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Privacy Compliance Review of the 2010 Winter Olympics Social Media Event Monitoring Initiative and Haiti Social Media Disaster Monitoring Initiative

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"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Operations Coordination and Planning (OPS), including the National Operations Center (NOC), launched the Social Networking/Media Capability (SNMC) to assist DHS and its components involved in the response, recovery, and rebuilding effort resulting from the earthquake and after-effects in Haiti as well as the security, safety, and border control associated with the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia (BC). In compliance with its statutory obligation, OPS, through SNMC Analysts in the NOC, monitored publicly available online forums, blogs, public websites, and message boards to collect information used in providing situational awareness and establishing a common operating picture. The DHS Privacy Office (PRIV) conducted a Privacy Compliance Review (PCR) of SNMC Analyst activities, as outlined in both the Haiti Social Media Disaster Monitoring Initiative PIA (January 21, 2010) and 2010 Winter Olympics Social Media Event Monitoring Initiative PIA (February 10, 2010). At the time of the PCR, PRIV found that SNMC activities substantially complied with the stated privacy parameters set forth in the underlying PIAs. However, OPS/NOC had not yet finalized a records retention schedule for SNMC Analyst-generated data including, but not limited to, New Media Monitoring Capability Reports. Since there may be personally identifiable information (PII) in SNMC Analyst-generated data and reports, clearly defining how long that data will be retained is key to minimizing privacy impact. Subsequent to the PCR, OPS/NOC has finalized a records retention schedule. PRIV will re-evaluate the records retention schedule as well as conduct a more in-depth review of websites and the applicable social media Internet-based platforms and information technology infrastructure that have been monitored during the scheduled November 2010 follow-up PCR."

United States. Department of Homeland Security

2010-08-23
Civil-Military Collaboration to Address Adaptation to Climate Change in South America

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"The economic vitality of the South American region is threatened by the effects of climate change. Successful adaptation measures may require multilateral cooperation to preempt these destabilizing effects before they impact on government legitimacy and threaten regional security. While civilian agencies will normally be the lead for proactively addressing climate change adaptation, they may be insufficient, or absent in distant frontier and border areas where only the military is present. Creating climate change resilience will require interagency cooperation. Thus, climate change adaptation roles and missions reinforce the concept of military support to civilian authority and promote multilateral cooperation. What can regional militaries do to help their countries deal with climate change effects that threaten their security? Climate change often exacerbates existing environmental crises such as drought, water scarcity and soil degradation, intensify land use conflicts (especially in the Andean and Amazon Regions) and trigger environmentally induced migration. Glaciers are retreating and natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes are becoming more frequent and severe in South America, exacting a heavy toll on the population and the economic infrastructure of the region. Development processes need to include risk mitigation. Increased population growth, the acceleration of urbanization, environmental degradation, and poverty increase economic and political vulnerability. Food, water and energy security are all part of this human security panorama. The inability to manage the access to and quality of water, vulnerability of the territories, climatic variability, and food scarcity are common problems for many of the countries of the region, which are in dire need to improve their capacity to adapt to these changes. In efforts to address these regional concerns, the U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) co-hosted two climate change-related events in South America. The first one in Colombia was focused on climate change adaptation, and the second in Peru was focused on low carbon sustainable economies, both events emphasizing civil-military collaboration on the issues."

Army War College (U.S.). Center for Strategic Leadership

Ramirez, Marcela; Butts, Kent Hughes

2011-03
State-Building Challenges in a Post-Revolution Libya

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"A peaceful transition to a new form of government in Libya is of vital importance not only to the people of Libya, but to neighboring countries--and to security in the broad sense much farther afield. Yet, at the time of this writing, the new interim leadership remains fragile, with limited capacity and sovereignty, and the inability to enforce security is still a critical challenge. There is a risk of conditions being created that could lead to Libya becoming a fragile or indeed a failed state. Despite the mitigation of the threat from supporters of the old regime, the interim government has no monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. The security risks of Libya's uncontrolled armed militias are not restricted to within national borders. By jeopardizing state-building efforts, clashes between militias or between militias and government authorities threaten to undermine the security of neighboring countries and the international community. Risks include renewed waves of refugee flows to Tunisia, Egypt, and across the Mediterranean to Italy and beyond, and continuing disruption to oil production, which will once again deprive the international market of Libyan oil and harm the economic interests of U.S. and European companies. Furthermore, the current lack of a capable national army leaves Libya an open playing field to be exploited by international criminal or terrorist groups active in the region."

Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute

El-Katiri, Mohammed

2012-10
H. Rept. 116-394: Securing America's Ports Act, Report to Accompany H.R. 5273, February 6, 2020

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From the Purpose and Summary: "H.R. 5273, the 'Securing America's Ports Act' was introduced to improve border security at land ports of entry by increasing the inspection rate of commercial and passenger vehicles entering the U.S. with non-intrusive inspection (NII) systems or similar technology. The bill requires the Secretary of Homeland Security (the Secretary) to develop a plan with incremental timeframes, cost estimates, and projected impacts of increasing expeditious scanning rates of vehicles to 100 percent at each land port of entry. The measure also directs the Department of Homeland Security (the Department or DHS) to conduct research and development of NII systems and refine their operational use in furtherance of the plan. The Secretary must also report annually to Congress on the Department's progress implementing its plan until it has achieved 100 percent scanning of commercial and passenger vehicles."

United States. Government Publishing Office

2020-02-06
How to Improve Security Outcomes During a Pandemic? Start with a Gender Lens

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From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has demonstrated the measures governments are willing to take to safeguard the security of their citizens. Actions previously considered unthinkable: shuttering restaurants and places of social gathering, closing borders, and shelter-in-place orders, have been implemented in order to save lives and limit the spread of the disease. But whose security is actually being safeguarded? Whose needs and interests are being heard and prioritized? Whose are being overlooked? And what does this mean for the enduring security of states? To answer these questions, one must consider security through a gender lens."

Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies

Fiest, Sharon Gouveia; Herrera, Monica S.

2020-04
H.R. 5005, the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Days 1 and 2, Hearing Before the Select Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, July 15 and 16, 2002

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From the opening statement of J.C. Watts, Jr.: "During my first year in the House of Representatives, the Oklahoma City bombing created a wake-up call on the need for a plan of action against domestic terrorism. During my last term here in Congress, the attacks on September 11, 2001, have forever changed the world and again demonstrated why the government must change the way we view threats to our homeland. […] I was pleased when President Bush called last month for the creation of a Department of Homeland Security, and I am thankful Speaker Hastert had the good judgment to create this committee. […] The Select Committee has offered a fair, open and bipartisan process for members to express their views as we discuss the proposal put forth by the President. George Mason, the Virginian and who made the case for the Bill of Rights to our Constitution, wrote, 'government is, or ought to be instituted for the common benefit, protection and security of the people, Nation or community.' Mr. Chairman, we need to secure our borders as we secure our liberty. We must protect our rights as Americans and as our government protects our freedom. But while we think outside the box in order to promote these values each of us holds dear, we must never think outside the parameters of the United States Constitution." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: J.C. Watts, Jr., Tom Ridge, Ann Veneman, Norman Y. Mineta, Tommy G. Thompson, Spencer Abraham, Kay Cole James, Mac Thornberry, Jane Harman, Jim Gibbons, Ellen O. Tauscher, F. James Sensenbrenner, Bobby L. Harnage, Sr., and Colleen M. Kelly.

United States. Government Printing Office

2002
Privacy Impact Assessment for the US-VISIT Five Country Joint Enrollment

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"The United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) Program of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) publishes this privacy impact assessment (PIA) to cover a new, systematic, and long-term information-sharing project with trusted partner nations for immigration purposes. The Five Country Conference (FCC) is a forum for co-operation on migration and border security, between the countries of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. The FCC Information-Sharing Project is a partnership among all the members of the FCC that is aligned with the DHS mission as well as the US-VISIT Strategic Plan because it will help identify individuals whose identities were previously unknown and by doing so, improve national security in support of DHS-wide initiatives and other mission goals."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Privacy Office

2009-11-02
Department of Homeland Security (Fiscal Year 2019 Congressional Justification)

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From the Overview: "The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) mission is to safeguard the American people, our homeland, and our values with honor and integrity. The men and women of this Department are charged with protecting our country, our people, and our way of life from an ever-growing list of threats--terrorists, transnational criminal organizations, rogue nation states, and more. Although our great Nation is shielded from threats by distance and two oceans, we can no longer rely on that protection; threats exist both outside and inside our borders. Threats to our safety and security are constantly evolving, and require continuous risk assessments and adaptive strategies to effectively address them. The men and women at DHS demonstrate agility and dedication to our mission by protecting our Nation from threats by land, sea, air, and cyber. [...] Capitalizing on the many strengths of the organization, DHS attempts to build efficiencies in our mission operations to increase the protection and services provided to the American people."

United States. Department of Homeland Security

2018-02-09?
Department of Homeland Security Summary of Performance and Financial Information: Fiscal Year 2016

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From the Document: "The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has a fundamental duty--to secure the Nation from the many threats we face. This requires the dedication of more than 240,000 employees in jobs that range from aviation and border security to emergency response, from cybersecurity analyst to chemical facility inspector. [...] When reviewing the results at the close of FY 2016, 66 percent of the Department's strategic measures met their targets and 71 percent of measures sustained or improved performance from FY 2015."

United States. Department of Homeland Security

2016-09-14
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report - 166

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From the Highlights: "WHO [World Health Organization] is providing support to bridge a shortfall in oxygen supplies in Iraq. To counter severe shortages, WHO has airlifted 300 oxygen concentrators from WHO's warehouses in the United Arab Emirates. As African countries begin to reopen borders and air spaces, it is crucial that governments take effective measures to mitigate the risk of a surge in infections. The UN Secretary-General, Mr António Guterresin his remarks to the Security Council on the Maintenance of International Peace and Security warned that the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has been affecting peace and security around the world. He stated that 'Collective security and our shared well-being are under assault on many fronts led by a relentless disease and abetted by global fragilities.' In Yemen, healthcare workers face a double battle - COVID-19 in a conflict zone. WHO chronicles the work of Dr Sami Al Hajj, a young doctor working at the Science and Technology Hospital in Sana."

World Health Organization

2020-07-04
Homeland Security Department: FY2011 Appropriations [December 23, 2010]

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"This report describes the FY2011 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a net appropriation of $45.0 billion in budget authority for FY2011. This amounts to a $1.1 billion, or a 2.4% increase from the $43.9 billion enacted for FY2010. Total budget authority requested by the Administration for DHS for FY2011 amounts to $52.6 billion as compared to $51.7 billion enacted for FY2010. Net requested appropriations for major agencies within DHS were as follows: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), $9,809 million; Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), $5,524 million; Transportation Security Administration (TSA), $5,729 million; Coast Guard, $9,867 million; Secret Service, $1,570 million; National Protection & Programs Directorate, $2,362 million; Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), $7,294 million; Science and Technology, $1,018 million; and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, $306 million."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lake, Jennifer E.

2010-12-23
Homeland Security Department: FY2011 President's Request for Appropriations [April 15, 2010]

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"This report describes the FY2011 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a net appropriation of $45.0 billion in budget authority for FY2011. This amounts to a $1.1 billion, or a 2.4% increase from the $43.9 billion enacted for FY2010. Total budget authority requested by the Administration for DHS for FY2011 amounts to $52.6 billion as compared to $51.7 billion enacted for FY2010. Net requested appropriations for major agencies within DHS were as follows: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), $9,809 million; Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), $5,524 million; Transportation Security Administration (TSA), $5,729 million; Coast Guard, $9,867 million; Secret Service, $1,570 million; National Protection & Programs Directorate, $2,362 million; Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), $7,294 million; Science and Technology, $1,018 million; and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, $306 million."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lake, Jennifer E.; Haddal, Chad C.

2010-04-15
Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests [March 11, 2010]

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"The Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) face common security challenges from crime, corruption, terrorism, and faltering commitments to economic and democratic reforms. […] After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, the former Bush Administration established bases and other military access in the region to support U.S.-led coalition operations in Afghanistan. The Obama Administration has highlighted U.S. interests in such continued access as well as the long-term security and stability of the region. U.S. interests in Central Asia include combating terrorism, drug production, and trafficking; assisting the development of oil and other resources; and fostering democratization, human rights, free markets, and trade. The United States also seeks to thwart dangers posed to its security by the illicit transfer of strategic missile, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons technologies, materials, and expertise to terrorist states or groups, and to address threats posed to regional independence by Iran. […] Most in Congress have supported U.S. assistance to bolster independence and reforms in Central Asia. The 106th Congress authorized a 'Silk Road' initiative for greater policy attention and aid for democratization, market reforms, humanitarian needs, conflict resolution, transport infrastructure (including energy pipelines), and border controls. The 108th and subsequent Congresses have imposed conditions on foreign assistance to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, based on their human rights records. Congress has continued to debate the balance between U.S. security interests in the region and interests in democratization and the protection of human rights."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Nichol, James P.

2010-03-11
National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan to the National Strategy for Maritime Security

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From the Introduction: "This plan articulates how the United States government can best buy down the potential catastrophic risks to national security and economic prosperity caused by MTS [Maritime Transportation System] operators' increasing reliance on IT [information technology] and OT [operational technology], while still promoting maritime commerce efficiency and reliability. The National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan (Plan) for the National Strategy for Maritime Security (NSMS) integrates cybersecurity into the NSMS's principles of: (1) Freedom of the seas; (2) Facilitation and defense of commerce to ensure the uninterrupted flow of shipping, and (3) Facilitation of the movement of desirable goods and people across our borders, while screening out dangerous people and material."

United States. White House Office

2020-12
Issues in Homeland Security Policy for the 113th Congress [February 27, 2013]

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"This report outlines an array of homeland security issues that may come before the 113th Congress. After a brief discussion of the overall homeland security budget, the report divides the specific issues into five broad categories: [1] Counterterrorism and Security Management, [2] Border Security and Trade, [3] Immigration, [4] Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery, and [5] Departmental Management. Each of those areas contains a survey of topics briefly analyzed by Congressional Research Service [CRS] experts. The information included only scratches the surface on most of these issues. More detailed information can be obtained by consulting the CRS reports referenced herein, or by contacting the relevant CRS expert."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.

2013-03-01
Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 112th Congress [September 30, 2011]

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"Despite President Obama's calls for a national conversation on immigration reform, immigration has not been a front-burner issue for the 112th Congress. The 112th Congress, however, has taken legislative action on some measures containing provisions on a range of immigration-related topics. The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112- 10) includes a provision terminating a special refugee provision known as the Lautenberg amendment. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Appropriations Act, 2012 (H.R. 2017), as passed by the House and reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, contains border security-related provisions on staffing at ports of entry and enforcement activities between ports of entry. The House has passed legislation to reauthorize the H-1C temporary worker category for nurses coming to work in medically underserved areas in the United States (H.R. 1933). It also has passed legislation concerning military service-based immigration benefits (H.R. 398). [...] This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that have received legislative action or are of significant congressional interest in the 112th Congress. DHS appropriations are addressed in CRS Report R41982, Homeland Security Department: FY2012 Appropriations, and, for the most part, are not covered here."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Ester, Karma; Bruno, Andorra; Manuel, Kate

2011-09-30
Homeland Security Department: FY2012 Appropriations [February 21, 2012]

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"This report describes the FY2012 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a total appropriation (mandatory and discretionary) of $45,015 million in budget authority for FY2012. This amounts to a $1,610 million, or a 3.7%, increase from the $43,405 million enacted for FY2011 through the continuing resolution (P.L. 112-10). Total budget authority, including appropriations, fee revenues, and trust funds in the Administration's budget request for DHS for FY2012 amounts to $57,079 million as compared to $55,783 million enacted for FY2011. Net requested appropriations for major agencies within DHS were as follows: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), $10,372 million; Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), $5,494 million; Transportation Security Administration (TSA), $5,514 million; Coast Guard, $8,677 million; Secret Service, $1,699 million; National Protection & Programs Directorate, $1,268 million; Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), $6,789 million (later amended by a supplemental request to $11,389 million); Science and Technology, $1,176 million; and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, $332 million."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lake, Jennifer E.; Painter, William L.

2012-02-21
Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 112th Congress [January 12, 2012]

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"Despite President Obama's calls for a national conversation on immigration reform, immigration has not been a front-burner issue for the 112th Congress. The 112th Congress, however, has taken legislative action on some measures containing provisions on a range of immigration-related topics. The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112- 10) terminated a special refugee provision known as the Lautenberg amendment. This amendment was subsequently re-enacted for FY2012 [Fiscal Year 2012] by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112- 74). P.L. 112-74 also contains provisions on border security and other issues. P.L. 112-58, a narrow immigration law, concerns military service-based immigration benefits. The House has passed the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2011 (H.R. 3012), which would make changes to permanent employment-based and family-based admissions. It also has passed legislation to reauthorize the H-1C temporary worker category for nurses coming to work in medically underserved areas in the United States (H.R. 1933). In other action on immigration-related legislation, the House Judiciary Committee has reported or ordered reported bills on electronic employment eligibility verification (H.R. 2885), immigrant detention (H.R. 1932), visa security (H.R. 1741), and the diversity visa (H.R. 704). Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee have reported bills on victims of trafficking (H.R. 2830, S. 1301), and the House Natural Resources Committee has reported a bill concerning foreign residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a U.S. territory in the Pacific. In addition, House and Senate committees and subcommittees have held hearings on a number of immigration-related issues. This report discusses immigration-related issues that have received legislative action or are of significant congressional interest in the 112th Congress. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations are addressed in CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report R41982, Homeland Security Department: FY2012 Appropriations, and, for the most part, are not covered here."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Bruno, Andorra

2012-01-12
Canada-U.S. Relations [April 5, 2012]

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"Relations between the United States and Canada, though generally close, have undergone changes in tenor over the past three decades. During the 1980s, the two countries generally enjoyed very good relations. The early 1990s brought new governments to Ottawa and Washington, and although Canada's Liberal Party emphasized its determination to act independently of the United States when necessary, relations continued to be cordial. In early 2006, a minority Conservative government assumed power in Ottawa. It was regarded as being more philosophically in tune with the George W. Bush Administration than the Liberals had been; some observers believe that this compatibility helped facilitate bilateral cooperation. This cooperation has continued with the election of President Obama in November 2008, despite the differences in the two leaders' governing philosophies. The two North American countries continue to cooperate widely in international security and political issues, both bilaterally and through numerous international organizations. Canada's foreign and defense policies are usually in harmony with those of the United States. Areas of contention have been relatively few, but sometimes sharp, as was the case in policy toward Iraq. Since September 11, the United States and Canada have cooperated extensively on efforts to strengthen border security and to combat terrorism, particularly in Afghanistan. Both countries were also active participants in the U.N. [United Nations-sanctioned NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] mission in Libya. […] This report begins with a short overview of Canada's political scene, economic conditions, security and foreign policy, and environmental initiatives, focusing particularly on issues that may be relevant to U.S. policymakers. This country survey is followed by several summaries of current bilateral issues in the political, international security, trade, and environmental arenas. The questions following each summary are designed as potential inquiries to Canadian officials to promote thought and discussion among policymakers."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Ek, Carl; Fergusson, Ian F.

2012-04-05
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: A Summary of the House-Passed and Senate-Reported Bills for FY2013 [June 12, 2012]

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"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations bill includes funding for all components and functions of DHS, including Customs and Border Protection (CBP); Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); the Transportation Security Administration (TSA); Coast Guard (USCG); Secret Service (USSS); the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD), which includes Infrastructure Protection and Information Security (IPIS) and the Federal Protective Service (FPS); the Office of Health Affairs (OHA); the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC); the Science and Technology directorate (S&T); the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO); departmental management, Analysis and Operations (A&O), and the Office of the Inspector General (OIG). For FY2013, the Administration requested $39.510 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority for DHS, as part of an overall budget of $59.501 billion (including fees, trust funds, and other funding that is not appropriated or does not score against the budget caps). H.R. 5855, the House-passed DHS appropriations bill, would provide $39.114 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority, while S. 3126, its Senate-reported counterpart, would provide $39.514 billion."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.

2012-06-12
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: A Summary of the House- and Senate-Reported Bills for FY2013 [June 1, 2012]

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"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) appropriations bill includes funding for all components and functions of DHS, including Customs and Border Protection (CBP); Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); the Transportation Security Administration (TSA); Coast Guard (USCG); Secret Service (USSS); the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD), which includes Infrastructure Protection and Information Security (IPIS) and the Federal Protective Service (FPS); the Office of Health Affairs (OHA); the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC); the Science and Technology directorate (S&T); the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO); departmental management, Analysis and Operations (A&O), and the Office of the Inspector General (OIG). For FY2013, the Administration requested $39.510 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority for DHS, as part of an overall budget of $59.476 billion (including fees, trust funds and other funding that is not appropriated or does not score against the budget caps). H.R. 5855, the House-reported DHS appropriations bill, would provide $39.116 billion in adjusted net discretionary budget authority, while S. 3126, its Senate-reported counterpart, would provide $39.514 billion."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Painter, William L.

2012-06-01
Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007-2020 [Updated July 20, 2020]

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From the Document: "Congress remains concerned about the effects of organized-crime-related violence in Mexico on U.S. security interests and U.S. citizens' safety in Mexico. Homicides in Mexico have reached record levels in each of the last three years as criminal groups have fought for control of smuggling routes into the United States. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador is under pressure to improve his security policy. The November 2019 killing of an extended family of dual citizens near the Arizona border in Mexico has led some Members of Congress to call for increased oversight of bilateral efforts. This product provides a succinct overview of the roughly $3.1 billion appropriated for the Mérida Initiative, López Obrador's security strategy, and how to assess bilateral security efforts."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Seelke, Clare Ribando

2020-07-20
Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) [Updated June 1, 2020]

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From the Document: "Security Force Assistance (SFA) is defined as 'unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host nation or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority.' By definition 'security forces include not only military forces, but also police, border forces, and other paramilitary organizations, as well as other local and regional forces.' SFA involves organizing, training, equipping, rebuilding, and advising foreign security forces (FSF)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Feickert, Andrew

2020-06-01
Threats to the Homeland, Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, November 14, 2013

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This is the November 14, 2013 hearing on "Threats to the Homeland," before the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. From the opening statement of Chairman Thomas R. Carper: "Today's hearing will consider threats to the U.S. homeland from terrorists, from cyber attackers, from homegrown extremists, and from lone wolf offenders. The objective of this hearing is for this Committee to gain a better understanding of how these threats have evolved over the last year and if our national security agencies are keeping up with these ever-changing threats. I would add another purpose for these hearings is to find out what we need to be doing on the legislative side to better enable you to keep up with these ever-changing threats. As we know, 12 years ago, our country's sense of security was upended when Al-Qaeda launched the most significant attack on U.S. soil since Pearl Harbor. In the years since that tragic day, we have made significant progress in combatting the terrorist threat to our homeland. On behalf of this entire Committee, I want to express our thanks from the American people for the very good work that has been done and continues to be done to try to make sure that we stay safe in a very dangerous world. Our aviation system is more secure. Our borders are stronger. Our government agencies share more terrorist intelligence than ever before. Our first responders are better prepared to deal with disasters and terrorist attacks. Americans are safer because of these efforts. And while we have made great strides, our system for preventing terrorist attacks is not perfect, and as Dr. Coburn knows, one of my guiding principles is, if it is not perfect, make it better. This is not a time to rest on our laurels." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Rand Beers, James B. Comey, Jr., and Matthew G. Olsen.

United States. Government Printing Office

2014
Homeland Security Department: FY2008 Appropriations [Updated July 17, 2007]

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From the Summary: This report describes the FY2008 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Administration requested a net appropriation of $35.5 billion in net budget authority for FY2008. The requested net appropriation for major components of the department included the following: $8,783 million for Customs and Border Protection (CBP); $4,168 million for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); $3,608 million for the Transportation Security Administration (TSA); $8,457 million for the U.S. Coast Guard; $1,399 million for the Secret Service; $1,047 for the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPP); $5,042 million for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); $30 million for US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); $799 million for the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T); and $562 million for the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). The House passed H.R. 2638 on June 15, 2007. H.R. 2638 would provide $37.4 billion in net budget authority for DHS for FY2008. H.R. 2638 contains the following in net budget authority for major components of DHS: $8,923 million for CBP; $4,192 million for ICE; $3,842 million for the TSA; $8,352 million for the U.S. Coast Guard; $1,396 million for the Secret Service; $1,035 for the NPP; $7,239 million for FEMA; $30 million for USCIS; $777 million for S&T; and $556 million for the DNDO. The Senate Appropriations Committee reported its bill, S. 1644, on June 14, 2007. S. 1644 would provide $37.6 billion in net budget authority for DHS for FY2008."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Lake, Jennifer E.; Lister, Sarah A.; Nunez-Neto, Blas

2007-07-17
Foreign Investment and National Security: Economic Considerations [February 8, 2010]

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"The United States is the largest foreign direct investor in the world and also the largest recipient of foreign direct investment. This dual role means that globalization, or the spread of economic activity by firms across national borders, has become a prominent feature of the U.S. economy and that through direct investment the U.S. economy has become highly enmeshed with the broader global economy. This also means that the United States has important economic, political, and social interests at stake in the development of international policies regarding direct investment. With some exceptions for national security, the United States has established domestic policies that treat foreign investors no less favorably than U.S. firms. The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, spurred some Members of Congress and others to call for a reexamination of elements of the traditionally open environment in the United States for foreign investment. In particular, some Members argue that greater consideration must be given to the long-term impact of foreign direct investment on the structure and the industrial capacity of the economy and on the ability of the economy to meet the needs of U.S. defense and security interests. […] This report assesses recent international developments as the leaders from a number of nations work to reach a consensus on an informal set of best practices regarding national restrictions on foreign investment for national security purposes. This report also provides one possible approach for assessing the costs and benefits involved in using national policies to direct or to restrict foreign direct investment for national security reasons. ."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Jackson, James K., 1949-

2010-02-08
Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) [Updated July 1, 2021]

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From the Document: "Security Force Assistance (SFA) is defined as 'unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host nation or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority.' By definition 'security forces include not only military forces, but also police, border forces, and other paramilitary organizations, as well as other local and regional forces.' SFA involves organizing, training, equipping, rebuilding, and advising foreign security forces (FSF). Title 10, 'U.S. Code', Chapter 16, governs the Department of Defense's (DOD's) SFA activities. Each year, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) modifies, eliminates, or creates new SFA authorities and authorizes funding for Geographic Combatant Commands (GCCs) to conduct SFA activities."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Feickert, Andrew

2021-07-01
Cyber Threats Facing America: An Overview of the Cybersecurity Threat Landscape, Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2017

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This is the May 10, 2018 hearing on "Cyber Threats Facing America: An Overview of the Cybersecurity Threat Landscape" held before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. From the opening statement of Ron Johnson: "This Committee has four primary goals: border security, we have held, I think, 23 or 24 hearings on it now; cybersecurity, the subject of this Committee hearing; protecting our critical infrastructure, which has a lot of cybersecurity components to that as well, and combating Islamist terror, any type of extreme violent behavior, also definitely has a cyber component to it as well. So, this is going to continue to be a focus." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Jeffrey E. Greene, Steven R. Chabinsky, Brandon Valeriano, and Kevin Keeney.

United States. Government Publishing Office

2018
CBP Generally Provided Accurate Notices to Appear to Migrant Protection Protocols Enrollees, but Could Improve Procedures to Reduce Future Errors

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From the Highlights: "In January 2019, DHS established the Migrant Protection Protocols [MPP], which required some migrants to return to Mexico while they await their removal hearing. We conducted this audit to determine the extent to which DHS provided accurate notices to appear to MPP participants, in accordance with laws and regulations. [...] The Department of Homeland Security issued notices to appear (NTA) at removal hearings to Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) enrollees that were mostly accurate and in accordance with laws and regulations. However, some NTAs were completed inaccurately. Specifically, of our sample of 106 NTAs issued between February 2019 and April 2020, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) served 20 that did not meet statutory, regulatory, or internal DHS legal sufficiency standards or contained inaccurate information."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General

2021-07-14
U.S. Department of Homeland Security -- Availability of Appropriations for Migrant Protection Protocol Hearing Facilities

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From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established facilities along the southwest border so that individuals enrolled in the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) could participate in the video teleconference removal proceedings conducted by the Department of Justice (DOJ), Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR). DHS used its FY 2019 operations and support appropriation for the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to establish the facilities even though DOJ had appropriations for EOIR facilities. Because DHS established these facilities to achieve the objectives of MPP, DHS's appropriation was available for this purpose. [...] At issue here is whether DHS may use its FY 2019 ICE operations and support appropriation to establish facilities where enrollees in MPP may participate in EOIR's video teleconference hearings."

United States. Government Accountability Office

Armstrong, Thomas H

2021-07-01

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