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21st Century Security Architecture for the Americas: Multilateral Cooperation, Liberal Peace, and Soft Power
The main focus of this monograph is on security cooperation within the Americas. Essentially, much emphasis has been placed on economic cooperation (free trade agreements), but little thought has been given to security cooperation. Existing collective defense systems (Rio Treaty of the Organization of American States [OAS]) are a relic of the Cold War and not sufficient for the challenges and threats of today. The Americas are evidence of liberal or democratic peace. States do not war against each other because values and trade discourage major conflicts. The greater challenge to the state is internal, particularly given the problems of natural disasters, insurgency, drugs, violent crime, poverty, and other problems. Because of spillover effects, domestic issues often become transnational, such as with the drugs, weapons, and people that move across borders. Add to these the problems of natural disasters and one can see that major changes are needed to the security architecture of the Western Hemisphere.
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Nuñez, Joseph R. (Joseph Raymond)
2002-08
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Maritime Homeland Security
The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century recently described Deepwater assets as an essential component of the maritime homeland security mission. While many people believe that home-land security missions only take place close to shore (such as port security missions), the truth is that a successful maritime homeland security strategy pushes out our borders, detecting and eliminating threats well before they reach the shores. Interdicting threats to homeland security as far from shore as possible has become more vital as potential adversaries have lengthened their reach. Any other strategy takes unnecessary risks with our national security. Deepwater assets will contribute important capabilities to each of the Coast Guard's five principles of Homeland Security Strategy: Build maritime domain awareness; ensure controlled movement of high interest vessels; enhance presence and response capabilities; protect critical infrastructure and enhance Coast Guard force protection; and increase domestic and international outreach. This article further discusses the Coast Guard's critical role in securing the U.S. Homeland through the Deepwater program.
United States. Coast Guard
2002-08
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Patriot Act: Enhanced Border Security Act: Conference Presentations
As a result of the Patriot Act, Congress has tasked NIST with a statutory mandate to develop and certify a highly accurate technology standard that shall include biometric identifiers. This presentation is an interim summary report of the progress made through August, 2002.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
McCabe, R. Michael
2002-08
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Customs Service Modernization: Third Expenditure Plan Meets Legislative Conditions, But Cost Estimating Improvements Needed, Report to Congressional Requesters
The U.S. Customs Service is acquiring a new trade processing system known as the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE). ACE is intended to: promote more efficient movement of legitimate trade and more effective enforcement of trade laws; strengthen border security operations; and include a single system interface between the trade community and the federal government known as the International Trade Data System (ITDS), which is to reduce the data reporting burden placed on the trade community and facilitate the collection and dissemination of trade data for agencies with trade-related missions. Customs is required in its appropriation' not to obligate funds for ACE until it submits to the Congress ACE expenditure plans that: meet the capital planning and investment control review requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (0MB), including security planning; comply with the Customs enterprise architecture; comply with federal acquisition rules, requirements, guidelines, and systems acquisition management practices; are reviewed and approved by the Customs Investment Review Board, Treasury, and 0MB; and are reviewed by GAO. On May 24, 2002, Customs submitted its third ACE expenditure plan to its House and Senate appropriations subcommittees, seeking release of $190.2 million from the ACE appropriation. Since 1999, we have conducted a series of reviews of Customs' ACE/ITDS program and made recommendations for strengthening program management.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-08
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Virtual Border: Countering Seaborne Container Terrorism
America's potential vulnerability to terrorist attack through exploitation of the global trade and transportation system is now widely recognized. Maritime commerce, and container shipping in particular, provides a highly attractive means not only of delivering weapons but also of smuggling terrorists themselves into the American homeland.
This situation stems in part from a lack of information specifying cargo contents, complicating U.S. Customs Service efforts to identify high-risk containers for inspection upon arrival, and from the commercially driven need to move trade goods rapidly through the transportation system. The first and most important line of defense against container terrorism, therefore, is at the foreign point of origin. A virtual border must be designed to provide a multilayered defense, addressing container security from the initial loading of the container to its movement through the entire international transportation network.
National Defense University. Center for Technology and National Security Policy
Binnendijk, Hans; Caraher, Leigh C.; Coffey, Timothy, 1941- . . .
2002-08
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Managerial Flexibility Key to Successful Homeland Security Dept [July 26, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush discussing the progress in the war on terror and the proposal for the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The new department will have four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence. The proposal calls for a significant transformation of the federal government to unify all the various agencies and activities involved with homeland security under one authority.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-26
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H. Rept. 107-609, Part 1: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Report together with Minority and Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 5005, July 24, 2002
"The Select Committee on Homeland Security, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 5005) to establish the Department of Homeland Security, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. […] H.R. 5005, the Homeland Security Act of 2002, will create the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide for the security of the American people, territory, and sovereignty within the United States. The Department of Homeland Security will help fulfill the Constitutional responsibility of the Federal government by providing for the common defense by uniting, under a single department those elements within the government whose primary responsibility is to secure the United States homeland. This department will have the mission of preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing the United States' vulnerability to terrorism, minimizing the damages from attacks, and assisting in recovery from any attacks, should they occur. The Department's primary responsibilities will include: analyzing information and protecting infrastructure; developing countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks; securing U.S. borders and transportation systems; organizing emergency preparedness and response efforts; conducting homeland security related research, development, technology, and acquisition programs; coordinating counter-terrorism activities with other Federal agencies, State and local governments, and the private sector. The Department will bring together 22 existing Federal agencies or portions of agencies under a single clear chain of command. Each of these agencies will continue to be responsible for carrying out existing and homeland security functions."
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-07-24
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Anti-Terrorism Technology Key to Homeland Security [July 22, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Bush expresses his pleasure with the work being done at national laboratories. Bush emphasizes the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The new department will have four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence. Bush makes the point of how important scientists are in developing cutting edge technologies that will help secure the homeland.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-22
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Reducing Redundant IT Infrastructure Related to Homeland Security
In announcing his proposal for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the President stated that the Federal government's first priority was the protection and defense of the American people. Achieving true homeland security requires technology that guarantees real-time information sharing and improves decision-making. For example, a border patrol agent in Tijuana must be able to communicate with the Customs station in the port of New York and the Coast Guard base in Miami on a real-time basis. A world-class, unified IT infrastructure linking component agencies to the new Department is essential to accomplish these goals. In view of these security challenges, the purpose of this memorandum is to advise selected heads of DHS component agencies that redundant homeland security IT infrastructure systems will be considered for consolidation or integration. Spending by DHS component agencies' on IT infrastructure will total at least $360M in FY02 and is projected to grow to at least $780M in FY03. Consolidating and integrating infrastructure presents significant opportunities for savings while providing the best investments for our homeland security mission. Therefore, agencies affected by the proposed DHS must: Cease temporarily all IT infrastructure system development and planned modernization efforts above $500,000 pending an expedited review of all DHS component agencies' investments, Identify any current or planned spending on IT infrastructure not included in Attachment A to the memo, Participate in the Homeland Security IT Investment Review Group led by the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) and OMB.
United States. White House Office
2002-07-19
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President Bush Thanks Homeland Security Workers [July 10, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush to federal employees on homeland security. Bush emphasizes the continued treat to America and the need for the Department of Homeland Security. The new department will have four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence. The new department will play an essential role in the war on terror and Bush is confident in America's ability to win the war on terror no matter how long it takes.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-07-10
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Border Security: U.S.-Canada Border Issues [July 8, 2002]
"The September 11 terrorist attacks and continued threats of future attacks have directed Congress's attention to U.S.-Canada border security-related issues. Both countries are striving to balance adequate border security with other issues such as the facilitation of legitimate cross-border travel and commerce, and protecting civil liberties. Congress has taken action (the USA PATRIOT Act, P.L. 107-56; and the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, P.L. 107-173) to increase the number of INS [Immigration and Naturalization Service] border patrol agents and inspectors at northern ports of entry and to provide these officials with additional technologically upgraded equipment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seghetti, Lisa M.
2002-07-08
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Progress Report - Security and Opportunity at the U.S.-Canada Border [June 28, 2002]
This is a progress report on developing a "smart border" between the U.S. and Canada that would allow the identifying and expediting of low-risk people and goods and increase the ability to focus resources on higher risk traffic. Also included is an update on the secure flow of people and goods, secure infrastructure, and coordination and information sharing in the enforcement of these objectives.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Ridge, Thomas J.; Manley, John, 1950-
2002-06-28
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Best Defense: Leveraging the Strength of Our Military to Protect the Homeland
"Today I want to talk to you about what should be one of the core components of such a larger strategy: maximizing the use of our military resources here at home. Our Department of Defense has more tools, training, technology, and talent to help combat the terrorist threat at home than any other federal agency. Our military has proven capable of brilliance beyond our borders. Now, we must tap its expertise and its resources within our country--by better
integrating the Defense Department into our homeland security plans. That is particularly true of the National Guard."
United States. Congress. Senate
Lieberman, Joseph I.
2002-06-26
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Identity Fraud: Prevalence and Links to Alien Illegal Activities, Statement of Richard M. Stana, Director, Justice Issues, Before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security and the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives
To discuss the significance of "identity fraud"-a term that encompasses a broad range of illegal activities based on fraudulent use of identifying information of a real person or of a fictitious person. A pervasive type of identity fraud is identity theft, which involves "stealing" another person's personal identifying information- such as Social Security number (SSN), date of birth, and mother's maiden name-and then using the information to fraudulently establish credit, run up debt, take over existing financial accounts, or to undertake other activities in another's name. Also, another pervasive category is the use of fraudulent identity documents by aliens to enter the United States illegally to obtain employment and other benefits. The events of September 11, 2001, have heightened concerns about the contributory role that identity fraud plays in facilitating terrorism and other serious crimes.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-06-25
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President Honors Port Authority Heroes & Outlines New Security Measures [June 24, 2002]
These are remarks by the President on Homeland Secutiy at Port Elizabeth in New Jersey. In addition to honoring Port Authority heroes, Bush gives examples of new security measures to identify and respond quicker to maritime border threats. Such security measures include the Customs Service improving its knowledge of Container shipments, the Port Authority of New York and Jersey putting together a closed-circuit TV security system, and the Coast Guard's Deep Water Project to replace aging ships and aircraft. Bush also stresses the importance of the federal government to reorganize and place people and agencies involved with homeland security under one authority.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-24
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Message to the Congress of the United States [June 18, 2002]
This is proposed legislation from President Bush on creating a new Cabinet Department of Homeland Security. The proposal requires an extensive reorganization of the federal government to create a single department whose primary mission is to secure the homeland by preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and increasing recovery from attacks that may occur. The Department of Homeland Security would be comprised of four main divisions: Border and Transportation Security; Emergency Preparedness and Response; Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasures; and Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection. President Bush gives details about each division as well as other supporting components, interagency coordination, and lessons that history teaches about new challenges.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-18
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2452: National Homeland Security and Combating Terrorism Act of 2002
"S. 2452 would establish a new cabinet department, the Department of National Homeland Security, to plan, coordinate, and integrate the government's activities relating to homeland security, including border security, the protection of critical infrastructure, and emergency preparedness. The legislation would combine several existing agencies to form the new department. S. 2452 also would establish a National Office for Combating Terrorism within
the Executive Office of the President to coordinate threat assessments, to craft and oversee a National Strategy to Combat Terrorism, and to plan and coordinate the budget to combat terrorism. Finally, the legislation would authorize the appropriation of $200 million for fiscal year 2003 to develop technology to combat terrorism and $5 million annually over the 2003-2005 period for emergency preparedness pilot programs."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2002-06-17
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Serial No. 107-203: Homeland Security Reorganization: What Impact on Federal Law Enforcement and Drug Interdiction: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, June 17, 2002
The purpose of this hearing is to discuss the President's proposal to create a new cabinet Department of Homeland Security. Addressed are issues of Federal law enforcement organization, drug interdiction, border security, or their interrelationship with increased demand of homeland security. "However this reform emerges, it is inevitable that there will be a profound impact on Federal law enforcement activities unrelated to terrorism on our Nation's drug interdiction and border patrol efforts and on operations at several Federal departments within the subcommittee's jurisdiction. Our challenge as we move through this process will be to determine how best to ensure the continuation and preservation of these missions within the new department. We also must optimize the organization of other agencies, such as the DEA, the FBI and law enforcement in the Treasury Department, which share tasks with agencies destined for the new department. And finally we must consider the many incidental benefits and synergies which will arise from the President's proposal. These include increased operational coordination of narcotics and migrant interdiction efforts among agencies that will now be united as well as a significantly improved focus on the links between drug trade and international terrorism." Statements, witnesses and submissions: Robert Kramek, Donnie Marshall, Peter Nunez, Douglas Kruhm, Stephen Flynn, Mark Souder, Elijah Cummings, Janice Schakowsky and Dan Miller.
United States. Government Printing Office
2002-06-17
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Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress [Updated June 14, 2002]
"The United States and Mexico have a special relationship under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which removes trade and investment barriers between the countries. The friendly relationship has been strengthened by President Bush's meetings with President Fox. Major issues of concern to Congress are trade, immigration, drug trafficking, and political rights. On May 14, 2002, Presidents Bush and Fox discussed by telephone Mexico's deficiency in supplying water to the United States under a 1944 treaty, and President Fox indicated that Mexico would take steps to comply with its obligations. On May 26, 2002, Jesus Albino Quintero Meraz and six associates in the Juarez drug cartel were arrested in Veracruz. On May 31, 2002, a group of 26 indigenous peasants were killed in southern Oaxaca. Following President Bush's announcement on June 6, 2002, of his intention to create a Department of Homeland Security that would include Customs, INS, and the Border Patrol, Mexican officials are wondering what impact the initiative will have on border trade and transit."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Storrs, K. Larry (Keith Larry), 1937-
2002-06-14
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President Convenes Homeland Security Advisory Council [June 12, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush at the meeting of the Homeland Security Advisory Council. Bush mentions the progress of capturing terrorists by using a combination of military, diplomacy, and intelligence sharing. Bush stresses the importance of the department and its role in the protection of the homeland in areas such as border enforcement, bioterrorism threats, detection of weapons of mass destruction, analysis of intelligence, and response if something were to occur.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-12
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President Discusses Nation's Critical Infrastructure [June 11, 2002]
President Bush states that while the U.S. is going on the offensive, it will also continue to defend the homeland and proceeds to explain why he has called for the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Within this new Cabinet department there will be four basic functions focusing on borders, first responders, detection capability, and capacity to analyze all sources of intelligence. Bush also offers ways in which every American can do their part to keep peace in America.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-11
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Remarks by Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge to the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation 2002 Service to America Summit [June 10, 2002]
Tom Ridges focuses his remarks on the newly created Department of Homeland Security. The department was commissioned to protect the homeland which includes borders, airports, seaports, visitors, overseas preparedness, training and equipping first responders, detecting weapons of mass destruction, mapping the nation's critical infrastructure, synthesizing and analyzing intelligence, and communicating threats and actions to those who need to know. The department's single mission is to protect the American people and serves as the structure necessary for implementing the national strategy.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Ridge, Thomas J.
2002-06-10
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Radio Address by the President to the Nation [June 8, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush announcing a reorganization of the federal government and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Bush describes the new department's four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-08
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National Preparedness: Integrating New and Existing Technology and Information Sharing into an Effective Homeland Security Strategy, Statement of Randall A. Yim, Managing Director, National Preparedness, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology and Procurement Policy, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives
Federal, state, and local governments, and the private sector, are taking steps to strengthen the safety and security of the American people, including actions to strengthen border and port security, airport security, health and food security and to protect critical infrastructure. There are date, information-sharing, and technology challenges facing the country in developing and implementing a national preparedness strategy. The nature of the terrorist threat makes it difficult to identify and differentiate information that can provide an early indication of a terrorist threat from the mass of data available to those in positions of authority. Further, the nation faces considerable cultural, legal, and technical barriers in effectively collecting and sharing information. Many technologies key to addressing threats are not yet available, and many existing technologies have not effectively been adapted for the threats the country now faces. The real challenge, however, is not just to find the right solutions to each of these problems but to weave solutions together in an integrated and intelligent fashion.
United States. General Accounting Office
2002-06-07
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Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation [June 6, 2002]
These are remarks by President Bush updating the nation on the progress in the war on terror and the proposal to make changes that will strengthen the homeland including a reorganization of the federal government and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Bush describes the new department's four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-
2002-06-06
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President to Propose Department of Homeland Security [June6, 2002]
This describes President Bush's proposal for the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The proposal calls for a significant transformation of the federal government to unify all the various agencies and activities involved with homeland security under one authority. The new department will have four primary tasks being protection of the borders, preparedness, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and analysis of intelligence.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2002-06-06
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Real-time Information Extraction for Homeland Defense
"The National interest in Homeland Defense was the farthest thing from most American's minds prior to the horrific attacks of the Pentagon and the World Trade Center. The worst nightmares of many Department of Defense leaders and technologists had been realized. Our Country was hit, and hit hard. No longer could we take for granted our borders, our way of life, or our freedom. For a short while, no cost was to high to re-secure these basic privileges of American life. But the practicality of manning and equipping airports, seaports, power plants, water supply, borders, and many other American Infrastructure entities demanded a more comprehensive and cost effective way of defending our homeland. One practical investment is in the Nation's network of airborne warning ground based radar systems that are deployed throughout the United States and Canada to monitor any air traffic entering either of these countries. This system of networked radars was designed with the philosophy that threats would originate outside the borders of the United States and Canada. The system worked so well, that when thoughts of expanded capability presented themselves, they were abandoned in favor of more (apparent) pressing issues. This paper addresses this system of systems, and how with some insertion of technology, it can absorb its share of the National Homeland Defense."
Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio). Embedded Information Systems Branch
Satterthwaite, Charles P.; Corman, David Ellis; Herm, Thomas S.
2002-06
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Department of Homeland Security, June 2002
"Since September 11, all levels of government have cooperated like never before to strengthen aviation and border security, stockpile more medicines to defend against bioterrorism, improve information sharing among our intelligence agencies, and deploy more resources and personnel to protect our critical infrastructure. The changing nature of the threats facing America requires a new government structure to protect against invisible enemies that can strike with a wide variety of weapons. Today no one single government agency has homeland security as its primary mission. In fact, responsibilities for homeland security are dispersed among more than 100 different government organizations. America needs a single, unified homeland security structure that will improve protection against today's threats and be flexible enough to help meet the unknown threats of the future. The President proposes to create a new Department of Homeland Security, the most significant transformation of the U.S. government in over a half-century by largely transforming and realigning the current confusing patchwork of government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland. The creation of a Department of Homeland Security is one more key step in the President's national strategy for homeland security."
United States. White House Office
2002-06
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Department of Homeland Security
The President's most important job is to protect and defend the American people. Since September 11, all levels of government have cooperated like never before to strengthen aviation and border security, stockpile more medicines to defend against bio-terrorism, improve information sharing among our intelligence agencies, and deploy more resources and personnel to protect our critical infrastructure. The changing nature of the threats facing America requires a new government structure to protect against invisible enemies that can strike with a wide variety of weapons. Today no one single government agency has homeland security as its primary mission. In fact, responsibilities for homeland security are dispersed among more than 100 different government organizations. America needs a single, unified homeland security structure that will improve protection against today's threats and be flexible enough to help meet the unknown threats of the future. The President proposes to create a new Department of Homeland Security, the most significant transformation of the U.S. government in over a half-century by largely transforming and realigning the current confusing patchwork of government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland. The creation of a Department of Homeland Security is one more key step in the President's national strategy for homeland security.
United States. Executive Office of the President
2002-06
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Commercial Vehicle Travel Time and Delay at U.S. Border Crossings
"One of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) strategic goals is to help improve the economic efficiency of the U.S. transportation system and, thereby, enhance the nation's position in the global economy. One way to address this need is to reduce the hours of delay for commercial motor vehicles passing through the northern and southern ports-ofentry with Canada and Mexico. The border crossing process is one of the few elements in logistical planning and execution that today is almost completely beyond the control of both motor carriers and shippers. Predicting with certainty the time needed to transit a border crossing is difficult. In 2001, FHWA's Office of Freight Management and Operations, supported by Battelle and the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), undertook an on-site review of seven ports-of-entry that handle over 60 percent of U.S. truck trade among the three NAFTA nations. Linked with research now under way to simulate border-crossing activity using a model called 'Border Wizard,' these site reviews will enable FHWA to make informed recommendations about crossing improvements. The results also will help the agency to engage with other federal, state, and local jurisdictions in constructive dialogue about how, together, all can improve the performance, security, and mobility of commerce at these important international locations."
United States. Department of Transportation; United States. Federal Highway Administration
2002-06
