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• Critical Infrastructure Learning Series: Active Shooter Awareness Virtual Roundtable [webcast]

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  Description of the webinar from the Department of Homeland Security [DHS] website: "On Sept. 27, 2011, DHS hosted a 90-minute interactive virtual roundtable designed to help the private and public sector understand the importance of developing an emergency response plan and the need to train employees on how to respond if confronted with an active shooter. Participants learned about the three types of active shooters-workplace/school, criminal, ideological-and how their planning cycles and behaviors differ." The moderator was Andrea Schultz, Sector-Specific Agency Executive Management Office, National Protection and Programs, Department of Homeland Security. The two panelist were: Samuel Mayhugh, Ph.D., Founder, Office of the President, Integrated Behavioral Health and Jim McGinty, Vice President of Training and Safety, Covenant Security Services.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2011-09-27
• Active Shooter Incidents in the United States from 2000-2016

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  This resource provides a list of active shooter incidents that took place in the United States between 2000-2016. The methodology used in compiling this list is articulated in A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013 (Blair, J. Pete, and Schweit, Katherine W. [2014]. Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 2014).

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2017-10-03
• Incorporating Active Shooter Incident Planning into Health Care Facility Emergency Operations Plans

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  From the Introduction: "Our Nation's health care facilities (HCFs) are entrusted with providing expert medical care in safe and secure environments for patients, staff, and visitors. HCFs include hospitals, health clinics, hospices, long-term care facilities, academic medical centers, group medical care facilities, and physicians' and other health care providers' offices. HCFs are faced with planning for emergencies of all kinds, ranging from active shooters, hostage situations, and other similar security challenges, as well as threats from fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, and pandemics of infectious diseases. Many of these emergencies occur with little to no warning; therefore, it is critical for HCFs to plan in advance to help ensure the safety, security, and general welfare of all members of the health care community. This document is primarily designed to encourage facilities to consider how to better prepare for an active shooter incident. Though hospitals and many other HCFs have emergency operations plans (EOPs), this document provides emergency planners, disaster committees, executive leadership, and others involved in emergency operations planning with detailed discussions of unique issues faced in an HCF. This document also includes discussions on related topics, including information sharing, psychological first aid (PFA), and law enforcement/security."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response; United States. Department of Justice . . .

  2014-11
• First Responder Guide for Improving Survivability in Improvised Explosive Device and/or Active Shooter Incidents

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  "Recent improvised explosive device (IED) and active shooter incidents reveal that some traditional practices of first responders need to be realigned and enhanced to improve survivability of victims and the safety of first responders caring for them. This Federal, multi-disciplinary first responder guidance translates evidence-based response strategies from the U.S. military's vast experience in responding to and managing casualties from IED and/or active shooter incidents and from its significant investment in combat casualty care research into the civilian first responder environment. Additionally, civilian best practices and lessons learned from similar incidents, both in the United States and abroad, are incorporated into this guidance. Recommendations developed in this paper fall into three general categories: hemorrhage control, protective equipment (which includes, but is not limited to, ballistic vests, helmets, and eyewear), and response and incident management."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Health Affairs

  2015-06
• Active Shooter/Hostile Event (ASHE) Guide

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  "A second Active Shooter/Hostile Event working summit (Summit II) was held in Charlotte, N.C. from January 11 to January 14, 2016. This second summit was jointly sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Office of Health Affairs and the InterAgency Board (IAB). Over 80 representatives from 14 agencies and organizations worked together to meet Summit II's goal of developing and publishing a set of guidelines for municipalities to use to build their own Active Shooter/Hostile Event (ASHE) plans and procedures or modify existing plans and procedures customized for their requirements and resources. ASHE incidents are characterized by a variety of means, weapons, and tactics used to cause physical injury or death. These incidents present an operational range of hazards, confronting first responders with a wide range of weapons and coordinated small unit tactics, requiring a more complex response strategy that blurs the lines between traditional law enforcement, fire and emergency medical services duties and responsibilities. To meet the goal of Summit II, the agenda was organized into two parts. Part One was to build on what was accomplished in the initial summit by sharing new information through focused presentations on specific topics and exchanging updates from the participating agencies and organizations. Part Two of the Summit was the primary focus of the agenda and where participants collaboratively prepared detailed, implementable standard operating procedures for ASHE that were designed to integrate all first responder disciplines into an ASHE response and to ensure procedures were scalable for municipalities of all sizes and resources. This guide has been built from the input received from Summit II participants and is designed to serve as a template and checklist for preparing ASHE-specific plans and procedures. The guide has also been prepared to follow the logical process of developing and implementing an incident-specific set of procedures beginning with a comprehensive plan and policies formulated by representatives of all responsible agencies and jurisdictions working together. Throughout the document, lists of action-items to be completed by the readers are noted by a checkbox to the left of the statement. The checkbox allows readers to mark each action-item off as it is completed."

  InterAgency Board

  2016-07
• Local Jurisdictions and Active Shooters: Building Networks, Building Capacities

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  From the thesis abstract: "The emerging threat of terrorism, specifically small unit active shooter attacks, is a concern for American law enforcement agencies. Events like Mumbai (November 26, 2008) and Beslan (September 1, 2004) demonstrate the vulnerability of local law enforcement officers in defending against multiple attackers and multiple locations. Smaller jurisdictions (populations less than 100,000 people) are challenged with administrative and operational capacities considerably more than larger jurisdictions. Therefore, smaller agencies must find ways to enhance their capacities within tightening budgetary constraints. To investigate this problem and find workable solutions, qualitative research methods of case studies and interviews were employed. Specifically, Mumbai, Beslan and two high-profile United States incidents (Columbine High School shooting (April 20, 1999) and North Hollywood Bank shoot out (February 28, 1997) were studied. Individuals from the U.S. cases were interviewed to explore information not necessarily documented. Data from the case studies and interviews were collated and reviewed for common themes. These themes were analyzed to draw conclusions on how smaller jurisdictions should proceed in building capacities to deal with active shooter scenarios. Findings suggest that smaller jurisdictions can build capacities by creating a megacommunity within local law enforcement. This includes developing systems to share smart practices, training for small unit attacks, and creating multi-jurisdictional interoperability standards."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Frazzano, Tracy L.

  2010-12
• Active Shooters: Is Law Enforcement Ready for a Mumbai Attack?

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  From the thesis abstract: "Between April 16, 2007, and December 14, 2012, the United States has seen 25 mass shootings, seven of which occurred in 2012. A report by United States Department of Homeland Security, in 2009, suggested that the United States will be the target of a terrorist act that could cause a high number of casualties. The November 26, 2008, attack on Mumbai is a transparent example of how determined terrorists, trained to die fighting, can bring a large metropolitan city to its knees. It is entirely probable that Mumbai-type attacks could occur in the United States. Since the local law enforcement respond to attacks in progress, any active shooter event would be handled by the local jurisdiction. Many law enforcement agencies have begun to incorporate tactical plans to respond to Mumbai-type terrorist attacks. This thesis focused on police preparedness of select large metropolitan law enforcement agencies for potential Mumbai-type terrorist attacks. A comparative analysis of these police agencies was conducted, which showed that the frequency of training was found to be varying and inadequate by these agencies. A similar concern was that none of the agencies had equipped all the police officers with rifles, which were deemed critical to engage well-equipped active shooters. It is the conclusion of the thesis that gaps in preparedness exist and law enforcement organizations have room for improvement. It was also concluded that agencies need to enhance communication capability between neighboring jurisdictions and focus on triage of the victims during the early stages of attacks when medical personnel would be unable to approach."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Justice, Joel M.

  2013-09
• 'Options for Consideration' Active Shooter Training Video

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  "'Options for Consideration' demonstrates possible actions to take if confronted with a active shooter scenario. The instructive video reviews the choices of evacuating, hiding, or, as an option of last resort, challenging the shooter. The video also shows how to assist authorities once law enforcement enters the scene."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2013-01-16
• Charlotte Fire Department Responses to Active Shooter Incidents - A Critical Analysis

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  "This descriptive research project deals with identifying how the Charlotte Fire Department (CFD) can take an active role on the tactical level in the mitigation of active shooter incidents (ASI's). The CFD has no plan in place that allows it to take an active role in tactical operations conducted during ASI's. The purpose of this research is to identify what other departments are doing in response to ASI's as well as what tactical operations could be conducted without assuming an unacceptable level of risk. This was done by answering four research questions. What are other fire departments doing in response to ASI's? What is the Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department's (CMPD) plan of action at ASI's? What can be done to better the response of the CFD to ASI's? How can the CFD take a more active role in tactical operations during ASI's? This research was accomplished by conducting a survey, an exhaustive literature review, personal interviews, and an analysis of department policies and procedures. The findings of this research show that the CFD is not prepared to play an active role on the tactical level in the mitigation of ASI's. In order for the department to become active on this level it must address the issues brought forth in this research in regards to administrative guidance, training and equipment. Furthermore, the department must give guidance as to what it expects each company to do during ASI's."

  National Fire Academy

  Davis, Kent P.

  2009-07
• Countering Violent Extremism and Active Shooter Web Portal

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  "The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has developed a Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) and Active Shooter approach that applies to all forms of violent extremism or crimes, regardless of ideology; and that focuses not on radical thought or speech, but instead on preventing violent attacks. This approach is designed to support the National Strategy on Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism and the Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP) for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States which President Obama released in 2011. To support this initiative, the Department is working with a broad range of partners to gain a better understanding of the behaviors, tactics, and other indicators that could point to potential violent crime or terrorist activity within the United States, and the best ways to mitigate or prevent that activity. One of the venues used by DHS to promote information and intelligence sharing on a broad range of topics is the Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN). This network provides a secure and trusted environment for information sharing and collaboration between Federal, State, Local, Tribal, Territorial, private sector, civilian and international partners engaged in prevention, preparedness, detection, response, and recovery of all threats, crimes, hazards, and incidents."

  United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2014-10-15
• Responding to and Recovering from an Active Shooter Incident that Turns into a Hostage Situation

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  Lessons learned from an active shooter incident include: establish a plan to address immediate mental health needs of students and staff; incorporate the principles of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) into the response; establish an incident command post at the onset of an emergency; incorporate communications equipment and procedures into all emergency management plans and trainings; activate a media communications plan at the onset of the incident; establish and practice parent reunification procedures; consider the needs of students and staff with disabilities; and work with community partners to provide short and long term support for students and families.

  United States. Department of Education

  2007
• Eliminating the Lost Time Interval of Law Enforcement to Active Shooter Events in Schools

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  From the thesis abstract: "The Newtown Connecticut school attack at the Sandy Hook elementary school on December 14, 2012, was another example of the tragedy of mass murder. When a targeted attack occurs, the victims must await the arrival of law enforcement personnel to address the threat and stop the loss; this lost time interval results in extending the duration of a targeted attack until police can resist an attacker. In the absence of onsite personnel trained to resist an attacker, such as a school resource officer, students and staff are at the mercy of an attacker. This thesis asked the question: Can existing resources be leveraged to increase available capacities in actively resisting an active shooter in a targeted school attack to eliminate or reduce the lost time interval of law enforcement during an attack on an American school especially in low resource areas, such as rural and/or isolated communities. Case studies were completed to identify opportunities to reduce the loss incurred in these attacks with an emphasis on reducing the duration of an incident when prevention measures had failed. The value of collaboration and necessity to leverage resources in the public safety sector is well researched and critical resources with the capacity to operate in an offensive posture are available through planning and preparedness. Relationships can be developed between different domains and disciplines within a community to create a multidisciplinary environment of safety with the capacity to prevent or reduce loss through violence. Through these relationships, a culture can be created that combines strategies and tactics for prevention, as well as a response to these tragedies. A culture of security can replace vulnerability and result in a greater level of confidence in the ability to keep this nation's schools safer."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Ausdemore, Steve E.

  2015-09
• Force Protection for Fire Fighters Warm Zone Operations at Paramilitary Style Active Shooter Incidents in a Multi-Hazard Environment as a Fire Service Core Competency

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  From the thesis abstract: "Paramilitary-style active shooter attacks in a multi-hazard environment are an emerging threat against the U.S. homeland. Lessons learned from previous paramilitary style attacks demonstrate the breaking points of the fire service policy of standing by until law enforcement declares that the scene is secure. When followed, the standby policy prevents fire fighters from taking calculated risks to accomplish the fire service mission of saving lives and protecting property. It is likely that the standby policy will be ignored when immediate action is required to save lives or mitigate hazards in areas of the incident in which the potential for violence, but no active threat exists. The optimal fire service response policy to save lives and mitigate hazards during paramilitary style attacks in a multi-hazard environment is a force protection model in which law enforcement officers accompany and protect fire fighters in the warm zone. This model is an adaptation of the successful escort model used by law enforcement and fire fighters during civil unrest incidents. As has occurred many times in the past, the fire service must incorporate a new core mission competency - warm zone operations at paramilitary style attacks."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security; Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)

  Atwater, Paul A.

  2012-03
• Hybrid Targeted Violence: Challenging Conventional 'Active Shooter' Response Strategies

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  From the abstract: "Hybrid Targeted Violence (HTV) is defined as an intentional use of force to cause physical injury or death to a specifically identified population using multifaceted conventional weapons and tactics. This article introduces the HTV concept to challenge first responders to prepare for violent 'hybrid' multi-threat incidents. These incidents may involve conventional weapons, the use of fire as a weapon, chemical weapons, and/or improvised explosives. Attacks of this nature defy conventional thinking about the role of police, fire, and emergency medical professionals. HTV events demand cooperative strategies to efficiently neutralize complex threats that are beyond the capacity of a single first responder discipline. Recent and historical HTV incidents are identified to reinforce the compelling need for a paradigm shift in thinking that goes beyond conventional 'active shooter' scenarios that do not advance 'Whole Community' interdependent response strategies."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Frazzano, Tracy L.; Snyder, G. Matthew

  2014-02
• Early Warning: A Strategy to Prevent Injuries and Loss of Life During Active Shooter Attacks on K-12 Schools

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  From the thesis abstract: "Active shooter attacks occur quickly. Schools have to take immediate action to protect students and staff. Public address systems do not adequately warn everyone at the first sign of danger. This thesis asks to what extent the school 'fire alarm system' can be a model for a 'lockdown notification system' for emergencies involving violence. The research reviews the history, mechanics, and regulations of fire alarm systems, and uses that information to design a conceptual lockdown notification system. A tool to evaluate school warning system technologies was also developed. Six case studies reviewed schools or districts that use a lockdown warning system modeled after the fire alarm system. The thesis concluded the school evaluation tool is useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses of school warning systems. The tool showed that reliability is a strength of the conceptual lockdown notification system because it is aligned with National Fire Protection Association codes. The lockdown notification system has the potential to solve the problem of early warning. The research recommends school decision-makers use this new tool to evaluate and select communication and warning system technologies. It recommends a pilot project to test the implementation of the conceptual lockdown notification system in schools."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Graves, Susan M.

  2018-03
• Active Shooter: What You Can Do to Mitigate Harm

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  This document outlines how to quickly respond to an active shooter situation, and appropriate responses from workplace leadership and personnel.

  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
• Proactive Planning for Active Shooter Situations

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  "A Pennsylvania police department has crafted a program to educate community organizations such as schools and hospitals to prepare in the event the unthinkable hap¬pens: a gunman in their midst. Salisbury Township, in Lehigh County, comprises 11 square miles with 14,000 residents. The township neighbors Allentown, the third largest city in the state, and is the home of Lehigh Valley Hospital-Cedar Crest, a regional trauma center. Sgt. Kevin Soberick devised an active shooter training program for the police department and the community several years ago. Soberick attended training through the National Tactical Officers Association, and in turn passed his knowledge on to the police department, which has 20 sworn officers, and set up a program for schools and the hospital. He spoke about the program at the Office of Justice Programs' National Institute of Justice (NIJ) spring 2010 Rural Law Enforcement Technology Insti¬tute. The institute is hosted by the Small, Rural, Tribal and Border Regional Center, part of NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center System."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  2011
• Active Shooter Incidents in the United States from 2000-2018

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  From the Document: "Below is a list of active shooter incidents that took place in the United States between 2000-2018."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Active Shooter Preparedness

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  This web page from the Department of Homeland Security provides resources and information pertaining to active shooter preparedness. Some of these resources include online training courses, webinars, and informational booklets.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security

  2013-01-16
• LLIS Lesson Learned: Active Shooter Response Operations: Establishing an Incident Command Post

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  From the summary: "Law enforcement agencies should consider including provisions for staffing a communications center or incident command post (ICP) in their active shooter response procedures. Law enforcement personnel should receive training on the staffing processes."

  Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)

  2009-06-26?
• LLIS Lessons Learned: Active Shooter Response Operations: Clarifying Lockdown Procedures

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  From the Summary: "Emergency managers should consider clarifying lockdown procedures for occupants of municipal or private buildings. This will help ensure that occupants do not allow unauthorized individuals into a secured area during an active shooter incident."

  Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)

  2011-05-06
• Active Shooter Pocket Guide

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  This pocket guide from the Department of Homeland Security provides information related to response to an active shooter situation. This guide includes information on profile and characteristics, coping, and how to respond during and after the situation.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security
• Training Trigger: Integrated Response Operations in Active Shooter/Hostile Events (ASHE)

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  "Active shooter/hostile events (ASHE) are high-threat incidents that pose significant operational challenges to public safety agencies. In an ASHE, one or more perpetrators use a variety of means, weapons, and tactics to cause physical injury or death. ASHE present a variety of hazards, confronting first responders with a wide range of weapons and coordinated small unit tactics, requiring a more complex response strategy that blurs the lines between traditional law enforcement, fire, and emergency medical service duties and responsibilities. Disciplines must be integrated to prevent the exploitation of operational boundaries. Success is predicated on a combined fire-EMS [emergency medical services]-law enforcement response."

  InterAgency Board

  2016-06
• Active Shooter Study: Quick Reference Guide

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  "One-page compilation of the 2014 FBI study of active shooter incidents to better understand how to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from these incidents."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2018
• 2000 to 2017 Active Shooter Incidents

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  "This document contains a list of active shooter incidents in the United States that have been identified by the FBI from 2000 through the end of 2017."

  United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  2018
• School Emergency Planning: Incorporating Active Shooter Scenarios into Emergency Operations Plans

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  School's emergency operations plans should include procedures for responding to active shooter scenarios, including procedures for canceling classes or closing campus.

  Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)

  2008-09-05?
• Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013

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  "In 2013, the president signed into law the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012, which granted the attorney general the authority to assist in the investigation of 'violent acts and shootings occurring in a place of public use' and in the investigation of 'mass killings and attempted mass killings at the request of an appropriate law enforcement official of a state or political subdivision.' To provide further clarity on these threats, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2014 initiated a study of 'active shooter' incidents . The goal of the FBI study is to provide federal, state, and local law enforcement with data so they can better understand how to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from these incidents."

  United States. Department of Justice; United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation

  Blair, J. Pete; Schweit, Katherine W.

  2013-09-16
• Training First Responders and School Officials on Active Shooter Situations

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  This fact sheet outlines the actions taken by the U.S. Departments of Homeland Security and Justice following President Obama's plan to reduce gun violence by calling on federal agencies to expand access to training on active shooter situations.

  United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Department of Justice

  2013?
• Active Shooter Response Operations: Establishing an Incident Command Post

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  "Law enforcement agencies should consider including provisions for staffing a communications center or incident command post (ICP) in their active shooter response procedures. Law enforcement personnel should receive training on the staffing processes."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2009-06-26
• Law Enforcement: Responding Immediately to an Active Shooter Situation

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  "During active shooter situations, law enforcement officers should not wait for Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams to arrive and assemble. The first officers arriving at the incident scene must be prepared to attack at once."

  United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency

  2008-09-12?