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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States: 2000-2018, Topical One-Pagers
From the Overview: "This report, produced by the FBI, encompasses statistical data regarding 277 active shooter incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2018. Each page focuses on a particular active shooter-related topic and has been designed specifically for law enforcement officers, other first responders, corporations, educators, and the general public."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2019-12
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Defeating the Active Shooter: Applying Facility Upgrades in Order to Mitigate the Effects of Active Shooters in High Occupancy Facilities
From the thesis abstract: "The average duration of Active Shooter incidents in Institutions of Higher Education within the United States is 12.5 minutes. In contrast, the average response time of campus and local law enforcement to these incidents is 18 minutes. In the majority of Active Shooter incidents affecting U.S. IHEs [Institution of Higher Education], the emergency response time greatly exceeds the incident duration and affords law enforcement authorities no opportunity to interdict the shooter or prevent further casualties. This stark contrast between response requirements and response capability produces a considerable delta of dead, injured or potential victims and provides the unfortunate motivation for this project. The primary focus of this project is aimed at reducing the Rate of Kill of Active Shooters in U.S. IHEs. This thesis contains 14 case studies that examine lethal Active Shooter incidents that occurred in U.S. IHEs, as well as the Oslo and Utoya Island Active Shooter event that occurred in Norway. Data analysis on each of these incidents revealed facility composition as a critical vulnerability common to all of these incidents. Accordingly, the recommendations included in this thesis suggest a practical implementation of facility upgrades capable of mitigating the deadly effects of Active Shooters."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Ergenbright, Charles E.; Hubbard, Sean K.
2012-06
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Active Shooter - How to Respond: Guidance on How to Respond to an Active Shooter Situation and React When Law Enforcement Responds
This pamphlet provides guidance on how to respond to an active shooter situation and react when law enforcement responds. It includes information on recognizing a potential active shooter; coping with an active shooter situation; responding when law enforcement arrives. The pamphlet also includes several helpful diagrams and tables to assist in an active shooter situation.
United States. Office of Personnel Management. Federal Executive Board
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EMS Under Fire: Developing an Active Shooter Incident Response Plan for the Manchester Fire - Rescue - EMS Department
"The world was reminded of the harsh realities of Active Shooter Incidents on December 14, 2012 when a 20-year-old male fatally shot twenty-six children and six staff members at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT. The increasing frequency of these incidents has led public safety agencies to consider how to respond to these horrific events. The problem is that the Manchester Fire - Rescue - EMS Department (Connecticut) does not have a Standard Operating Practice for response to Active Shooter Incidents. The purpose of this applied research project is to develop a Standard Operating Practice for a safe and effective response by the Manchester Fire - Rescue - EMS Department (MFRE) to Active Shooter Incidents (ASI). The action research method is utilized to examine the present knowledge base on Active Shooter Incident response and develop a plan that integrates the strengths and specific characteristics of the public safety agencies in Manchester. Five research questions were identified: 1) what department policies must be developed or modified to support this type of incident response; 2) what are the most appropriate practices for MFRE response to Active Shooter Incidents; 3) what are the best practices for integrating multiple agency operations at an Active Shooter Incident; 4) what specialized equipment is required for responses to Active Shooter Incidents; and, 5) what specialized training is required for MFRE personnel? Analytical reviews were conducted of the available research on ASIs and the policies and incident response models of fire, law enforcement and emergency medical services organizations at national, state and regional levels. A draft Standard Operating Practice for MFRE response to Active Shooter Incidents was synthesized. A collaborative team from local agencies developed the integrated response plan presented as Appendix A. Recommendations include the establishment of pre-incident relationships and the routine utilization of Unified Command."
National Fire Academy
Billings, David C.
2014?
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FEMA Independent Study Program, IS-907: Active Shooter: What You Can Do
This Independent Study (IS) is available through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Emergency Management Institute. "An active shooter is an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and other populated area. In most cases, active shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims. Active shooter situations are unpredictable and evolve quickly. All employees can help prevent and prepare for potential active shooter situations. This course provides guidance to individuals, including managers and employees, so that they can prepare to respond to an active shooter situation. This course is not written for law enforcement officers, but for non-law enforcement employees. The material may provide law enforcement officers information on recommended actions for non-law enforcement employees to take should they be confronted with an active shooter situation."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2015-12-28
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Augmenting Security on Department of Defense Installations to Defeat the Active Shooter Threat
"Active shooter attacks appear to occur more in the United States than other countries and some data shows that their rate of occurrence has increased in the past several years. In response, institutions such as the Department of Defense (DoD), other federal agencies, police, and education systems have increased security and adapted response procedures. Despite ongoing efforts, active shooter attacks occurred in Fort Hood, Texas in 2009, the Washington Navy Yard in 2013, and Chattanooga, Tennessee in 2015. Regardless of the level of security, it appears that the proliferation of firearms in combination with radicalization through the Internet have facilitated more individuals to perpetrate active shooter attacks. These attacks also appear to have similar characteristics whether conducted on DoD installations or in other areas. This thesis studies a variety of available military documents, active shooter case studies, and other active shooter defeat strategies to determine if the military could benefit from increased numbers of armed personnel to augment military and civilian law enforcement personnel. The benefit to the DoD includes increased probability of prevention and deterrence of active shooter events, and a more efficient mitigation and defeat mechanism to reduce casualty rates and terminate the event."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Stansberry, Leslie M.
2016-06
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Active Shooter: How to Respond
"This pamphlet provides guidance to individuals, including managers and employees, who may be caught in an active shooter situation, and discusses how to react when law enforcement responds." It reviews the profile of an active shooter, how to respond when an active shooter is in your vicinity, how to respond when law enforcement arrives on the scene, training your staff for an active shooter situation, preparing for and managing an active shooter situation, recognizing potential workplace violence, and managing the consequences of an active shooter situation.
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2008-10
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Active Shooter: How to Respond: Supervisor Edition
"This pamphlet provides guidance to individuals, including managers and employees, who may be caught in an active shooter situation, and discusses how to react when security/law enforcement responds." This pamphlet contains the following sections: profile of an active shooter, how to respond when an active shooter is in your vicinity, how to respond when FLETC [Federal Law Enforcement Training Center] security/law enforcement arrives on the scene, preparing your staff for an active shooter situation, preparing for and managing an active shooter situation, recognizing potential workplace violence, managing the consequences of an active shooter situation, lessons learned, and references.
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Chemical Facility Security: Best Practices Guide for an Active Shooter Incident
"The tragedies at Columbine High School in 1999 and Virginia Tech in 2007 made the phrase 'active shooter' part of the lexicon of organizational safety and security. Active shooter incidents have occurred in shopping malls, schools, government buildings, and a wide range of business facilities, including factories, warehouses, and company offices. Unlike a barricaded suspect, an active shooter is on the move with an unknown destination and is difficult to isolate. In the event of an active shooter incident, chemical facilities have unique and specific considerations that must shape preparedness and response protocols. DHS has worked with its partners and security experts within the Chemical Sector to develop this booklet. The booklet draws upon best practices and findings from participants in active shooter tabletop exercises. It presents key guidance for chemical facility planning and training, and poses specific questions that an effective active shooter response and recovery plan will answer. It is designed to help both chemical facility management and employees prepare and respond by designating roles and needed actions. Employees and management who understand their respective roles during an incident can positively influence response. […] The information included in this booklet is not exhaustive, but meant as an introduction applicable for both regulated and non-regulated facilities. The material does not constitute a regulatory requirement, nor is it intended to conflict, replace, or supersede existing regulatory requirements or create any enforcement standard."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2010
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Prepare to Fight: Is the National Active-Shooter Response Model Due for an Upgrade?
From the Thesis Abstract: "Documenting and analyzing the lessons learned from emergencies are essential to improve the training designed to save lives. The goal of this thesis was to examine actual active-shooter events, training models for the response to active shooters, and emergency drills to determine whether the current training model of Run, Hide, Fight is sufficient or needs revision. This study of historical emergency training examined human responses to frightening situations, analyzed past active-shooter events, evaluated the tactics and strategies of shooters, and measured the effectiveness of the current training. The study found that active-shooter training may be more effective if instructions highlight the importance of constant situational assessment with an emphasis on the fluidity of the incident. Response decisions should change as the event evolves and dictates an appropriate response. Moreover, the evolution of decisions made during the event may increase the survivability rate. The Run, Hide, Fight model is effective, but increasing the importance of constant situational awareness and adaptive decision-making within the training program is recommended. The delivery of active-shooter training should focus less on linear progression--first run, next hide, and then fight--and more on what the situation dictates to be the best response."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tannenbaum, Suzanne E.
2020-09
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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017
"The FBI has designated 50 shootings in 2016 and 2017 as active shooter incidents. Twenty incidents occurred in 2016, while 30 incidents occurred in 2017. As with past FBI active shooter-related publications, this report does not encompass all gun-related situations. Rather, it focuses on a specific type of shooting situation. The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of one or more firearms. The active aspect of the definition inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses to the situation. [...] Though limited in scope, this report was undertaken to provide clarity and data of value to federal, state, tribal, and campus law enforcement as well as other first responders, corporations, educators, and the general public as they seek to neutralize threats posed by active shooters and save lives during such incidents."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2018-04
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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2018
From the Document: "The FBI has designated 27 shootings in 2018 as active shooter incidents. As with past FBI active shooter-related publications, this report does not encompass all gun-related situations. Rather, it focuses on a specific type of shooting situation. The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of one or more firearms. The active aspect of the definition inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses to the situation. [...] The findings in this report are based on publicly available resources, FBI reporting and, when available, official law enforcement investigative data. Though limited in scope, this report was undertaken to provide clarity and data of value to federal, state, tribal, and campus law enforcement as well as other first responders, corporations, educators, and the general public as they seek to neutralize threats posed by active shooters and save lives during such incidents."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2019-04
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Responding to High-Rise Active Shooters
From the thesis abstract: "On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting took place in Las Vegas in which the active shooter--perched on the thirty-second floor of a high-rise building--killed fifty-eight people at an outdoor concert below. Law enforcement last modified its active-shooter response practices after the mass shooting at Columbine High School in 1999. Since then, agencies across the United States have based their active-shooter responses on the assumption that the shooter is on the move and in the same two-dimensional environment as the responding officers; the response practices, training, and resource requirements do not address a three-dimensional threat in a semi-fixed position. This thesis analyzed case studies from the University of Texas tower shooting, the Mumbai terrorist attack, and the Las Vegas mass shooting to illuminate patterns, nuances, practices, techniques, tactics, and procedures related to high-rise active shooters. The conclusions identified training procedures, equipment considerations, and response practices that may help first responders mitigate damage from similar attacks in the future." The CHDS Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security video link for this thesis is available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=821244
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Seebock, James J.
2018-12
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Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States Between 2000 and 2013
"In 2017 there were 30 separate active shootings in the United States, the largest number ever recorded by the FBI during a one-year period. With so many attacks occurring, it can become easy to believe that nothing can stop an active shooter determined to commit violence. [...] Faced with so many tragedies, society routinely wrestles with a fundamental question: can anything be done to prevent attacks on our loved ones, our children, our schools, our churches, concerts, and communities? There is cause for hope because there is something that can be done. In the weeks and months before an attack, many active shooters engage in behaviors that may signal impending violence. While some of these behaviors are intentionally concealed, others are observable and -- if recognized and reported -- may lead to a disruption prior to an attack. Unfortunately, well-meaning bystanders (often friends and family members of the active shooter) may struggle to appropriately categorize the observed behavior as malevolent. [...] Once reported to law enforcement, those in authority may also struggle to decide how best to assess and intervene, particularly if no crime has yet been committed. By articulating the concrete, observable pre-attack behaviors of many active shooters, the FBI hopes to make these warning signs more visible and easily identifiable. This information is intended to be used not only by law enforcement officials, mental health care practitioners, and threat assessment professionals, but also by parents, friends, teachers, employers and anyone who suspects that a person is moving towards violence."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Silver, James; Simons, Andre B.; Craun, Sarah
2018-06
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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2014 and 2015
From the Introduction: "An analysis of 2014 and 2015 active shooter incidents has identified 20 incidents in each of the years; information provided to advance available research and assist federal, state, local, tribal, and campus law enforcement officers, other first responders, corporate leaders, and educators in their efforts to prevent, prepare for, and respond to active shooter incidents. This annual tally is an increase from 17 in the year 2013, which was the last year of a 14-year study released by the FBI. The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of firearms when engaging in criminal activity."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Schweit, Katherine W.
2016
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Active Shooter Attacks: Security Awareness for Soft Targets and Crowded Places
"An active shooter is an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area. In most cases, active shooters use firearm(s) and have no pattern or method to their selection of victims, which creates an unpredictable and quickly evolving situation that can result in loss of life and injury. Other active shooter attack methods may also include bladed weapons, vehicles, and improvised explosive devices. While law enforcement is usually required to end an active shooter situation, individuals can take steps to prepare mentally and physically for the possibility of this type of event occurring in order to save lives."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
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Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2019
From the Introduction: "The FBI has designated 28 shootings in 2019 as active shooter incidents. This report focuses on active shooter incidents--a specific type of shooting situation. The FBI defines an active shooter as one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area. Implicit in this definition is the shooter's use of one or more firearms. The 'active' aspect of the definition inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the incident based upon their responses to the situation."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2020-04
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Emergency Action Plan Guide: Active Shooter Preparedness
From the Purpose: "The Active Shooter Emergency Action Plan Video is a virtual learning tool that describes the fundamental concepts of developing an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for an active shooter scenario. This instructive video guides organizations through important considerations of EAP development utilizing the first-hand perspectives of active shooter survivors, first responders, and other subject matter experts who share their unique insights. Organizations are encouraged to use this guide as a medium to document the 'initial steps' toward creating an Active Shooter preparedness plan. This guide 'is not' meant to replace your organization's Emergency Action Plan. Rather, it is a tool that begins the EAP development process."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
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LLIS Lesson Learned: School Emergency Response Operations: Hood River County, Oregon, Dispatch Center's Accessing of a School Video Camera System during an Active Shooter Drill
"On October 11, 2008, the Hood River County, Oregon, Division of Emergency Services sponsored the Hood River Sheriff's Department Active Shooter Drill. The drill scenario simulated an active shooter situation with an unknown number of gunmen at HRVHS [Hood River Valley High School]. Law enforcement officers and emergency medical services personnel responded following a 9-1-1 call from HRVHS reporting shots fired. The drill tested Hood River County's active shooter response policy and assessed the public safety and security response capability for an active shooter in a school. The drill also assessed communications procedures among a police response team, the 9-1-1 Dispatch Center, and HRVHS. Sixty-three participants from ten state and local agencies participated in the drill. During the drill, the Hood River County 9-1-1 Dispatch Center accessed HRVHS's video camera system. This allowed the center to confirm and pass near-real-time information to responders at the school. This enabled law enforcement personnel to act on timely, clear, and current information, which improved the overall response."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS); United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2009?
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Planning and Response to an Active Shooter: An Interagency Security Committee Policy and Best Practices Guide
"The primary mission of the ISC [Interagency Security Committee] Active Shooter Working Group is to streamline existing ISC documents on active shooter into one cohesive policy and guidance document that agencies housed in Federal facilities can use as a reference to enhance prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery efforts related to an active shooter incident. The goal of the ISC's Active Shooter Working Group is to promote the highest chance of victim and responder survivability through awareness, prevention, education, and training. This guidance is designed to be applicable to all buildings and facilities in the United States occupied by Federal employees. These include existing buildings, new construction, or major modernizations; facilities owned, or being purchased, or leased; stand-alone facilities; Federal campuses; where appropriate, individual facilities on Federal campuses; and special-use facilities."
United States. Interagency Security Committee
2015-11
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When the Shooting Stops: Recovery from Active-Shooter Events for K-12 Schools
From the thesis abstract: "Since Columbine, untold resources and planning efforts have been dedicated to active-shooter response by schools and public safety officials. Perhaps this is as it should be, but the almost exclusive focus on response has come at the expense of recovery. Active-shooter events were studied to identify and analyze gaps in recovery planning and operations. Research suggests that a comprehensive K-12 recovery plan with a phased approach would have enabled a faster and smoother recovery. There are no federal requirements for such a plan, and fewer than two-thirds of the states require a crisis plan for schools. The most important elements of active-shooter recovery for K-12 schools were determined: evacuation, relocation, and parent/student reunification; counseling and mental health therapy; funerals and memorials; post-incident staff reduction, suicide awareness, communication with non-English-speaking students and families, and donation management. Based on the lessons learned from six active-shooter incidents, steps are recommended for the successful"
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Berglund, Douglas A.
2017-12
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South Carolina National Guard Secure Area Duty Officer Program: A Reserve Component Active Shooter Contingency Case Study
From the thesis abstract; "On July 16, 2015, five military reservists were murdered during an active shooter attack on two reserve component military facilities. This act of domestic terrorism was only the latest in a series targeting U.S. military facilities in recent years. Since the Fort Hood Massacre in 2009, at least 37 military personnel have been killed and 55 wounded while at their place of duty in the United States. In response to this threat the South Carolina National Guard, in collaboration with the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, established an active shooter contingency program called the Secure Area Duty Officer Program, or SADOP. The focus of this single case study thesis is to determine whether SADOP is an effective method to mitigate risk posed by the dynamic active shooter threat. The assertion that this innovative approach achieves its purpose is supported by the deliberate development methodology and interviews with key decision makers instrumental in the crisis-action response concept planning and program implementation. The findings of this study indicate that SADOP resourcefully employs a force protection framework tailored to the success of the reserve component as opposed to obliging its organizations to utilize legacy force-protection regulations designed by and for the active component of the military."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Ramey, Barry N.
2017-12
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LLIS Lesson Learned: School Emergency Planning: Incorporating Active Shooter Scenarios into Emergency Operations Plans
From the Summary: "Schools' emergency operations plans (EOP) should include procedures for responding to active shooter scenarios, including procedures for canceling classes or closing campus." From the Description: "On April 16, 2007, a Virginia Tech student, Seung Hui Cho, killed 32 students and faculty members in 2 separate incidents at the Blacksburg, Virginia, campus. At the time of the attack, Virginia Tech's emergency response plan (ERP) outlined prevention and response guidelines for various types of incidents. Under the ERP, the Virginia Tech Policy Group had responsibility for implementing emergency measures and managing the university's incident response. The ERP included specific guidance for extreme weather- and fire-related incidents, but nothing specific to shootings. […] The Virginia Tech Review Panel determined that Cho's second attack would have claimed fewer lives had the Policy Group released an emergency message or closed the university before second period classes began. These actions would have put 'more people on guard' and could 'have resulted in quicker recognition of a problem or suspicious activity, quicker reporting to police, and quicker response of police.' The Review Panel labeled the Policy Group's failure to take these proactive measures a 'questionable decision' and attributed the poor decision-making to the ERP's lack of guidance regarding active shooter situations. Schools' EOPs should include procedures for responding to active shooter scenarios, including plans for canceling classes or closing campus."
Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS)
2008-09-05
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BJA's Active Shooter Response Training Initiative
"This initiative is delivering critical and dynamic active shooter response training through a partnership between the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) whose mission is to deliver active shooter training through the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT) Center. In light of the tragedy in Newtown, Connecticut in December 2012, and the increased demand for active shooter response training, BJA and the FBI have partnered to expedite and increase the delivery of this training to state and local law enforcement throughout the nation."
United States. Bureau of Justice Assistance; United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
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Coordinating an Effective Police and Fire Response to Active Shooter Incidents for the Cities of Aberdeen, Cosmopolis, and Hoquiam Washington
"Active shooter incidents (ASI's) are occurring with greater frequency in the United States. To meet this challenge the fire service must develop coordinated joint response procedures with law enforcement in order to save innocent lives and protect its personnel. The problem addressed by this research was the local Hostile Incident Planning Committee had not identified key components of an active shooter response model that afforded the highest level of protection for emergency responders while increasing the likelihood of saving patient lives. The purpose of this research paper was to identify an effective coordinated law/fire response model for active shooter incidents given the resource limitations of local emergency response agencies."
United States Fire Administration; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Hubbard, Thomas D.
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Viewpoints in Homeland Defense and Security: Responding to High-Risk Active Shooters [video]
"In this episode of Viewpoints, NPS-CHDS master's alumnus Jim Seebock, Captain of Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, discusses the evolution of his thesis. When the October 2017 Vegas Shootings occurred, he sensed a need to redirect the focus of his thesis research. The result was 'Responding to High-Rise Active Shooters' which has identified gaps in the active-shooter response strategies that were established after the Columbine High School mass shootings. Jim's thesis ultimately provides recommendations for new strategies that take into account the threat of an active shooter positioned in or atop high-rise structures. [Note: there is about 17 minutes of blank screen at the end of this video.]" The CHDS thesis is available at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=821375
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Seebock, James J.
2019-01-31
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Facilitating the Medical Response into an Active Shooter Hot Zone
From the thesis abstract: "The response to active shooter attacks is not as effective as it could be. People die before receiving care because most jurisdictions have a policy in place that stipulates emergency medical services (EMS) wait to enter a scene until law enforcement (LE) announces that the scene is clear or secure. Since this can take some time, life-saving care is not immediately available to the people who most need it, and consequently, there can be a greater loss of life. How can a combined LE and EMS response, based on combat medical care, be effective in saving lives during an active shooter incident? Utilizing 10 historic active shooter cases ranging from the Texas tower shooting in 1966 and concluding with the Sandy Hook school shooting in 2012, I analyzed the responses to consider the response times of the responders, time of access to the victims, and transport time to medical facilities. The basis for the responses utilized data collected by the U.S. military from combat injuries sustained from World War II through the current conflicts in the Middle East. From these analyses, I am able to show that fast field intervention based on training, policy, and operational planning with the Incident Command System component, which includes both law enforcement and fire/EMS entry teams, will provide better patient viability prior to hospital care. This will not be a critique of right and wrong, as the responders did what was needed at the time; however, in current-day hindsight, there are points that can be noted for future response growth."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Tierney, Martin T.
2016-06
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Active Shooter Planning and Response in a Healthcare Setting
From the Introduction: "'Active shooter' events in a healthcare setting present unique challenges: a potentially large vulnerable patient population, hazardous materials (including infectious disease), locked units, special challenges (such as weapons and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines (these machines contain large magnets which can cause issues with firearms, or remove it from the hands of law enforcement), as well as caregivers who can respond to treat victims. There is no single method to respond to an incident, but prior planning will allow you and your staff to choose the best option during an 'active shooter' situation, with the goal of maximizing lives saved. The best way to save lives is to remove potential targets from the shooter's vicinity. We address some difficult choices that will need to be made in this document."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2015-04
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Active Shooter Recovery Guide
"In this dynamic threat environment, it is important that organizations not only prepare their staff to respond to a potential incident, but also collectively determine the processes through which the organization and its staff recover from an incident. Incidents such as mass shootings at Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, FL on June 12, 2016, and at an office holiday party in San Bernardino, CA on December 2, 2015, have demonstrated acts of violence such as active shooter incidents, can happen anywhere. Threats may be either external or internal. Although appropriate measures should be taken to protect an organization from a potential attack, it is nearly impossible to completely prevent every incident. As such, if an active shooter event or other attack occurs, it is vital that organizations prepare themselves to effectively recover, taking into consideration the business and human elements."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2017-08
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Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States Between 2000 and 2013: Quick Reference Guide
From the Reminders: "[1] There is no one 'profile' of an active shooter. [2] There is no single warning sign, checklist, or algorithm for assessing behaviors that identifies a prospective active shooter. [3] While impossible to predict violent behavior, it is possible to prevent some attacks via effective threat assessment and management strategies."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
