enforcement agencies. This statement addresses CBP's efforts to (1) recruit and more efficiently hire law enforcement applicants, and (2) retain law enforcement officers."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gambler, Rebecca
2019-03-07
