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S. Hrg. 108-148; Serial No. J-108-5: Border Technology: Keeping Terrorists out of the United States: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security and Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, March 12, 2003
The Entry-Exit system is one of the many technology-related requirements birthed by the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Reform Act, which requires the electronic transfer of entry and exit information on all travelers holding legitimate documentation. Biometric features are becoming the key component of new registration technology, and are quickly changing the face of border security. This hearing offers three areas for review: first, examining the current implementation procedures; second, examining the current Customs infrastructure and technology, and lastly, examining the changing needs and demands of borders across the country. Witnesses: Flynn, Stephen; Kirkpatrick, Jeane J.; Hutchison, Asa; Mocny, Robert; Hall, Woody; Kingsbury, Nancy; Stana, Richard.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003-03-12
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S. Hrg 108-137; Serial No. J-108-3: The War Against Terrorism: Working Together to Protect America, Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, March 4, 2003
From the opening statement of Orrin G. Hatch: "It has been almost a year and a half since terrorists attacked our country, killing almost 3,000 people. The enemy is unlike any that we have faced before: deadly, well-financed international terrorists whose tentacles reach into every corner of the globe and who are ready to give their lives in order to destroy other people's lives. Make no mistake: the threat to our country continues today. Terrorist organizations exist within our borders and throughout the world. They are fanatics committed to the destruction of America and will do anything to harm our country and our people. Terrorists will use any means to defeat America. Their means to their gruesome ends will evolve. And our ability to respond must evolve, and we must embrace new tools and new approaches. We must ensure that law enforcement, intelligence, and homeland security agencies are given the tools and the resources needed to protect our country." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Orring G. Hatch, Russell D. Feingold, Herbert Kohl, and Jon Kyl.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003-03-04
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United States Coast Guard Integrated Deepwater System (IDS) Report to Congress on the Feasibility of Accelerating the Integrated Deepwater System
This paper addresses acceleration of the present IDS implementation schedule from 20 years to 10 years and the associated benefits and impacts of that acceleration. It frames the issues and addresses factors such as feasibility, impact on resources, and the benefits of increased capabilities, readiness, and efficiencies. A notional "plan" is presented to assess these factors. The effective capability and presence of the Integrated Deepwater System supports and benefits not just non-homeland security missions (e.g., Search and Rescue, Marine Environmental Protection, and others) but also a wide range of missions associated with Homeland Security, including Alien Migrant and Drug Interdiction. The various, multi-mission assets that comprise the Integrated Deepwater System will allow the Coast Guard to push America's borders out with a layered defense critical to Maritime Domain Awareness, a key element of Homeland Security. This concept of operations provides multiple opportunities in multiple geographic layers - to detect and interdict terrorist activity as far at sea as possible to the ports, coastal approaches and the Marine Transportation System (MTS). In determining the feasibility of accelerating the Integrated Deepwater System, two issues must be addressed - ability for the contractor and the government to support an accelerated implementation schedule, and the reasonableness of accelerating IDS.
United States. Coast Guard
2003-03
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Audit of Passenger Processing Reengineering
"One of the critical functions of DHS is to control people entering and leaving the United States. This is necessary to prevent terrorism, narcotics smuggling, illegal alien smuggling, enforce trade laws, and collect revenue, while facilitating international travel. Over the next five years, DHS will invest billions of dollars to modernize the passenger processes and systems from the legacy bureaus. An acquisition strategy based on a reengineered vision of how DHS will process international travelers, in alignment with the enterprise architecture, could result in better and more definitive contract requirements. This would increase the probability of achieving mission requirements while reducing cost. This audit was included in our fiscal year 2003 annual audit plan. The objective of the audit was to determine whether DHS passenger processes were appropriately reengineered prior to the development of new systems. The audit work was conducted from April 17 to September 29, 2003 at the following offices in Washington, D.C.: BTS, CBP, TSA, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Citizenship and Immigration Service (CIS) and the departmental offices. Work was conducted at the Office of National Risk Assessment in Maryland, the CBP Data Center in Virginia, and the International Airport in Houston, too."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2003-03
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Homeland Security: Department Organization and Management - Legislative Phase [Updated February 25, 2003]
"After substantial congressional entreatment, President George W. Bush gave impetus to the creation of a Department of Homeland Security when, on June 6, 2002, he proposed the establishment of such an entity by Congress. At the time, bills to mandate a department were pending in both houses of Congress. The President's action was viewed as an effort to move beyond the coordination efforts of the Office of Homeland Security, established by E.O. 13228 of October 8, 2001, to a strong administrative structure for managing consolidated programs concerned with border security and effective response to domestic terrorism incidents. The President transmitted his department proposal to the House of Representatives on June 18, where it was subsequently introduced by request (H.R. 5005). The House approved the bill in amended form on July 26. The Senate did not begin consideration of the legislation until after the August congressional recess. Senate deliberations on the matter were slower due to partisan and parliamentary factors as well as a few highly contentious issues, such as the civil service protections and collective bargaining rights of the employees of the new department. When both houses of Congress reconvened after the fall elections, a new, compromise department bill was introduced in the House (H.R. 5710), which considered and adopted the measure on November 13. Six days later, the Senate approved the original House bill (H.R. 5005) as modified with the language of the compromise legislation (H.R. 5710), which had been offered as an amendment. The House cleared the Senate-passed measure for the President's signature. Ultimately, President Bush largely obtained what he wanted in the legislation mandating the department (P.L. 107-296; 116 Stat. 2135). This report is no longer being updated. CRS Report RL31751, Homeland Security: Department Organization and Management--Implementation Phase, assesses the implementation of the Department of Homeland Security provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Relyea, Harold
2003-02-25
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Department of Homeland Security: Consolidation of Border and Transportation Security Agencies [Updated February 4, 2003]
"The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) transfers several border and transportation security agencies to the newly established Department of Homeland Security, consolidating some of them in a Directorate of Border and Transportation Security. The Act charges this new directorate with securing the borders; territorial waters; terminals; waterways; and air, land and sea transportation systems of the United States; and managing the nations ports of entry. As in the past, the challenge for policymakers is to provide a level of border and transportation security that is commensurate with a multitude of threats, while facilitating legitimate travel and commerce, as well as protecting civil liberties. An immediate challenge for the 108th Congress will be to work with the Administration to get the new department operational " up and running" at a time when threats to borders and transportation systems are real and arguably imminent. Moreover, the success of the Directorate will depend in large measure on the effective and expedited coordination of transferred agencies and programs; development of a unified strategic vision for departmental and directorate operations; leverage of new and existing technologies to improve threat detection, but facilitate legitimate cross border travel and trade; adequate funding and staffing; efficient deployment of resources; and successful implementation of recently enacted border, port, and transportation security-related legislation."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Krouse, William J.
2003-02-04
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Border Security: Immigration Issues in the 108th Congress [February 4, 2003]
"Enhancing border security has emerged as a significant policy issue after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Prior to the terrorist attacks, the priorities for border security policy were beginning to shift from immigration-related issues to facilitating legitimate cross-border commerce. Although the 107th Congress enacted several pieces of legislation that dealt with enhancing immigration-related border security, legislation to strengthen the nation's borders had been enacted as early as the 104th Congress. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA; P.L. 104-208) contained several immigration-related border security provisions that addressed illegal immigration and the smuggling of humans into the United States through the southwest border. IIRIRA also contained a provision that required the electronic tracking of every alien arriving in and departing from the United States. The deadline for implementing the electronic tracking system, commonly referred to as the entry and exit data system, was moved back in subsequent legislation. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, however, prompted Congress to speed up implementation of the entry and exit data system as well as enact new provisions aimed at enhancing border security. This report provides background information on the main immigration-related border security issues that have been raised as a result of the terrorist attacks. It describes enacted legislation in the 107th Congress as well as in previous Congresses that focus on immigration-related border security issues. The report also poses possible immigration-related border security issues the 108th Congress may consider. This report will be updated to reflect any additional related legislation in the 108th Congress, as well as implementation issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seghetti, Lisa M.
2003-02-04
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Fiscal Year 2004 Budget Fact Sheet
"The President has requested a budget which reflects his clear commitment to supporting the priorities and the mission of the Department of Homeland Security. The Fiscal Year 2004 budget supports the Department's effort to implement the objectives outlined in the President's National Strategy for Homeland Security including: 1.) Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States; 2.) Reducing America's vulnerability to terrorism; and 3.) Minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur. The Department will move forward with a sustained and cohesive strategy in key areas such as improving security at the nation's borders, implementing grant programs to ensure that first responders are properly trained and equipped, decreasing the vulnerabilities of the nation's critical infrastructure, protecting against bio-terrorism, advancing research in science and technology aimed at countering terrorist attacks, improving intelligence analysis and coordination and recapitalizing the Coast Guard. The budget seeks to maintain funding for critical operations of each of the Department agencies and organizations since their individual missions will enable the Department to achieve its overall vision for securing the homeland. The Fiscal Year 2004 budget request for the Department of Homeland Security is 36.2 billion. This represents a 7.4 percent increase in funding over FY2003, and a 64 percent increase ($14.1 billion) over FY2002, with over 60 thousand staff added to protect our country. The consolidation of these entities into the new Department is the largest federal reorganization in more than 50 years."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2003-02-03
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Key Vulnerability: Seaports of Embarkation
"Recent asymmetrical attacks on U.S. soil have driven home the fact that a significant threat exists inside the borders of this country. This, coupled with the current limitations on seaport embarkation infrastructure and logistical capability, gives rise to a new vulnerability to the United States military: The threat of an asymmetrical attack on deploying forces at a seaport of embarkation. Such an attack would reduce the number of forces available to the Operational Commander awaiting these forces and could also lead to a significant delay in the arrival of assets due to the loss transportation equipment of access to contaminate ports of embarkation. The current system to defend against such an attack is unsatisfactory. A proper joint doctrine focused on defining specific responsibilities and based upon deterrence must be established to ensure the security of deploying forces and to best support the Operational Commander."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Calandra, Anthony T.
2003-02-03
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Homeland Security Proposals: Issues Regarding Transfer of Immigration Agencies and Functions [Updated February 3, 2003]
"As the 107th Congress considered the broader question of homeland security and the creation of a Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the issue of where to locate the various immigration and citizenship functions performed by the Department of Justice's (DOJ) Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and the Department of State's (DOS) Bureau of Consular Affairs posed a distinct set of questions. Congress weighed what immigration functions constituted border security, what were homeland security, and whether those immigration functions that may not have homeland security-related roles should be transferred to the proposed DHS. The debate centered on several options: place all of INS in a newly created DHS under a Border Security and Transportation Division; place INS's enforcement functions in DHS under the Border Security and Transportation Division but leave INS's service function in DOJ under a newly created Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services; place all of INS in DHS in its own Directorate of Immigration Affairs, which would have two separate bureaus for the enforcement and service functions; or place INS's enforcement functions in a DHS Bureau of Border Security and INS's service functions in a DHS Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services - the choice eventually enacted. In addition to the transfer of INS, there had been considerable debate over whether the issuances of visas should remain with the DOS."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wasem, Ruth Ellen; Seghetti, Lisa M.
2003-02-03
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United States and the Persian Gulf: Reshaping Security Strategy for the Post-Containment Era
Significant changes lie ahead for U.S. security strategy in the Persian Gulf after almost a decade of stasis. In the decade between the Gulf War and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the strategy of dual containment of Iraq and Iran was a key driver of American military planning and force posture for the region. During these years, the overriding U.S. concern was preserving access to Gulf oil at reasonable prices; both Iran and Iraq possessed only a limited ability to project power and influence beyond their borders; the Persian Gulf states acquiesced to a significant U.S. military presence on their soil despite the domestic costs; and the United States was reasonably successful, at least until the second Palestinian intifada in September 2000, in insulating its relationships with key Gulf states from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implications of these political, strategic, security, and military factors for U.S. military presence and force posture, defense and security relationships, and force planning for the region. Specifically, the chapters in this paper seek to frame the issues, options, and trade-offs facing U.S. defense planners. The main conclusion of this study is that, with or without regime change in Iraq, the United States will need to make significant adjustments in its military posture toward the region.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Sokolsky, Richard
2003-02
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Border Reorganization Remarks by Secretary Ridge [January 31, 2003]
This transcript includes the January 31, 2003 remarks of Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge in which he outlines the Department's re-organization plan to merge the border investigative and enforcement functions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), U.S. Customs Service (USCS), and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2003-01-31
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World Law Bulletin: February 2003
This issue of the monthly publication of the Law Library of Congress includes the following relevant titles: 'United States/Malaysia, South Korea: Container Security Initiatives', 'Western Hemisphere: Inter-American Conference Against Terrorism', and 'Recent Developments in the European Union'. "The United States has signed two more Container Security Initiatives with Asian trade partners. An initiative with the Republic of Korea was initialed on January 17, 2003; one with Malaysia was signed on January 20. […] Government representatives from around the hemisphere gathered in San Salvador, El Salvador, on January 22, 2003, for a three-day Inter-American Conference against Terrorism. Important issues on the agenda included creation of units to gather financial intelligence, database development, establishment of a policy exchange and coordination network, and the monitoring of all movement of merchandise and luggage and transit of persons. The latter issue is related to the movement of weapons and explosives and drug smuggling. Agreements will be adopted by the participating countries following the recommendations of the plenary session and are aimed to make security efforts in airports, land and sea customs points, and borders stronger in the Americas. Russia and France are attending as observers."
Law Library of Congress (U.S.)
Johnson, Constance Axinn; Zeldin, Wendy I.
2003-02
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Major Management Challenges and Program Risks: Department of the Treasury
In its 2001 performance and accountability report on the Department of the Treasury, GAO identified important tax systems modernization, border security, trade regulation, financial management, and other issues facing the department. The information GAO presents in this report is intended to help to sustain congressional attention and a departmental focus on continuing to make progress in addressing these challenges and ultimately overcoming them. This report is part of a special series of reports on governmentwide and agency- specific issues. IRS: Continue efforts to improve service, ensure compliance, maintain comparable performance measures, manage systems modernization, and implement effective computer security. Customs: Enhance evolving trade compliance program and implement new trade system through continuous improvement and effective resource management. Financial Management: Improve bureau operations, strengthen internal controls, ensure compliance with a key law, continue to improve debt collection, and strengthen computer security.
United States. General Accounting Office
2003-01-30
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Central Asia's New States: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests [January 6, 2003]
"After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States recognized the independence of all the former Central Asian republics and established diplomatic relations with each by mid-March 1992. The United States also supported their admission to the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and other Western organizations, and elicited Turkish support in countering Iranian influence in the region. Congress was at the forefront in urging the formation of coherent U.S. policies for aiding these and other Eurasian states of the former Soviet Union, and approved the Freedom Support Act and other legislation for this purpose. After the terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001, all the Central Asian states offered overflight and other support to coalition anti-terrorist efforts in Afghanistan. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan have hosted coalition troops and provided access to airbases. Since then, the United States has boosted its security assistance throughout the region for anti-terrorism, counter-narcotics, non-proliferation, border and customs, and defense cooperation programs, while also increasing aid for democratization and free market reforms. U.S. policy goals in Central Asia include fostering stability, democratization, free market economies, free trade and transport throughout the Eurasian corridor, denuclearization in the non-Russian states, and adherence to international human rights standards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nichol, James P.
2003-01-06
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Combating Terrorism: A Proliferation of Strategies, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, March 3, 2003
From the opening statement of Christopher Shays: "Almost 2 years before the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, far more widely and succinctly known as the Gilmore Commission, concluded the United States lacked a coherent, functional national strategy to guide disparate counterterrorism efforts. In testimony before the subcommittee on March 26, 2001, the Commission's vice chairman said, 'a truly comprehensive national strategy will contain a high-level statement of national objectives coupled logically to a statement of the means used to achieve these objectives'. The Bush administration inherited a loose collection of Presidential directives and law enforcement planning documents used as a strategic framework, but that fragile construct collapsed with the World Trade Center on September 11th. The brutal nature of the terrorist threat shattered naive assumptions terrorists would be deterred by geographic, political, or moral borders. A new strategic paradigm was needed. Containment, deterrence, reaction and mutually assured destruction no longer served to protect the fundamental security interest of the American people. The threat demands detection, prevention, and a proactive, preemptive approach to self-defense." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Raymond Decker, James S. Gilmore, Andrew F. Krepinevich, Dennis J. Kucinich, John Newhouse, Michael E. O'Hanlon, and Christopher Shays.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Enhancing Border Security and Law Enforcement: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, April 10, 2002
From the opening statement of Mark E. Souder: "As policymakers have looked at ways to improve security at the border, a variety of significant, even sweeping changes have been suggested. These new proposals have involved both new technologies and new strategies to be used in inspections, in new organizational structures for agencies involved in border law enforcement. Four of these proposals merit special attention here today. First, the ramifications of moving our emphasis away from cargo inspections at the border toward inspections at the point of origin; In theory this would speed cargo through the ports of entry and eliminate what could be substantial delays as well as allow Customs inspectors to focus their inspection efforts on high risk cargo shipments. As the sheer volume of cargo shipments increases, it is clear that dramatically increasing pre-clearances will be required. Several issues need to be resolved, however. First, since these inspections must take place on foreign soil, how much control over the process can U.S. Customs officials actually exercise? Second, how will pre-cleared cargo be protected from tampering as it is transported to the United States? In addition, how will the extra cost of inspecting, protecting and monitoring pre-cleared cargo be allocated? Will the Federal Government pick up the tab or will the industry be forced to bear the cost and pass it on to American consumers? These and other questions must be answered before undertaking such a fundamental shift in law enforcement strategy." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Larry C. Johnson, Colleen M. Kelley, T.J. Bonner, Christopher Koch, John Simpson, Steve Russell, and Bonni Tischler.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Nonimmigrant Student Tracking: Implementation and Proposed Modifications: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives, one Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, April 2, 2003
Serial No. 8: This hearing addresses the problem of tracking foreign students studying in the U.S. on student visas, and the implementation of the Student and Exchange Visitors System to track foreign students. Following the September 11 attacks and the USA PATRIOT Act, Congress authorized more than $36 million to fully implement and expand the foreign student tracking system by January 1, 2003. In response to that mandate, the INS completed its development of the Student and Exchange Visitors System, or SEVIS. The agency required all schools that sought to admit foreign students to enroll in that system no later than January 30, 2003. As part of SEVIS enrollment, schools had to be recertified to accept non-immigrant students. Because of technical problems with SEVIS, the INS extended the deadline for enrollment in SEVIS to February 15, 2003. SEVIS is now operational and schools are now required to use the system in admitting new foreign students. By August 1, 2003, the INS has decreed information on all non-immigrant students currently attending school in the United States will be entered into the system. Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, Lamar Smith, Sheila Jackson Lee, Johnny N. Williams, Glenn A. Fine, Thomas P. Fischer, John Conyers, Jr., Zoe Lofgren, and David Ward.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Crossing the Line: A Study of the Legal Permissibility of Using Federalized Troops to Protect the Nation's Borders
"The attacks of 11 September 2001 showed that America has problems with its immigration system. The nineteen hijackers involved in these attacks took advantage of a problematic immigration system to penetrate the U.S. and wreak havoc. The porous border between the U.S. and its neighbors is another means by which terrorists can enter America. This thesis examined the legal permissibility of using federal troops to protect the nation's borders. It explored the growing problem American has with illegal immigration and how that problem is a threat to national security. The only viable solution to the border security problem is an increased presence along the border. The military is a source of manpower to supplement the United States Border Patrol (USBP). Asking federal troops to assist with border security, though, can create problems with the Posse Comitatus Act (PCA). This thesis used a legal methodology to examine this issue. The legal material analyzed in the course of this study showed that, barring a change in the PCA, the most that federal troops can provide is limited assistance. Based on these findings, the recommendation of this study is that federal troops and USBP agents work in concert to protect the nation's borders."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Deaile, Melvin G.
2003
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center: FY 2003 Annual Report
This Fiscal Year 2003 Annual Report provides an overview of the activities and programs which occurred at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) during the course of the year. More specifically, FLETC Director Connie L. Patrick states the following, "the emergence of the FLETC as a leader in our nation's efforts to combat terrorism and meet other pressing law enforcement challenges at home and abroad fulfills the vision of the Administration and Congress - a vision fully shared by my leadership team and the FLETC's 76 Partner Organizations. This report chronicles many of the developments of the past year which testify to this fact. On March 1, 2003, the FLETC officially transferred to the Department of Homeland Security, along with 21 other agencies possessing specialized assets and skills needed to support a national strategy to guard against terrorism. The move reflected the centrality of the FLETC's mission in support of that strategy. Working closely with our partners, the FLETC applied its unique skills to develop and implement several training programs specifically geared to meet the needs of law enforcement in the post-9/11 environment. Examples include a dedicated basic program for the newly created Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, and advanced programs in intelligence analysis and terrorist financing."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2003
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Nuclear Smuggling: Patterns and Responses
"Political and economic upheavals over the past decade have weakened the ability of Soviet successor states to monitor and control their potentially dangerous nuclear assets. A strong theoretical possibility exists, and has existed for some time, that nuclear material and even complete weapons could be removed from insecure stockpiles, trafficked abroad, and sold to virulently anti- Western states and groups. Several factors underscore the significance of this threat. One is the enormous quantity of former Soviet fissile material stored outside of weapons, some 600 to 650 tons scattered among 300 buildings at more than 50 nuclear facilities. A second factor relates to reputedly lax physical security and accounting systems at many nuclear weapons enterprises. A third is the depressed economic situation of employees in parts of the nuclear complex, reflected in relatively low pay, a shrinking social safety net, and uncertain professional prospects. These factors are widely believed to constitute a prime source of proliferation danger on the supply side. A fourth concern, frequently cited by US authorities, is that outside adversaries such as Iraq, Iran, and the al Qaeda organization have made efforts to acquire nuclear weapons or sufficient materials and expertise to make them. There seems little doubt that Russia's vast and troubled nuclear complex has been a target of such attempts, although adversaries also may have looked to other nuclear-armed states (such as Pakistan) to supply their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) requirements. Finally, existing US nuclear security programs have only modestly reduced the nuclear proliferation threat from Russia and other newly independent states (NIS). [...] The extraordinary length of Russia's border with neighboring countries, which runs some 12,000 miles, underscores the immense challenge of preventing clandestine exports of nuclear goods from that country."
Army War College (U.S.)
Lee, Rensselaer W., 1937-
2003
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Asian Security and Hong Kong's Role in the War on Global Terrorism
"Just as terrorism has increasingly acquired a global character, so too must our efforts to fight terrorism be coordinated on a global basis. Indeed, with globalization, both our economic well being and our security are now more closely intertwined than ever before. Today, the health of any nation's economy and the global economy is dependent on security, including the security of borders, transportation systems, computer networks, and mail systems. That is why security should be viewed not as an obstacle to economic activity, but as the foundation for it."
United States. Department of Defense
Juster, Kenneth I.
2003
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Department of Homeland Security and the Office of Inspector General
"On January 24, 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began operations. The creation of the department, representing the largest reorganization in Federal history since the creation of the Department of Defense in 1947, brings together 22 different Federal agencies and approximately 180,000 employees. The mission of the department (preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism, minimizing the death and destruction resulting from terrorist attacks, and assisting with the recovery from any such attack) is of paramount national importance. DHS is organized into five divisions or 'directorates.' The largest of the directorates, Border and Transportation Security, is responsible for maintaining the security of our nation's borders and transportation systems. It brings together the functions of the U.S. Customs Service, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the border security functions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The Emergency Preparedness and Response directorate works to ensure that our nation is prepared for and able to recover from terrorist attacks and natural disasters. It assumes the work and role of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and it absorbs the functions of the Office of Domestic Preparedness in the Department of Justice (Justice). The Science and Technology directorate houses the department's research and development activities, which are designed to find ways and means to thwart terrorist attacks and to minimize their effects."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
Ervin, Clark Kent
2003
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Serial No. 108-13: Cyber Security: The Challenges Facing our Nation in Critical Infrastructure Protection: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and the Census of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, April 8, 2003
Serial No. 108-13: This hearing follows as a series of planned meetings on cyber security perspectives and prospects, particularly in regards to the role that the automation of border security and other major operations could have in an unsafe technological setting. Statements, letters, and material submitted for the record include those of the following: Richard Clarke, Rhonda MacLean, Robert F. Dacey, Mark A. Forman, Adam H. Putnam, Thomas Pyke, and Michael A. Vatis.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Combating Terrorism: Protecting the United States, Parts I and II: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, March 12 & 21, 2002
From the opening statement of Christopher Shays: "How prepared are we for the next act of terrorism? Long before the events of September 11, 2001, panels of experts and special commissions identified critically needed actions to improve counterterrorism preparedness and response. The General Accounting Office, GAO and others, called for timely, integrated threat assessments and a comprehensive national strategy to combat terrorism as early as 1998. The U.S. Commission on National Security, 21st Century, also called the Hart-Rudman Commission, proposed creation of a cabinet level homeland security department to streamline and consolidate counterterrorism programs spread across more than 40 Federal departments and agencies. Governors and mayors joined the call for better first responder training and improved public health systems. In the wake of the airline and anthrax attacks last year, air travel has been made somewhat safer, border security strengthened, and medical stockpiles are being augmented. The President created the Office of Homeland Security, and Governor Ridge has as his first priority formulation of a national strategy framework for domestic preparedness and consequence management. But there are signs the passage of time and pictures of a war being fought on the other side of the world may be inducing a false sense of security here at home. All checked baggage on airlines is not yet being screened. Seaports remain avoidably vulnerable. Proposals to merge border security functions have met stubborn resistance." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Paul L. Bremer III, Randall J. Larsen, Joseph Cirincione, Henry L. Hinton, Frank Keating, Peter Verga, Kenneth O. Burris, James Caruso, Joseph R. Green, Stephen McHale, Edwin Meese III, William Raub, and Christopher Shays.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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John Allen Muhammad, Document Fraud, and the Western Hemisphere Passport Exception: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, May 13, 2003
From the opening statement of John N. Hostettler: "In the autumn of 2002, the Nation was shocked by a wave of shootings in the National Capital area. In a spree that lasted from October 2, 2002 through October 22, 2002, 13 people were shot, 10 of whom died from their wounds. On Thursday, October 24, 2002, troopers from the Maryland State Police and other law enforcement officials arrested two individuals - John Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo - outside Frederick, MD. The pair have subsequently been charged under multiple indictments in connection with those shootings. As the news of the arrests and the names of the suspects was broadcast worldwide, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda recognized that Muhammad and Malvo had been residents in that country. They determined also that Muhammad had received an Antiguan passport despite being a U.S. citizen. On October 28, 2002, the Attorney General of Antigua and Barbuda appointed a task force to look into the activities of Muhammad and Malvo while in Antigua. The task force was headed by Antiguan attorney John Fuller. On December 31, 2002, Mr. Fuller's task force released its support. He has graciously agreed to come to Washington and discuss the findings of that task force with the Subcommittee today, and we are appreciative, Mr. Fuller." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, Sheila Jackson Lee, Lamar Smith, Steve King, John E. Fuller, Robert J. Cramer, Roderick L. Beverly, and Sharon Palmer-Royston.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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S. Hrg. 108-173: NARCO-Terrorism: International Drug Trafficking and Terrorism--A Dangerous Mix: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, May 20, 2003
The problems of terrorism, drugs and international organized crime pose new and significant challenges to our country. As everyone knows, these problems occur across our borders and are less and less subject to control by nation states. Terrorists around the world and in every region appear to be increasing their involvement in the trafficking of illegal drugs, primarily as a source of financing for their terrorist operations. Narco-terrorists participate directly or indirectly in the cultivation, manufacture, transportation and/or distribution of controlled substances. Several terrorist groups provide security for drug traffickers transporting their products through territories under the control of terrorist organizations or their supporters. No matter what form it takes or the level of involvement in drug trafficking, several significant terrorist groups are reported to be relying on drug money as one of several significant funding sources. This hearing revolves around this conclusion: "If we really want to win the war against terrorism, we need to continue and expand our commitment to cutting off all sources of terrorism financing, including drug trafficking. By doing so, we will not only cut off an important source of funding for terrorists, but we will reduce the amount of illegal drugs that poison our communities." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph R. Biden, Orrin G. Hatch, Jon Kyl, Patrick J. Leahy, Steven W. Casteel, John P. Clark, Larry C. Johnson, Deborah McCarthy, Steven C. McCraw, and Raphael Perl.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Serial No. 29: Deadly Consequences of Illegal Alien Smuggling: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, June 24, 2003
Serial No. 20: From the opening statement of Hon. John Hostettler: "The recent tragic discovery of 17 dead illegal aliens in an abandoned truck trailer filled with more than 70 illegal aliens in Victoria, TX, has turned the spotlight onto alien smuggling once again. This tragedy was compounded when two more of these immigrants succumbed to their injuries. Unfortunately, border deaths of aliens trying to enter the United States illegally is not a new phenomenon; rather, the manner of death seems to have changed over the decades...We in Congress have to ask why would people place themselves in such jeopardy to get into this country? It seems clear that aliens who subject themselves to smuggling believe the benefits of jobs and eventual green cards outweigh the risks of being caught and deported." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, Sheila Jackson Lee, Jeff Flake, Linda T. Sanchez, Steve King, Lamar Smith, Jose Garza, Tom Homan, Peter Nunez, and Maria Jimenez.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Serial No. 34: Immigration Relief under the Convention against Torture for Serious Criminal and Human Rights Violators: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 11, 2003
From the opening statement of John N. Hostettler: "The United States signed the Convention Against Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in April 1988, and the Torture Convention was forwarded to the U.S. Senate for ratification, which occurred in October 1990. However, portions of the Convention Against Torture, or CAT, including the Article 3, the so-called ''nonrefoulement'' provision, were not self-executing. The implementing legislation became law in October 1998. The Justice Department's regulations, which created immigration relief under the convention, took effect in March 1999. With the new form of relief from deportation available in March 1999, many aliens who had exhausted and were ineligible for all other forms of deportation relief filed motions to reopen or remand their cases so that they could now claim that they would be tortured upon return to their country, and therefore could not be deported. From March 1999 through August 2002, the Justice Department adjudicated 53,471 alien applications for relief under the Convention Against Torture; 53,471 adjudications. Certainly a large number of criminal and illegal aliens are claiming they will be subject to torture. Only 1,741 aliens were granted CAT relief by immigration judges during those 3 1/2 years. Clearly many aliens are filing meritless claims and are using this international treaty as yet another immigration delay tactic to stay here in the U.S." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, Sheila Jackson Lee, Steve King, C. Stewart Verdery, Eli Rosenbaum, Dan Stein, Regina Germain, Richard Krieger, Morton Sklar, and Susan Benesch.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
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Serial No. 4: New York City's 'Sanctuary' Policy and the Effect of Such Policies on Public Safety, Law Enforcement, and Immigration: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, February 27, 2003
Serial No. 4: This hearing was held before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims on February 27, 2003, to examine New York City's policy on the NYPD's disclosure of immigration information to the INS. New York's Executive Order (E.O. 124) bars line officers from communicating directly with the INS about criminal aliens; however, two federal provisions preempt this order . This hearing examines whether New York City has continued the order, amended it, or eliminated it. It also examines guidance the city has sent to its officers on the street about reporting criminal aliens to the INS. Finally, the hearing explores what effect New York City sanctuary policy had on the fact that three illegal aliens with arrest histories had not been deported. Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: John N. Hostettler, Sheila Jackson Lee, Lamar Smith, John Feinblatt, Michael J. Cutler, John Nickell, Leslye E. Orloff, and John Conyers.
United States. Government Printing Office
2003
