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Evaluation of the United States Military Support of Department of Homeland Security Southern Border Security Operations Under Title 10 Authority [Redacted]
From the Objective: "The objectives of this evaluation focused on the use of DoD title 10 personnel supporting Department of Homeland Security (DHS) southern border security operations. Specifically, we determined whether the: [1] use of DoD title 10 personnel to support DHS southern border security operations was authorized by Federal laws and consistent with DoD policies; [2] DoD's support of DHS southern border security operations complied with applicable Federal laws and was consistent with DoD policies; [3] DoD title 10 personnel supporting the DHS were provided adequate training consistent with Federal laws and DoD policies on the Standing Rules for the Use of Force (SRUF) and on potential reaction to contact with civilians or migrants; and [4] use of DoD funds for DoD title 10 support to DHS southern border security operations complied with applicable Federal laws and DoD policies."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2020-08-14
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Tajikistan [Updated August 14, 2020]
From the Overview: "Tajikistan is a landlocked country that borders four other states, including China and Afghanistan, and maintains close ties with Russia. Formerly a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became independent in 1991. The country's long border with Afghanistan and the specter of spreading regional instability draw interest in Tajikistan from China, Russia, and the United States. Because Tajikistan depends heavily on remittances, primarily from Russia, the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic is causing significant economic strain. Tajikistan is also becoming increasingly dependent on China, which is Tajikistan's largest foreign creditor and is building up a security presence in the country. Tajikistan has faced incidents of violence attributed to the Islamic State (IS), but the government also uses the prospect of insurgent activity as a pretext for stifling opposition. President Emomali Rahmon and his family control the government and significant sectors of the economy, and corruption is pervasive."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2020-08-14
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H. Rept. 116-471: DHS Illicit Cross-Border Tunnel Defense Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 5828, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, August 7, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 5828, the 'DHS Illicit Cross-Border Tunnel Defense Act' addresses the illicit cross-border tunnel threat along the southwest border of the United States. The bill requires U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to develop a strategic plan to: establish risk-based criteria for tunnel operations; incorporate innovative technologies to limit the impact of tunnel remediation activities on local communities; establish processes for sharing information on tunnel locations; identify tunnel indicators to dispense to the field, and detail a resource assessment of technology, personnel, and training needed for tunnel operations. CBP must report to Congress on the implementation of the strategic plan. The bill also authorizes $1,000,000 for fiscal years 2021 and 2022 to remediate illicit cross border tunnels."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-08-07
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How COVID-19 is Changing Immigration and Security along the U.S. Border [audio]
From the Audio Description: "How is the coronavirus affecting immigration and security along the U.S. border with Mexico? In this episode, join host Glynn Cosker for a conversation with Sylvia Longmire, an expert in border security, immigration and Mexico's drug wars. Learn how COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has suspended immigration hearings forcing asylum seekers to stay in crowded tent camps along the border for longer periods of time as they wait for courts to reopen. Also learn about the effects on DHS's relatively new migration protocols program (MPP) that changes the way CBP [U.S. .S. Customs and Border Protection] processes asylum requests from migrants." The duration of the audio is 33 minutes.
American Military University
2020-08-05
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Department of Homeland Security Border Security Metrics Report (August 5, 2020)
From the Legislative Language: "Section 1092 of the FY 2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), signed into law December 23, 2016, directs the Secretary of Homeland Security to provide annually to the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate specific 'Metrics for Securing the Border Between Ports of Entry,' 'Metrics for Securing the Border At Ports of Entry,' 'Metrics for Securing the Maritime Border,' and 'Air and Marine Security Metrics in the Land Domain.' The NDAA further directs that the Secretary, 'in accordance with applicable privacy laws, make data related to apprehensions, inadmissible aliens, drug seizures, and other enforcement actions available to the public, law enforcement communities, and academic research communities.'"
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2020-08-05
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Venezuela: Pandemic and Foreign Intervention in a Collapsing Narcostate
From the Document: "In late June and early July, three separate events highlighted the growing risk that the political, health, economic, and security crisis in Venezuela could come to a head in the coming months, which would have grave consequences for its neighbors in the region. First, two figures affiliated with the regime, Diosdado Cabello and Tarek El-Aissami, tested positive for Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], with the prospect that Nicolás Maduro himself--with whom El-Aissami met--could be next. Second, the Maduro regime excluded three of the four political parties opposing him--Popular Will, Justice First, and Democratic Action--from National Assembly elections to be held in December; it also replaced their leaders with regime loyalists, decisively closing one of the few remaining possibilities for a democratic exit to the political crisis in the country. And finally, a report by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on illegal mining in Venezuela highlighted the degree to which the national territory is controlled not by Nicolás Maduro or Juan Guaidó, but by criminal organizations. Beyond the greater Caracas area, Venezuela has devolved into a series of criminal fiefdoms bound not by an allegiance to Maduro or Guaidó but rather by a shared interest in the continued absence of effective governance; this enables those with guns to persist in their criminal enterprises, from narcotics and illegal mining to extorting desperate Venezuelans seeking to cross the border or to send remittances to their loved ones."
Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.)
Ellis, Robert Evan
2020-08
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Privacy Impact Assessment for the U.S. Border Patrol Digital Forensics Programs
From the Abstract: "The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) conducts searches of electronic devices to identify violations of the laws CBP enforces and administers, including laws relating to the detection and apprehension of illicit goods and individuals entering and exiting the United States in between ports of entry (POE). Depending on the circumstances, CBP conducts searches of electronic devices pursuant to different legal authorities. CBP is publishing this Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) update to analyze the privacy risks of expanded digital forensic tools and an enterprise-wide solution for managing and analyzing certain types of metadata that USBP collects from electronic devices across its digital forensic collection activities. In addition, this updated PIA will clarify that searches may be conducted pursuant to border search authority."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2020-07-30
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S. Rept. 116-244: DHS Opioid Detection Resilience Act of 2019, Report to Accompany H.R. 4761, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, July 29, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 4761, the DHS Opioid Detection Resilience Act of 2019, is to ensure U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers and other personnel within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS or the Department) have access to synthetic opioid detection equipment capable of detecting synthetic opioids below ten percent purity levels."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-07-29
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Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated July 27, 2020]
From the Summary: "The House and the Senate have considered measures on a variety of immigration issues in the 116th Congress. These issues include border security, immigration enforcement, legalization of unauthorized immigrants, temporary and permanent immigration, and humanitarian admissions. [...] This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislativeaction in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Kandel, William; Kolker, Abigail F. . . .
2020-07-27
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4761, DHS Opioid Detection Resilience Act of 2019 (July 23, 2020)
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on March 11, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 4761 would require Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to develop a strategy to ensure that opioid screening devices can detect narcotics at certain purity levels. The act also would require CBP to develop a plan to ensure the longevity of those devices. CBP is currently carrying out activities similar to those required by H.R. 4761. Thus, CBO estimates that implementing the act would not have a significant cost; any spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-07-23
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Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007-2020 [Updated July 20, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress remains concerned about the effects of organized-crime-related violence in Mexico on U.S. security interests and U.S. citizens' safety in Mexico. Homicides in Mexico have reached record levels in each of the last three years as criminal groups have fought for control of smuggling routes into the United States. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador is under pressure to improve his security policy. The November 2019 killing of an extended family of dual citizens near the Arizona border in Mexico has led some Members of Congress to call for increased oversight of bilateral efforts. This product provides a succinct overview of the roughly $3.1 billion appropriated for the Mérida Initiative, López Obrador's security strategy, and how to assess bilateral security efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2020-07-20
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Southwest Border: CBP Should Improve Oversight of Funds, Medical Care, and Reporting of Deaths, Statement of Rebecca Gambler, Director, Homeland Security and Justice and Mary Denigan-Macauley, Director, Health Care, Testimony Before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Document: "Beginning in fall 2018, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) CBP [Customs and Border Protection] experienced a significant increase in the number of individuals apprehended at or between U.S. ports of entry along the southwest border, resulting in overcrowding and difficult humanitarian conditions in its facilities. From December 2018 through May 2019, three children--ages 7, 8, and 16--died in CBP custody, prompting questions about CBP's medical screening and care of those in its custody. In July 2019, an emergency supplemental appropriations act (2019 Emergency Supplemental) was enacted, providing additional funds to CBP to respond to the significant increase in southwest border apprehensions, including approximately $112 million for 'consumables and medical care.' [...] Our remarks are based on our report, released today, entitled 'Southwest Border: CBP Needs to Increase Oversight of Funds, Medical Care, and Reporting of Deaths.' Specifically, we will summarize the report's key findings on (1) the extent to which CBP obligated and conducted oversight of funds for consumables and medical care; (2) steps CBP took to enhance medical care; (3) the extent to which CBP implemented and oversaw its medical care efforts; and (4) the extent to which CBP has reliable information on, and reported, deaths, serious injuries, and suicide attempts of individuals in custody."
United States. Government Accountability Office
Gambler, Rebecca; Denigan-Macauley, Mary
2020-07-15
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CBP Has Not Demonstrated Acquisition Capabilities Needed to Secure the Southern Border
From the Document: "Executive Order 13767, issued on January 25, 2017, directed the Department of Homeland Security to plan, design, and construct a physical wall along the southern border. We conducted this audit to determine to what extent CBP [Customs and Border Protection] has executed the Analyze/Select Phase, the second phase of the Acquisition Life Cycle Framework, for the acquisition of the barrier along the southern border."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2020-07-14
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COVID-19: Restrictions on Travelers at U.S. Land Borders [Updated July 6, 2020]
From the Document: "New actions by the federal government in response to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic restrict the entry of certain foreign nationals into the United States. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), have recently issued orders regarding travelers arriving at land ports of entry (POEs) at both the northern and southern borders of the United States."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Singer, Audrey
2020-07-06
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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report - 166
From the Highlights: "WHO [World Health Organization] is providing support to bridge a shortfall in oxygen supplies in Iraq. To counter severe shortages, WHO has airlifted 300 oxygen concentrators from WHO's warehouses in the United Arab Emirates. As African countries begin to reopen borders and air spaces, it is crucial that governments take effective measures to mitigate the risk of a surge in infections. The UN Secretary-General, Mr António Guterresin his remarks to the Security Council on the Maintenance of International Peace and Security warned that the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has been affecting peace and security around the world. He stated that 'Collective security and our shared well-being are under assault on many fronts led by a relentless disease and abetted by global fragilities.' In Yemen, healthcare workers face a double battle - COVID-19 in a conflict zone. WHO chronicles the work of Dr Sami Al Hajj, a young doctor working at the Science and Technology Hospital in Sana."
World Health Organization
2020-07-04
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COVID-19 and Border Politics
From the Introduction: "Since its emergence in January 2020, six months later Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] is still holding large parts of the world in its grip, as countries have closed their borders and restricted movement within them. Although the virus, and measures to stop or contain its spread, have had a devastating impact on millions of people and societies, refugees and migrants face even greater risk. For them, the virus comes on top of difficulties that were already exacerbated by increasingly stringent and often abusive border and migration policies across the world. This briefing takes a look at the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic for refugees and migrants, and its anticipated influence on the border security and control market. What are the direct effects on migrants and refugees who are already living in vulnerable situations? What does it mean for people crossing international borders, seeking asylum, and transiting the deadly and treacherous migrant routes across regions, continents and seas? And how are they affected by government responses to the outbreak?"
Transnational Institute
Akkerman, Mark
2020-07
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Department of Homeland Security's Nationwide Expansion of Expedited Removal [Updated June 30, 2020]
From the Document: "Non-U.S. nationals (aliens) apprehended by immigration authorities when attempting to unlawfully enter the United States are generally subject to a streamlined, expedited removal process, in which there is no hearing or further review of an administrative determination that the alien should be removed. Since the enactment of the expedited removal statute in 1996, expedited removal has been used primarily with respect to aliens who have either arrived at a designated port of entry or were apprehended near the border shortly after surreptitiously entering the United States. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), however, authorizes the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to apply expedited removal more broadly to aliens in 'any part' of the United States who have not been admitted or paroled by immigration authorities, if those aliens have been physically present in the country for less than two years and either did not obtain valid entry documents or procured their admission through fraud or misrepresentation. In 2019, DHS issued notice that it was expanding the use of expedited removal to the full extent permitted under the INA. The expansion prompts significant questions concerning the relationship between the federal government's broad power over the entry and removal of aliens and the due process rights of aliens located within the United States. Recently, a federal appellate court upheld the expansion against a legal challenge seeking to stop its implementation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2020-06-30
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Israel and the Palestinians: Chronology of a Two-State Solution [Updated June 30, 2020]
From the Document: "The idea of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict developed gradually in the years after Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. This product highlights the evolution of this idea. In 2002, U.S. policy became explicitly supportive of creating a Palestinian state alongside Israel. Since then, unsuccessful negotiating efforts and other developments have led many observers to doubt the viability of a twostate solution. Analysts debate whether the Trump Administration's 2020 release of the Administration's 'Vision for Peace' will help or hinder the parties in resolving core issues of dispute (security, borders, settlements, Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees). The plan sets some arguably difficult preconditions for a future Palestinian state, and could permit Israeli annexation of some West Bank areas--primarily Israeli settlements and the Jordan Valley."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Zanotti, Jim
2020-06-30
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Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated June 19, 2020]
From the Summary: "The House and the Senate have considered measures on a variety of immigration issues in the 116th Congress. These issues include border security, immigration enforcement, legalization of unauthorized immigrants, temporary and permanent immigration, and humanitarian admissions. Several immigration measures were enacted into law. Among them are the Northern Mariana Islands Long-Term Legal Residents Relief Act (P.L. 116-24) and the Citizenship for Children of Military Members and Civil Servants Act (P.L. 116-133). The 116th Congress also enacted immigration provisions as part of larger defense and appropriations bills. [...] This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Kandel, William; Wilson, Jill, 1974-
2020-06-19
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Capping Report: CBP Struggled to Provide Adequate Detention Conditions During 2019 Migrant Surge
From the Document: "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for providing short-term detention for aliens arriving in the United States without valid travel documents, in compliance with the 'National Standards on Transport, Escort, Detention, and Search'. During fiscal year 2019, there was a surge in Southwest Border crossings between ports of entry, resulting in 851,508 Border Patrol apprehensions and contributing to what senior CBP officials described as an 'unprecedented border security and humanitarian crisis.' Our unannounced inspections revealed that under these challenging circumstances, CBP struggled to meet detention standards. This capping report, which supplements two Management Alerts published last year about issues requiring DHS' immediate attention (OIG-19-46 and OIG-19-51), summarizes our observations of the 21 Border Patrol facilities and CBP ports of entry we inspected in 2019. Several Border Patrol stations we visited exceeded their maximum capacity."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2020-06-12
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Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 116th Congress [June 12, 2020]
From the Introduction: "The 116th Congress has seen considerable committee and floor action on immigration legislation, particularly in the House. The House and/or the Senate have acted on bills addressing a range of immigration issue areas, including border security, immigration enforcement, legalization of unauthorized immigrants, temporary and permanent immigration, and humanitarian admissions. Some of these bills include amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), the basis of U.S. immigration law. Several immigration provisions were enacted as part of larger appropriations and defense authorization bills. These provisions variously address the H-2B [Temporary Non-Agricultural Workers] visa, U.S. refugee admissions, Afghan special immigrant visas, and the immigration status of Liberians who are long-time U.S. residents, among other issues. Through FY2019 and FY2020 consolidated appropriations measures, the 116th Congress extended the EB-5 [Employment Based Immigration- Fifth Preference] Regional Center Program for immigrant investors, the E-Verify employment eligibility verification system, and two other immigration programs, all of which are now authorized through September 30, 2020. The 116th Congress also enacted stand-alone measures concerning immigration in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and citizenship for children born abroad to parents who are U.S. military servicemembers or U.S. government employees. This report discusses these and other immigration-related measures that have received legislative action in the 116th Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Bruno, Andorra; Kandel, William; Wilson, Jill, 1974-
2020-06-12
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Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABS) [Updated June 11, 2020]
From the Document: "Security Force Assistance (SFA) is defined as 'unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host nation or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority.' By definition 'security forces include not only military forces, but also police, border forces, and other paramilitary organizations, as well as other local and regional forces.' SFA involves organizing, training, equipping, rebuilding, and advising foreign security forces (FSF)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Feickert, Andrew
2020-06-11
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 5828, DHS Illicit Cross-Border Tunnel Defense Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on February 12, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 5828 would authorize the appropriation of $1 million in 2021 and in 2022 for Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) to remediate illicit tunnels that cross the nation's border. The bill also would require CBP to produce a strategic plan for identifying and remediating such tunnels, including an assessment of technology, personnel, and resource needs for future remediation operations, and to report to the Congress on the implementation of the plan within one year."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-06-09
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tool: Cinolink Dual HDD Dock
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center; U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program; and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing the disk imaging function of the Cinolink Dual HDD Dock using the CFTT Federated Testing Test Suite for Disk Imaging, Version 5."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2020-06
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Test Results for Disk Imaging Tool: Roadkil's Disk Image Version 1.6
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T), the National Institute of Justice, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory. CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the DHS Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications. [...] This document reports the results from testing the disk imaging function of Roadkil's Disk Image Version 1.6 using the CFTT Federated Testing Test Suite for Disk Imaging, Version 5."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2020-06
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S. Rept. 116-229: Synthetic Opioid Exposure Prevention and Training Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 4739, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, June 1, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 4739, the Synthetic Opioid Exposure Prevention and Training Act, is to require the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to develop a policy that specifies effective protocols and procedures for the safe handling of, and exposure to, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl by CBP officers, agents, other personnel, and canines. It also requires mandatory and recurring training on the handling of synthetic opioids and how to access and administer opioid receptor antagonists. The Act requires the Commissioner to regularly monitor the implementation of the policy, and as necessary, revise the protocols and procedures. Finally, the Act requires the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) to conduct a compliance audit within three years following the enactment of this Act."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-06-01
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Quality of Life Crossborder Collaboration on Public Health: The 2009 U.S. - Mexico Response to H1N1
From the Key Findings: "[1] The United States, Mexico, and Canada had been formally planning for a possible pandemic originating in Asia since shortly after the 2003 SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] outbreak. The Security and Prosperity Partnership, begun in 2005 by the Bush, Fox, and Martin administrations, became the key forum to develop truly regional plans for pandemic response. [2] Although H1N1 [Swine flu] developed into a pandemic and thus quickly superseded efforts at containment, years of collaborative efforts to track and address infectious diseases by federal, state, and local agencies along the U.S.-Mexico border helped communication and monitoring of the disease. As is the case with many pandemics, H1N1 developed and spread very quickly. As such, there was little time to develop new mechanisms or relationships. Officials had to rely on the prior planning where they could and improvise where there were no plans. [3] Addressing pandemics in the U.S.-Mexico requires close coordination across agencies and borders. [...] [4] Because of the rapid spread of H1N1 that surpassed border controls and the importance of crossborder U.S.-Mexico trade to both economies, a consensus developed in the spring of 2009 among U.S. and Mexican officials that closing the U.S.-Mexico border was neither desirable nor helpful."
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Lee, Erik
2020-06
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Food Security in Asia and the Pacific Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
From the Document: "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has heightened food security risks in Asia and the Pacific. Disruptions to domestic and international food supply chains-- caused as rising health risks led to major travel restrictions--have undermined food availability and accessibility. Domestically, disruptions in the upstream food supply chains have arisen from mobility restrictions and worker illnesses during planting and harvesting, in addition to hindered operations in processing, trucking, logistics, and trading. Losses of employment and income are also reducing food consumption, leaving vulnerable groups at risk of hunger and malnutrition. Basic food handouts are often limited and may not meet the nutritional needs of children and pregnant women. Internationally, border closures and export restrictions could imply limited availability and affordability of certain food items for countries that rely on imports."
Asian Development Bank
Kim, Kijin; Kim, Sunae; Park, Cyn-Young
2020-06
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Openness is as Important Now as it Has Ever Been
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has shaken the world. Faced with the lack of medical treatment or a vaccine, nations around the globe have opted for the only remedy known against the easily communicable virus -namely, the adoption of social distancing measures that curtail its contagion. As the pandemic rolled from Wuhan, China, to other nations, international borders closed, quarantines were imposed on newcomers and, overall, international mobility came to a near-complete halt. In the United States, the President's announcement on restrictions placed on international arrivals from 26 countries on March 11, 2020,2 led to the State Department's suspension of exchange programs, which allow qualified foreign-nationals to participate in work- and study-based exchange visitor programs, for, at least, 60 days. Participants in these exchange visitor programs include foreign-born medical school graduates who complete their residency requirements and sub-specialty training in the United States prior to going back home for two years before they can return to the United States-usually through an H1-B or L-1 visa. [...] An important challenge in recovering from the pandemic will be fighting perceptions of immigrants as economic and security threats. And instead creating and maintaining an open economy that welcomes the international exchange of ideas that has characterized and fueled growth in the United States for decades."
Utah State University. Center for Growth and Opportunity
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina
2020-06
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Test Results for String Search Tool: EnCase Version 8.09.00.192
From the Introduction: "The Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) program is a joint project of the Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Programs Office and Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). CFTT is supported by other organizations, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center, U.S. Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Electronic Crimes Program, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Secret Service. The objective of the CFTT program is to provide measurable assurance to practitioners, researchers, and other applicable users that the tools used in computer forensics investigations provide accurate results. Accomplishing this requires the development of specifications and test methods for computer forensics tools and subsequent testing of specific tools against those specifications."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Office of Law Enforcement Standards; United States. Department of Homeland Security. Science and Technology Directorate
2020-06
