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Intellectual Property Rights: Fiscal Year 2014 Seizure Statistics
From the Document: "Products that infringe on U.S. trademarks, copyrights, and patents threaten the health and safety of American consumers, our economy, and our national security. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) continued Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) enforcement against these illicit imports mitigates the financial and welfare risk. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 the number of IPR seizures decreased nearly 5% to 23,140 from 24,361 in FY 2013. The manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) of the goods had they been genuine decreased 30% to $1,226,347,540. Tactical interagency collaboration with the HSI-led National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center (IPR Center) resulted in 683 arrests, with 454 indictments and 461 convictions."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Office of Trade
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Intellectual Property Rights: Fiscal Year 2013 Seizure Statistics
From the Document: "Products that infringe on U.S. trademarks, copyrights, and patents threaten the health and safety of American consumers, our economy, and our national security. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) continued Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) enforcement against these illicit imports mitigates the financial and welfare risk. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 the number of IPR seizures increased nearly 7% to 24,361 from 22,848 in FY 2012. The manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) of the goods had they been genuine, increased 38% to $1,743,515,581. Tactical interagency collaboration led by the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center led to 693 arrests, 411 indictments, and 465 convictions for IPR crimes in FY 2013. Additionally, 1,413 domain names distributing counterfeit merchandise were seized, 35 exclusion order enforcement actions were completed and 20 shipments of circumvention devices were seized."
United States. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Office of Trade
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Guide to Rebuilding Governance in Stability Operations: A Role for the Military?
"In October 2008, the U.S. Army issued Field Manual 3.07, Stability Operations Doctrine, which identified five key sectors as components of an integrated approach to stabilization and reconstruction (S&R) operations--security, justice and reconciliation, humanitarian assistance and social well-being, participatory governance, and economic stabilization and infrastructure. Government, or governance, has a central role in assuring the successful end-states for transition in each of these sectors. This guide focuses on the military's role in rebuilding and establishing a functional, effective, and legitimate nation-state; one that can assure security and stability for its citizens, defend its borders, deliver services effectively for its populace, and is responsible and accountable to its citizens. Neither a handbook nor a checklist, the document provides a comprehensive approach to planning and implementing a program to rebuild governance by U.S. peacekeeping forces during stability operations. Recognizing that the extent of U.S. Government and military involvement is determined by the mandate, the mission, the level of resources and most importantly, the host country context, this guide provides options and trade-offs for U.S. forces in executing these operations."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Brinkerhoff, Derick W.; Hill, Richard; Johnson, Ronald W.
2009-06-18
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Coast Guard Journal of Safety & Security at Sea: Proceedings of the Marine Safety & Security Council [Volume 71, Number 3]
This edition of Coast Guard [USCG] Journal of Safety at Sea, Proceedings of the Marine Safety & Security Council focuses on "The USCG Western Hemisphere Strategy." Sections include: "Combating Networks and Securing Borders"; "Safeguarding Commerce"; "Connectivity"; "Ensuring Long-Term Success"; "Lessons Learned"; and "Deck."
United States. Coast Guard
2014
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Remarks on Signing a Message to the House of Representatives Returning Without Approval Legislation to Terminate the National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States and an Exchange with Reporters
From the Document: "As President, the protection of the Nation is my highest duty. Yesterday, Congress passed a dangerous resolution that, if signed into law, would put countless Americans in danger--very grave danger. The Democrat-sponsored resolution would terminate vital border security operations by revoking the national emergency issued last month. It is definitely a national emergency. Rarely have we had such a national emergency. Therefore, to defend the safety and security of all Americans, I will be signing and issuing a formal veto of this reckless resolution."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Trump, Donald, 1946-
2019-03-15
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Basra: Strategic Dilemmas and Force Options
From the Introduction: "On March 24, 2004, British Major General Robin Brims faced a difficult decision. In just four days, his 1st Armoured Division had traversed nearly one hundred miles from the Kuwait border, secured the Rumaila oil fields, had begun to secure the port of Umm Qasr, cleared the Al Faw Peninsula at the southern tip of Iraq, and surrounded Iraq's second largest city, crushing any organized resistance in the process. The first stage of British operations in the Iraq War was conducted almost flawlessly, with very slight casualties. But now, at the gates of Basra, Brims faced several daunting tasks, and competing pressures from the American military and his leadership in London; and every step he made was scrutinized by the British and international media. Basra presented difficult, if not insurmountable, strategic, operational, and tactical challenges."
National Defense University. Center for Technology and National Security Policy. Center for Complex Operations
Hodgson, John
2010
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H. Rept. 115-755: Joint Task Force to Combat Opioid Trafficking Act of 2018, Report to Accompany H.R. 5762, June 14, 2018
"H.R. 5762, the Joint Task Force to Combat Opioid Trafficking Act of 2018 provides the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with authorization to establish a Joint Task Force (JTF) to enhance the integration of DHS's border security operations to detect, interdict, disrupt, and prevent narcotics, such as fentanyl and other synthetic opioids, from entering the United States."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2018
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First Public Hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: Day Two, April 1, 2003 [Transcript]
This is the transcript of day two of the the first public hearing of the 9/11 Commission. Day two addressed the following topics: "Borders, Money, and Transportation Security" with testimony from Glenn Fine, Lee Wolosky and Gerald Dillingham; "Law Enforcement, Domestic Intelligence, and Homeland Security" with testimony from Michel Wermuth, Zoe Baird, and Randy Larsen; and "Immediate Response to the Attacks" with testimony from Shawn Kelley, William Baker, and Ken Holden.
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
2003-04-01
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Seventh Public Hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: Statement of Claudio Manno, January 27, 2004
The seventh public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States was held January 26-27, 2004 in Washington, DC. The two-day investigative hearing developed facts and circumstances relating to border and aviation security, two central aspects of the Commission's mandate. This testimony was part of a panel entitled "Aviation Security on 9/11: The Regulators". In this statement, Claudio Manno describes his role as Director of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Office of Intelligence and they received, assessed, and disseminated intelligence prior to the fall of 2001. He also focuses on how these processes have been improved and expanded since that time.
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
2004-01-27
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Seventh Public Hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States: Statement of Gerard J. Arpey, January 27, 2004
The seventh public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States was held January 26-27, 2004 in Washington, DC. The two-day investigative hearing developed facts and circumstances relating to border and aviation security, two central aspects of the Commission's mandate. This testimony was part of a panel entitled "Aviation Security on 9/11: The Airlines". In this statement , Gerard J. Arpey, President and Chief Executive Officer of AMR Corporation and American Airlines, discusses his role "in American's emergency response efforts and the other operational decisions made at American Airlines as the terrible events of September 11th unfolded."
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
2004-01-27
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MANPAD Threat to Civilian Airliners
"This paper investigates strategic approaches to combat the threat of Man Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS) to civilian airliners. The current technological approach being applied to defend airliners 'after' MANPAD employment merely addresses the tactical issue and allows adversaries a strategic advantage. The United States must strive to prevent and deter the threat from ever achieving the opportunity to launch in order to assure strategic success. This will require a multi-faceted approach that includes a robust and viable U.S. policy abroad, a layered and integrated intelligence and security system to screen our borders and our airports, and a flexible and tailored response should the threat penetrate these defenses. Detailed research probes the depth and breadth of U.S. foreign policies to manage MANPAD development, proliferation, and access by hostile groups and nations. It also covers the advancement of U.S. internal policies that conjoin intelligence and security initiatives to assure a seamless barrier to threats and their ability to achieve launch opportunities. While considering the significant negative economic impact on the airline industry, the paper concludes with a strategic solution to contend with the structural and systemic challenges of a MANPAD launch on a civilian airliner."
Army War College (U.S.)
Iiams, Kevin M.
2006-03
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 1684: Department of Homeland Security Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008
"H.R. 1684 would authorize the appropriation of $39.9 billion for fiscal year 2008 to fund operations of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The bill also would authorize the appropriation of $456 million over the 2009-2012 period for certain DHS programs. In addition, CBO estimates that the bill would authorize the appropriation of $40 million over the 2009-2012 period for several other programs within DHS. CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 1684 would cost $39.5 billion over the 2008-2012 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. We estimate that enacting the legislation would increase revenues by $19 million over the 2008-2012 period and $46 million over the 2008-2017 period by allowing Customs and Border Protection officers to increase contributions to their retirement funds. Enacting the bill could affect direct spending, but we estimate that any such effects would not be significant."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2007-03-28
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H. Rept. 115-914, Part 1: United States Ports of Entry Threat and Operational Review Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 6400, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, September 4, 2018
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 6400, the United States Ports of Entry Threat and Operational Review Act is to require the Secretary of Homeland Security to conduct a threat and operational analysis of all United States air, land, and sea ports, followed by a strategy and implementation plan. The analysis will include an assessment of current and potential threats posed by individuals and organized groups seeking to exploit security vulnerabilities at ports of entry (POE), and methods and pathways used by such individuals and groups. In addition, this assessment will identify improvements needed at POEs to prevent the unlawful movement of people, illicit drugs, and other contraband across the U.S. border, and to reduce wait times. Personnel, technology, and infrastructure needs and estimated costs will also be considered in the analysis."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2018-09-04
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Report on Progress toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan: June 2008 Report to Congress in Accordance with the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act (Section 1230, Public Law 110-181)
This report published by the Department of Defense [DOD] for Congress, "includes a description of the comprehensive strategy of the United States for security and stability in Afghanistan. This report is the first in a series of reports required every 180 days through fiscal year 2010 and has been prepared in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Director of National Intelligence, the Attorney General, the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the Secretary of Agriculture. This assessment complements other reports and information about Afghanistan provided to the Congress; however, it is not intended as a single source of all information about the combined efforts or the future strategy of the United States, its Coalition Partners, or Afghanistan. The information contained in this report is current as of April 10, 2008. [...] After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States and our international partners toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, ending years of brutal misrule and denying al Qaeda a safe haven from which to launch its attacks. The United States is committed to helping Afghanistan recover from decades of strife, and preventing it from ever again becoming a safe haven for terrorists. Our strategic goals remain that Afghanistan is: 1) a reliable, stable ally in the War on Terror; 2) moderate and democratic, with a thriving private sector economy; 3) capable of governing its territory and borders; and 4) respectful of the rights of all its citizens. Achieving these goals requires the application of a whole-of-government approach, along multiple lines of operation, including security, governance, and development. This report describes both the progress we are making in achieving our national objectives, and the challenges we continue to face."
United States. Department of Defense
2008-06-27
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CBP Information Technology Management: Strengths and Challenges (Redacted)
"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) was established by the 'Homeland Security Act of 2002' (Public Law 107-296) by amendment to the 'Inspector General Act of 1978'. This is one of a series of audit, inspection, and special reports prepared as part of our oversight responsibilities to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness within the Department. This report addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's [CBP] Office of Information and Technology. It is based on interviews with employees and officials of relevant agencies and institutions, direct observations, and a review of applicable documents. The recommendations herein have been developed to the best knowledge available to our office, and have been discussed in draft with those responsible for implementation. We trust this report will result in more effective, efficient, and economical operations. We express our appreciation to all of those who contributed to the preparation of this report."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2012-06
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SLGCP Commercial Equipment Direct Assistance Program (CEDAP) [March 22, 2005]
"The Systems Support Division (SSD) in SLGCP [State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness] is launching the Commercial Equipment Direct Assistance Program (CEDAP) to provide smaller law enforcement and emergency responder agencies with equipment items that will enhance and support regional response, mutual aid, and interoperability of responder equipment. CEDAP is being offered in two phases in fiscal year (FY) 2005. The first phase allows SLGCP to provide applicants with equipment already on Federal contract and is limited to personal protective equipment, detection and sensor devices, information sharing software for law enforcement operations, and communications interoperability systems. Eligible applicants include jurisdictions not currently receiving funding from UASI [Urban Areas Security Initiative]. Jurisdictions in suburban, rural, and border areas are encouraged to apply for equipment that will be used to respond through mutual aid and to protect infrastructure in those jurisdictions. 'This pilot program will meet the special needs of smaller communities to ensure our preparedness efforts reach all of America.' said Matt A. Mayer, Acting Executive Director of the Office for State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office for Domestic Preparedness
Mayer, Matt A.
2005-03-22
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U.S. and Canada Announce the Release of the Beyond the Border: Statement of Privacy Principles [June 28, 2012]
On June 28, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "The United States and Canada today announced they are delivering on key commitments under the U.S.-Canada Beyond the Border Action Plan by releasing a joint Statement of Privacy Principles. These principles reflect the commitment of the United States and Canada to protecting privacy, and underscore the importance of information sharing to the security of both nations."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office
2012-06-28
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Readout of Secretary Napolitano's Visit to São Paulo [July 12, 2012]
On July 12, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, U.S. Customs and Border Protection Acting Commissioner David V. Aguilar and Assistant Secretary for International Affairs Alan Bersin today were in São Paulo, Brazil where they met with international counterparts and the American Chamber of Commerce."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office
2012-07-12
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Readout of Secretary Napolitano's Visit to Texas [June 30, 2012]
On June 30, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Director John Morton and U.S. Customs and Border Protection Acting Commissioner David V. Aguilar today traveled to Dallas to participate in the 39th Annual National Latino Peace Officers Association's (NLPOA) Training Conference. Secretary Napolitano delivered remarks highlighting the Department's commitment to collaborating with federal, state, local, tribal and territorial law enforcement to combat evolving threats and protect our nation's communities."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office
2012-06-30
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Readout of Secretary Napolitano's Visit to the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico [July 13, 2012]
On July 13, 2012, the Department of Homeland Security issued the following press release: "Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Acting Commissioner David V. Aguilar and Assistant Secretary for International Affairs Alan Bersin traveled to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and San Juan, Puerto Rico today."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Press Office
2012-07-13
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Plant Protection and Quarantine Strategic Plan FY 2005-2009
"This plan sets forth the plant protection and quarantine (PPQ) mission and vision, identifies challenges and critical issues, and sets direction by providing long-term goals, and strategies that will guide our activities over the next several years. The events of September 11, 2001 significantly changed the way that the APHIS does business. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); APHIS contribution of over 2,600 of its port of entry inspectors and associated staff to DHS Customs and Border Protection (CBP); a new emphasis on national protection against agroterrorism and bioterrorism; and PPQs need to develop increased capacity to respond to both emergencies and emerging issues has stretched APHIS capacity to the limit."
United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2005-03-31
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Protecting the Integrity of Internet Routing: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Route Origin Validation
From the Executive Summary: "This NIST [National Institute of Standards and Technology] Cybersecurity Practice Guide demonstrates how networks can protect BGP routes from vulnerability to route hijacks by using available security protocols, products, and tools to perform BGP [Border Gateway Protocol] ROV [route origin validation] to reduce route hijacking threats. The example implementation described in this guide aims to protect the integrity and improve the resiliency of internet traffic exchange by verifying the source of the route."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Montgomery, Doug; Barker, William C.; Tan, Allen . . .
2019-06
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Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Measuring Progress and Addressing Potential Privacy Concerns Would Facilitate Integration into the National Airspace System, Report to Congressional Requesters [Updated September 18, 2012]
"UAS [Unmanned Aircraft Systems] do not carry a pilot on board, but instead operate on pre-programmed routes and by following commands from pilot-operated ground stations. UAS can be small, generally 55 pounds or less, or large. Current domestic uses include law enforcement, forest fire monitoring, border security, weather research, and scientific data collection. However, current uses are limited. FAA [Federal Aviation Administration] authorizes UAS operations on a case-by-case basis after conducting a safety review. FAA and the other federal agencies that have a role or interest in UAS are working to provide routine access for UAS into the national airspace system. As requested, this report discusses (1) the status of obstacles identified in GAO's [Government Accountability Office] 2008 report to integrate UAS into the national airspace system, (2) FAA's progress in meeting its congressional requirements for UAS, and (3) emerging issues. GAO reviewed and analyzed documents and interviewed relevant government, academic, and private-sector entities, as well as UAS users and civil liberties organizations. […] FAA should incorporate regular monitoring of its efforts to assess progress toward fulfilling its statutory requirements. FAA, DHS, and DOJ [Department of Justice] should explore whether any actions are needed to guide the collection and use of UAS-acquired data. GAO provided a draft of this report to officials at DOT [Department of Transportation], DHS, DOJ, and three other agencies. DHS and DOJ concurred with the recommendation; DOT officials agreed to consider the recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2012-09-18
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 2750, Operation Stonegarden Authorization Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office [CBO] Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on November 6, 2019. From the Document: "S. 2750 would codify Operation Stonegarden, a grant program administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Under the program, FEMA awards grants to state and tribal law enforcement agencies to enhance security along the nation's borders and to improve coordination between those agencies and the federal government. The bill would authorize the appropriation of $110 million annually through 2024 to award grants. CBO assumes that the bill will be enacted in 2020. In 2020, FEMA received appropriations totaling $90 million to administer the program, thus, CBO estimates $20 million of that total authorization would remain effective in 2020. Using information provided by FEMA, CBO estimates that, implementing S. 2750 would cost $412 million over the 2020-2025 period and $49 million after 2025, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-01-29
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Gamberi Afghan National Army Garrison: Site Grading and Infrastructure Maintenance Problems Put Facilities at Risk
"The Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan, through the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund, provided $129.8 million to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Afghanistan Engineer District-North (TAN) to construct an Afghan National Army (ANA) garrison in Gamberi, located in Nangarhar province on Afghanistan's eastern border. As part of its inspections program, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) conducted an inspection to follow up on actions USACE-TAN took in response to an open recommendation in SIGAR Audit-10- 10, 'ANA Garrison at Gamberi Appears Well Built Overall but Some Construction Issues Need to Be Addressed,' dated April 30, 2010. During that audit, SIGAR found several problems with flood control measures, site grading, and a deteriorating bridge. For example, SIGAR reported that the poor grading at the construction site could result in the accumulation of water around buildings and, if not addressed, could lead to flooding after a significant rainfall. Accordingly, this inspection assessed the actions taken by USACE-TAN to correct or mitigate site grading and infrastructure maintenance problems at the ANA garrison at Gamberi. SIGAR also inspected a new culvert under construction that was being built to replace the deteriorating bridge near the entrance to the garrison."
United States. Office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction
2012-10
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US-Pakistan Strategic Dialogue: A Track-Two Dialogue for Long-Term Security Cooperation, Fifth Iteration
"Pakistan continues to exist in a regional security conundrum. The numerous events that have transpired over the course of this past year have only deepened the significance of three main concerns during the 2009 dialogue: intensity of terrorist incidents within Pakistani borders; the perilous situation in Afghanistan; and the implications of expanding US-India strategic partnership. All three areas have continued down an untenable path as far as Pakistan is concerned, which led to focused attention on the following core themes in this year's dialogue: the Asian power balance and strategic stability in the years ahead; mutual threat perceptions and regional strategic stability; military modernization and imbalances; and the deterrence construct between India and Pakistan. Additionally, participants from both the US and Pakistan expressed concern over the long-term outcomes of NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] actions in Afghanistan, to include the potential drawdown of US forces. These factors, coupled with the catastrophic floods that have displaced more than 25 million people (a number comparable to the population of California), have only exacerbated the political and economic pressures placed upon the Pakistani government and military, while simultaneously adding fuel to the extremist narrative." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.
United States. Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Khan, Feroz Hassan, 1952-; Masellis, Nick M.
2010-10
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Technical Security Evaluation of DHS Components at O'Hare Airport (Redacted)
"This report addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the information security controls implemented by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Transportation Security Administration based on guidance provided by the Office of the Chief Information Officer. It is based on interviews with employees and officials of relevant agencies and institutions, direct observations, and a review of applicable documents."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
2012-03
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Reframing Financial Sector Identity: Options For Reducing Mexican Drug Cartel Economic Power
From the thesis abstract: "Recent analyses of Mexican drug cartels' societal control and challenge to security reveal an insurgency in the making. More dangerous is the fact that the cartels are the most successful transnational criminal organization in history. Their strength comes not only from the ability to inflict harm or deliver tons of drugs. This paper argues their greatest source of power is monetary. Analysis shows Mexican drug cartels have a mature economic model that leverages the informal economy and includes a broad base of business ownership, and depth in assets beyond drug trade. Of greater concern, the cartels have a wide span of control in banking and finance. A proper understanding of these financial networks is needed because both the U.S. and Mexico are failing to control the fiscal batttlespace. The paper reveals Mexican laws and regulations still lack basic international standards and also highlights that banking controls in both countries are vulnerable. Finally, the paper argues that renewed government and private sector partnership and investment are needed to replace the drug cartel's financial culture with a new identity that permeates the banking sector. Without fundamental cultural change and resolution of gaps in regulation, the cartel business enterprise will continue to enable security challenges on both sides of the border."
Naval War College (U.S.). Joint Military Operations Department
Cunningham, William Scott
2012-01-15
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National Intelligence Estimate: Global Infectious Disease Threat and Its Implications for the United States
"This [National Intelligence Estimate] report represents an important initiative on the part of the Intelligence Community to consider the national security dimension of a nontraditional threat. It responds to a growing concern by senior US leaders about the implications-in terms of health, economics, and national security-of the growing global infectious disease threat. The dramatic increase in drugresistant microbes, combined with the lag in development of new antibiotics, the rise of megacities with severe health care deficiencies, environmental degradation, and the growing ease and frequency of cross-border movements of people and produce have greatly facilitated the spread of infectious diseases."
National Intelligence Council (U.S.)
2000-01
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S. Rept. 116-267: Securing America's Ports Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 5273, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, September 9, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of H.R. 5273, the Securing America's Ports Act, is to enhance border security by increasing the rate of high throughput scanning for commercial and passenger vehicles and freight rail traffic entering the United States."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-09-09