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H. Doc. 116-46: Designation of Funding as an Emergency Requirement
From the Document: "In accordance with section 504 of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019 (H.R. 3401; the 'Act'), I hereby designate as emergency requirements all funding so designated by the Congress in the Act pursuant to section 251(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, as outlined in the enclosed list of accounts. The details of this action are set forth in the enclosed memorandum from the Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget."
United States. Government Publishing Office
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-07-02
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Management Alert - DHS Needs to Address Dangerous Overcrowding and Prolonged Detention of Children and Adults in the Rio Grande Valley (Redacted)
From the Document: "This management alert addresses overcrowding at four of the five Border Patrol facilities, and prolonged detention at all five facilities, we visited in the Rio Grande Valley. While our prior management alert on an El Paso facility identified similar issues with respect to the single adults detained in that facility, this alert highlights additional concerns with respect to UACs [unaccompanied alien children] and families being detained in the Rio Grande Valley facilities we visited. This alert also addresses security incidents in these facilities that reflect an escalation of the security concerns raised in our prior alert."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2019-07-02
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Public Law 116-26: Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019
From the Document: "An Act [m]aking emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2019, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-07-01
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A Joint Review of Law Enforcement Cooperation on the
Southwest Border between the Federal Bureau of Investigation
and Homeland Security Investigations
"The U.S. Southwest border with Mexico spans nearly 2,000 miles. The region presents unique challenges to law enforcement, and, because multiple law enforcement agencies engage in investigative activity along the Southwest border, effective cooperation among such agencies is important to ensure that all agencies perform their work without jeopardizing the safety of law enforcement and the public. The U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) are among the largest U.S. federal investigative law enforcement agencies. [...] For this review, the DOJ Office of the Inspector General (DOJ OIG) and the DHS Office of Inspector General (DHS OIG) jointly evaluated cooperation between the FBI and HSI on Southwest border criminal investigations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General; United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2019-07
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CBP Trade and Travel Report, Fiscal Year 2018
From the Introduction: "U.S. Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) dual mission of protecting the borders of the United States and facilitating legitimate trade and travel is not only a critical component of national security, but also of the nation's economic prosperity. In fiscal year 2018, CBP facilitated record levels of lawful trade and travel; enhanced screening and vetting; implemented the 'Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act'; focused on faster processing in the air, pedestrian, vehicle, and cargo environments; and completed the final step in automating its cargo processing system."
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
2019-07
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Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007-2020 [Updated June 28, 2019]
From the Document: "Violent criminal organizations have threatened security and governance in parts of Mexico for more than a decade. This situation affects U.S. security interests, particularly in the Southwest border region. Although the illicit drug trade has long been prevalent in Mexico, violence has escalated as transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) have fought for control of smuggling routes into the United States. In 2007, Mexico and the United States created the Mérida Initiative, a security and rule-of-law partnership to address drug trafficking and crime. Through this partnership, which has since been the centerpiece of bilateral security cooperation, both countries have invested in a broad range of efforts to combat transnational crime and its consequences. U.S. appropriations for the Mérida Initiative since FY2008 (some $3.0 billion) have constituted only 2% of Mexico's total security budget but have enabled the U.S. government to help shape Mexico's policies."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2019-06-28
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1900: Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019
From the Document: "S. 1900 would provide supplemental appropriations for fiscal year 2019 to expand federal agencies' capacity to respond to the large number of foreign nationals attempting to enter the United States through the southern border and to provide humanitarian assistance--including food, shelter, and medical services--to such individuals. The bill would designate those amounts as emergency requirements pursuant to section 251 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. The limits on discretionary budget authority established by the Budget Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25), as amended, would be adjusted to accommodate the funding"
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-06-21
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Kazakhstan [Updated June 21, 2019]
From the Overview: "Kazakhstan, a U.S. partner in areas such as counterterrorism, regional security, and nuclear nonproliferation, is a strategically situated country endowed with significant hydrocarbon and mineral resources. It shares long borders with Russia to the north and China to the east. Although sparsely populated, Kazakhstan is the world's ninth largest country by area. Previously a republic of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became independent in 1991. Since then, the country's authoritarian government has introduced significant market reforms, developed the energy sector, and moved to diversify its economy. Kazakhstan pursues a 'multi-vector' foreign policy, seeking to balance relations with major powers while actively participating in international organizations."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2019-06-21
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Federal Court Temporarily Blocks a Portion of the Administration's Border Wall Funding [June 17, 2019]
From the Document: "In recent months, the Trump Administration has taken steps to secure additional funds to pay for the construction of barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border, and various entities have brought suits challenging the lawfulness of those actions. On May 24, 2019, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California issued a preliminary injunction in one lawsuit, 'Sierra Club v. Trump,' barring the Administration from using funds reprogrammed under Section 8005 of the 2019 Department of Defense Appropriations Act to pay for specified barrier construction projects in New Mexico and Arizona while the lawsuit is pending. But the court declined to issue a preliminary injunction with respect to any construction project not involved in that lawsuit (even if Section 8005 is used to fund the project) or to opine on the lawfulness of the Trump Administration's other proposed funding sources. This Sidebar discusses the district court's determination that Section 8005 does not authorize the transfer of funds for border wall construction. Next, it addresses how the court dealt with the Administration's use of other funding sources. Finally, the Sidebar identifies potential considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Liu, Edward C.; Hayes, Benjamin
2019-06-17
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2083, Homeland Procurement Reform Act
From the Document: "H.R. 2083 would require (to the extent possible) that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) ensure contracts with small businesses constitute one-third of the department's spending to procure uniforms and certain protective gear for selected components of the department (including Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement). The act's provisions would apply to contracts signed on or after October 1, 2020. Currently, uniforms and protective gear made by small businesses account for roughly 40 percent of DHS spending on the items affected by H.R. 2083. Thus, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing the act would not significantly affect the department's spending on uniforms and protective gear for the affected agencies."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-06-14
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Nature of the Boko Haram Security Crisis in the Lake Chad Basin
From the Thesis Abstract: "Boko Haram, a religious extremist organization opposed to western influences in the Nigerian society was created in 2002 in Bornu state by Mohammed Yusuf an extremist Muslim preacher. Due to an inappropriate management of this religious issue, the organization gained importance and rapidly came to control large territories in the North east of Nigeria, with active presence on Chadian, Cameroonian and Nigerien bordering regions. After almost a decade of fights, Boko Haram is still able to attack military bases, civilian populations and public services. The insecurity climate is real, despite important military efforts from these countries and partners. Therefore, the regional and national strategies implemented so far need to be assessed. The identification of the nature of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region is the first step. This study has revealed Boko Haram is an insurgency in Nigeria, but is a security crisis that did not turned into an insurgency in Cameroon, Niger and Chad; This difference on the nature of threats induces a difference of approaches at the national and at the regional levels."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Amboh, Esaie Beng
2019-06-14
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Alliance Strikes Back: Using Multi Domain Operations to Counter Russian Hybrid Warfare in the Baltics
From the Thesis Abstract: "As a result of the space age and the Information Revolution, warfare is extending to new domains and being fought with new emerging technologies. Meanwhile, a resurgent Russia has been using hybrid warfare--a combination of non-violent subversion, covert violent action, and conventional military forces--to pursue its national interests outside of its borders. NATO's most acute challenge is how best to innovate and adapt in order to deliver collective security to the Baltic States. This paper will explore whether or not NATO should adopt the new U.S. Multi Domain Operations concept. This paper concludes that, while the Multi Domain Operations concept could counter, if not defeat, Russian hybrid warfare in the Baltics, that NATO should not adopt the concept because of low suitability. Of particular concern is the concept's lack of focus on preventing Russia using local populations as a tool of destabilization, the time it will likely take to penetrate Russian A2/AD [Anti Access/Area Denial] systems using the 'stimulate-see-strike' process, and the detrimental effect that synchronizing actions across domains could have on one of NATO's key overmatch capabilities--the Mission Command philosophy."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Stafford, Nicholas J.
2019-06-14
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U.S. Military Defends the Homeland
From the Thesis Abstract: "The southwest border remains a complex problem defending against resourceful drug trafficking organizations. This southern border supports the world's largest legal immigration and $832 billion worth of trade through thirty-three ports of entry. The drug trafficking organizations exploit the porous border and distribute drugs into the U.S. Street gangs within every major U.S. city conduct retail level distribution saturating communities with drugs. Illicit drug sales generate an estimated annual $136 billion dollars. Gangs ship drug proceeds and weapons back across Mexico fueling the next cycle of drug trafficking operations. The U.S. Customs Border Protection agents vigilantly defend the southwest border, but the drugs still make it into the U.S. streets. The border security problem requires additional resources. The U.S. Military may provide the critical capabilities necessary to defend the homeland."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Imboden, Jason D.
2019-06-14
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Iran and Israel: Tension Over Syria [Updated June 5, 2019]
From the Document: "Iranian military operations in support of the Syrian government since 2011 have exacerbated longstanding tensions between Iran and Israel. These tensions have worsened considerably since late 2016 as Iran has helped Syria's government regain key territory, and in turn has sought a more permanent military presence in Syria. Israeli officials have described the deployment of Iran-backed forces in Syria--particularly in the southwest, near Israel's northern border--as a significant security threat compelling Israeli action. In January 2019, Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu said that Israel had struck Iranian and Hezbollah targets in Syria 'hundreds of times.' In 2018, Israeli and Iranian forces repeatedly targeted one another in and over Syrian- and Israeli-controlled areas. While Israel had conducted numerous air strikes inside Syria since 2012--mostly on targets linked to weapons shipments to Lebanese Hezbollah--the 2018 strikes appeared for the first time to have directly targeted Iranian infrastructure in Syria, and reportedly killed dozens of Iranian personnel. In articulating their 'redlines,' Israeli leaders indicated that Israel would act in Syria to prevent Iran from establishing permanent military bases or weapons factories, and opening new 'terror fronts' against Israel. They also suggested that Israel might attack Iran directly if Iran-backed attacks target major Israeli cities."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.; Katzman, Kenneth; Zanotti, Jim
2019-06-05
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United States' Border Wall: A Maritime Perspective
From the Thesis Abstract: "The President of the United States has requested increased security at the southern border, mainly by investing in and building a border wall. Some argue that this will cost too much money, and some argue that it simply will not be effective. Conversely, others would argue that it is a necessary tool within the United States' border security policy. This thesis examines a potential border wall's effectiveness by analyzing illegal immigration apprehensions and drug seizures. Furthermore, this thesis uses the southern border's existing border fencing as an example of how border infrastructure affects the flow of illegal immigrants and drugs. In addition to the land border, this thesis hypothesized that, based on historic border security data, an increase in land border security will result in an increase in illegal immigration and drug smuggling through maritime routes. So, illegal immigration and drug smuggling data from before and after large amounts of border fence mileage were constructed was compared from land and maritime perspectives. This research found that a border wall can be effective at redirecting the flow of people and drugs, but ineffective at the greater goal of stopping it. Also, this thesis discovered changes in maritime border security data that suggest that as security is increased on the land border with border barriers, the maritime domain will experience significantly more drug smuggling and illegal immigration."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Fontana, Christopher B.
2019-06
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Protecting the Integrity of Internet Routing: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Route Origin Validation
From the Executive Summary: "This NIST [National Institute of Standards and Technology] Cybersecurity Practice Guide demonstrates how networks can protect BGP routes from vulnerability to route hijacks by using available security protocols, products, and tools to perform BGP [Border Gateway Protocol] ROV [route origin validation] to reduce route hijacking threats. The example implementation described in this guide aims to protect the integrity and improve the resiliency of internet traffic exchange by verifying the source of the route."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Montgomery, Doug; Barker, William C.; Tan, Allen . . .
2019-06
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Israel and the Palestinians: Chronology of a Two-State Solution [May 31, 2019]
From the Document: "The idea of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict developed gradually in the years after Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the 1967 ArabIsraeli war. This product highlights the evolution of this idea. In 2002, U.S. policy became explicitly supportive of creating a Palestinian state alongside Israel. Since then, unsuccessful negotiating efforts and other developments have led many observers to doubt the viability of a twostate solution. These doubts have grown during the Trump Administration amid speculation that the plan the Administration has pledged to release may use economic measures to elicit Palestinian concessions on core issues of dispute with Israelis (security, borders, settlements, Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees), without specifically calling for an independent Palestinian state."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2019-05-31
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Management Alert - DHS Needs to Address Dangerous Overcrowding Among Single Adults at El Paso Del Norte Processing Center (Redacted)
From the Background: "In May 2019, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Border Patrol leadership jointly testified before Congress that they are experiencing an unprecedented border security and humanitarian crisis along the southwest border. According to CBP statistics, the number of southwest border migrant apprehensions during the first seven months of FY 2019 has in general already surpassed that of the total apprehensions for each of the previous four fiscal years. At the sector level, El Paso has experienced the sharpest increase in apprehensions when comparing the first seven months of FY 2019 to the same period in FY 2018. Table 1 shows the total number of apprehensions by category and the percent increase for the El Paso sector."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2019-05-30
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1232, Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act
From the Document: "Current law authorizes the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to waive all state, local, and federal laws--including environmental and land management laws, for example--as necessary to expedite the construction of barriers and roads near United States borders. The department has exercised its waiver authority in recent years, including in 2018 and 2019. H.R. 1232 would repeal this authority for any future construction."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-05-24
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China's Use of Power and Implications for the United States Military
From the Thesis Abstract: "Over the last two decades, with US military forces primarily focused on conflict in the Middle East, China's power projection proliferated from the Indo-Pacific region and spread Beijing's influence across all US geographic combatant command (COCOM) areas of responsibility (AORs). China's efforts put US national interests and security at risk and challenged the presence of US hard power resources in regions outside the sustainable operational reach of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). To fill the gap in the PLA's capabilities, China fostered relationships outside its immediate borders and challenged the Western-dominated status quo across the globe."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Schmidt II, Donald A.
2019-05-23
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 411, Counter Threats Advisory Board Act of 2019
From the Document: "S. 411 would establish an advisory board in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The board would consist of senior representatives of operational agencies within DHS (such as Customs and Border Protection and the Coast Guard) and offices in DHS headquarters, including the Office of Intelligence and Analysis. The board would meet on a regular basis to coordinate departmental activities to counter threats for two years."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2019-05-22
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Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Southern Border Barriers [May 22, 2019]
From the Document: "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is performing work on border barriers, roads, and lighting along the U.S. southern border on behalf of the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Defense (DOD). In addition to USACE's military and civil works responsibilities, a variety of entities--federal agencies (including DOD entities) and tribal, state, local and foreign governments--may access USACE's engineering and contracting expertise through the agency's Interagency and International Support (IIS) program. Typically the requesting entity reimburses USACE's IIS work. Pursuant to IIS agreements, DHS has tasked USACE with managing various construction activities to meet border security requirements of DHS's Customs and Border Protection (CBP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.
2019-05-22
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'Migrant Protection Protocols': Legal Issues Related to DHS's Plan to Require Arriving Asylum Seekers to Wait in Mexico [Updated May 9, 2019]
From the Document: "Some advocacy organizations have expressed concern that the MPP [Migrant Protection Protocols] will endanger asylum seekers forced to remain in Mexico for long periods of time and will hinder their access to counsel. Groups have vowed to challenge the MPP in court. While a challenge does not appear to have been filed as of the time of this Sidebar's publication, the MPP does raise legal issues. Most significantly, there is a question as to whether DHS possesses authority to implement the MPP under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The statutory provision that DHS cites in support of the policy, INA § 235(b)(2)(C), does not plainly authorize application of the MPP to one significant group of aliens: those who are subject to 'expedited removal' under the INA. This group probably includes most Central American asylum seekers coming to the U.S.-Mexico border."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.; Harrington, Ben
2019-05-09
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Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States: Proclamation 9880 by the President of the United States of America, May 8, 2019
Proclamation 9880 issued by the president on May 8, 2019 is a 90 day extension of Proclamation 9842 issued on February 7, 2019, which extended Proclamation 9822 issued on November 9, 2018. Proclamation 9822 established that any asylum seekers attempting to enter the U.S. must enter at a legal port of entry to be processed accordingly. Aliens attempting entry through illegal ports will be ineligible for asylum claims. The president states in Proclamation 9880: "As President, I must act to protect the national interest and to maintain an effectively functioning asylum system for legitimate asylum seekers who demonstrate that they have fled persecution and warrant the many special benefits associated with being granted asylum. In view of the foregoing circumstances, and the joint recommendation from the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, I have determined to extend the suspension and limitation, as set forth below, on entry into the United States through the southern border established by Proclamation 9822 and extended by Proclamation 9842."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-05-08
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Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies [Updated May 8, 2019]
From the Introduction: "Successive Administrations have identified Iran as a key national security challenge. The Trump Administration encapsulated its assessment of the threat posed by Iran in a late September 2018 State Department report entitled 'Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran's Destructive Activities.' It outlines Iran's malign activities as well as a litany of other activities the Administration terms 'the Iranian regime's destructive behavior at home and abroad.' The U.S. intelligence community testified in January 2019 that 'Iran's regional ambitions and improved military capabilities almost certainly will threaten U.S. interests in the coming year, driven by Tehran's perception of increasing U.S., Saudi, and Israeli hostility, as well as continuing border insecurity, and the influence of hardliners.' An annual Defense Department report on Iran's military power required by successive National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs), generally contain assessments similar to those presented publicly by the intelligence community."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth
2019-05-08
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H. Rept. 116-45: Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act, Report Together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 1232, May 2, 2019
From the Document: "H.R. 1232, the 'Rescinding DHS' Waiver Authority for Border Wall Act' repeals the overly broad authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretary) to waive all legal requirements that, in the Secretary's view, may delay construction of barriers and roads at the U.S. border. Under current law, the Secretary has sole discretion to determine what laws and regulations need to be waived and judicial review over these decisions is extremely limited. Rescinding this authority would ensure that the Department of Homeland Security adheres to the same laws any other federal department or agency would have to follow."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2019-05-02
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Department of Homeland Security: Continued Leadership is Critical to Addressing a Range of Management Challenges, Statement of Gene L. Dodaro, Comptroller General of the United States, Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Document: "In addition, DHS leadership is responsible for implementing numerous recommendations that GAO [Government Accountability Office] has made to the department and its component agencies. Current vacancies in top leadership positions could pose a challenge to addressing high-risk areas and priority recommendations that span DHS's diverse missions, which include preventing terrorism and enhancing security, managing our borders, administering immigration laws, securing cyberspace, and responding to disasters. This testimony discusses the need for DHS leadership commitment to strengthen its management functions and address GAO's priority recommendations. This testimony is based on GAO's 2019 high-risk update and other reports issued from March 2006 through April 2019."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Dodaro, Gene L.
2019-05-01
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Department of Homeland Security's Reported 'Metering' Policy: Legal Issues [April 29, 2019]
From the Document: "Generally, a non-U.S. national (alien) who arrives in the United States without valid documentation may pursue asylum and related protections if the alien demonstrates a credible fear of persecution or torture in his or her country of origin. In recent years, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has reportedly been limiting the number of asylum seekers who may be processed each day at designated ports of entry along the U.S. southern border. Aliens reportedly affected by this policy generally have not yet reached the U.S. border and, while at the cusp of physical entry, remain in Mexico. This policy--known as 'turnback' or 'metering'--is intended to address an 'unprecedented rise in asylum requests,' as well as safety and health concerns resulting from overcrowding at ports of entry."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2019-04-29
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Department of Homeland Security: Border Security Status Report: Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2018 (Fiscal Year 2018 Report to Congress)
From the Legislative Language: "This report has been prepared pursuant to the direction in the Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Appropriations Act (P.L. 115-141). The Joint Explanatory Statement includes the following provision: The Department shall continue to submit quarterly Border Security Status reports and data on the deportation of parents of U.S.-born children semiannually, as in prior years."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Directorate for Management
2019-04-26
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tool: DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 052
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing the disk imaging function of DFAS Pro Version 1.0.1.6 Build 052 using the CFTT Federated Testing Test Suite for Disk Imaging, Version 3.1."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2019-04-21
