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Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide
"Recent events have focused renewed attention on the vulnerability of the nation's critical infrastructure to major events, including terrorism. The Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness Planning Guide has been prepared to support the activities of public transportation systems to plan for and respond to major security threats and emergencies. It emphasizes the importance of developing critical relationships, preparing strategies and policies, and setting training and funding priorities. It offers practical guidance for planning effectively, spending wisely, and making the public transportation infrastructure safer. This Guide builds on a previous Federal Transit Administration (FTA) publication, the Transit System Security Program Planning Guide. This earlier publication is available on the Guide CD-ROM. This Guide is based on research to identify practical steps that systems can take to be better prepared for all emergencies. These recommendations support the industry's commitment to prevent those events that can be prevented and to minimize the impact of those that cannot. Emphasizing balanced, common sense measures, this Guide helps transportation systems answer many questions."
United States. Federal Transit Administration
Boyd, M. Annabelle; Balog, John N.; Caton, James E.
2003-01
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Battle For Minds. Defeating Toxic Ideologies In The 21st Century
From the project's abstract: "The West is losing the battle of minds against al Qaeda, a toxic ideology. While DIME [Diplomacy, Information, Military, Economics] remains a useful methodology for strategy formulation and resourcing, it is too Jominian to meet the challenge of winning the 'battle for minds' over those that toxic ideologies currently appeal to, and will so in the future. To defeat such ideologies a longer term, multi-generational, strategic model that establishes Security, Re-educates and then Educates future generations is needed. Analysis of al Qaeda, future ideological threats, the US rebalance towards the Asia-Pacific, European experience, British political will, a historical analysis of the re-education of post WWII Germany and Japan, and British societal and educational infrastructure, reveals that the United Kingdom is in prime position to develop an internationally sponsored institution to coordinate a new strategy to defeat the current, and future, toxic ideologies that challenge 'Minimalist' global values and norms."
Army War College (U.S.)
Boyd, R. J.
2013-03
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[May 1, 2019 Letter to the Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary Jerrold Nadler]
From the Letter: "On April 18, 2019, the Attorney General took the extraordinary step of publicly disclosing the report of Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, with as few redactions as possible. Under the regulations that govern the Special Counsel, his report was a 'confidential,' internal Department of Justice (Department) document, which contained the kind of prosecutorial deliberations that the Department almost never releases publicly. [...] Nonetheless, in response to requests from you and other Members, and in the interest of transparency, the Attorney General disclosed the report and volunteered to appear to testify before the Committee. In addition, the Attorney General offered you and other congressional leaders the chance to review the report with redactions only for grand-jury information (because disclosure of that information is prohibited by law). That would permit you to review 98.5% of the report, including 99.9% of Volume II, which discusses the investigation of the President's actions. Regrettably, before even reviewing the less-redacted version or awaiting the Attorney General's testimony, you served a subpeona demanding [...] all of the Special Counsel's investigative files, which consist of millions of pages of classified and unclassified documents, bearing upon more than two dozen criminal cases and investigations many of which are ongoing."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legislative Affairs
Boyd, Stephen E.
2019-05-01
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[April 18, 2019 Letter to the Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary Lindsey Graham and the Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary Jerrold Nadler]
From the Letter: "I write to provide additional information regarding the Attorney General's April 18, 2019 invitation to certain Members of Congress to review a less-redacted version of Special Counsel Robert Mueller's Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (Report). [...] The Attorney General has determined that it is appropriate to provide the Chairman and Ranking Members of the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary, the members of the 'Gang of Eight,' and one designated staff person per member access via 'in camera' review to certain material redacted in the publicly released report."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legislative Affairs
Boyd, Stephen E.
2019-04-18
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[May 7, 2019 Letter to the Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary Jerrold Nadler]
From the Letter: "As you know, the Attorney General has repeatedly sought to accommodate the interests of the House Committee on the Judiciary in the investigation conducted by Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. On April 18, 2019, the Attorney General voluntarily disclosed to Congress the Special Counsel's report, which was intended to be 'confidential' under the applicable regulations, with as few redactions as possible, consistent with the law and long-established confidentiality interests of the Executive Branch. He also made available to you and other congressional leaders a minimally redacted version of the report that excluded only grand-jury information, which could not lawfully be shared with Congress. In response, you refused even to review the minimally redacted report and the Special Counsel's entire investigative files, which consist of millions of pages of classified and unclassified documents, bearing upon more than two dozen criminal cases and investigations, many of which are ongoing."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legislative Affairs
Boyd, Stephen E.
2019-05-07
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Homelessness: Targeted Federal Programs [October 18, 2018]
"Federal assistance targeted to homeless individuals and families was largely nonexistent prior to the mid-1980s. Although the Runaway and Homeless Youth program was enacted in 1974 as part of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (P.L. 93-415), the first federal program focused on assisting all homeless people, no matter their age, was the Emergency Food and Shelter (EFS) program, established in 1983 through an emergency jobs appropriation bill (P.L. 98-8). The EFS program was and continues to be administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to provide emergency food and shelter to needy individuals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Perl, Libby; Boyd, Eugene; Duff, Johnathan H. . . .
2018-10-18
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Flood Resilience and Risk Reduction: Federal Assistance and Programs [Updated December 17, 2019]
From the Summary: "Recent flood disasters have raised congressional and public interest in reducing flood risks and improving 'flood resilience', which is the ability to adapt to, withstand, and rapidly recover from floods. Federal programs that assist communities in reducing their flood risk and improving their flood resilience include programs funding infrastructure projects (e.g., levees, shore protection) and other flood mitigation activities (e.g., nature-based flood risk reduction) and mitigation incentives for communities that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Horn, Diane P.; Boyd, Eugene . . .
2019-12-17
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Community Development Block Grant Funds in Disaster Relief and Recovery [September 1, 2010]
From the Summary: "In the aftermath of presidentially declared disasters, Congress has used a variety of programs to help states and local governments finance recovery efforts, among them the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Over the years, Congress has appropriated supplemental CDBG funds to assist states and communities recover from such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes. In addition, CDBG funds supported recovery efforts in New York City following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; in Oklahoma City following the bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in 1995; and in the city and county of Los Angeles following the riots of 1992. In response to those calamities, CDBG funds were made available for short-term relief efforts, mitigation actions, and long-term recovery, and to provide housing and business assistance, infrastructure reconstruction, and public services. The Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005 (Katrina, Rita, and Wilma) resulted in the largest appropriation of CDBG funds for disaster relief and recovery in the program's history. Since December 2005, Congress has provided $19.85 billion in CDBG disaster-related assistance to the five states (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) affected by the Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005. This included $11.5 billion in CDBG assistance appropriated in the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2006, P.L. 109-148; $5.2 billion in the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery Act of 2006, P.L. 109-234; and $3 billion (exclusively for Louisiana's Road Home Program) appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act for FY2008, P.L. 110-116."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2010-09-01
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Community Development Block Grant Funds in Disaster Relief and Recovery [October 19, 2005]
From the Summary: "In the aftermath of previous, presidentially-declared disasters, Congress has used the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program to help states and local governments finance recovery efforts, whether from natural or man-made disasters. Congress has appropriated supplemental CDBG funds to assist states and communities recover from such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes. In addition, CDBG funds have supported recovery efforts of New York City following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Oklahoma City following the bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in 1995, and the city and county of Los Angeles following the riots of 1992. In response to these calamities, CDBG funds have been made available for short-term relief efforts, mitigation actions, and long-term recovery, and have been used to provide housing and business assistance, infrastructure reconstruction, and public services. This report will provide a general overview of the CDBG program and its use in disaster relief. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2005-10-19
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Economic Development Administration: Reauthorization Issues in the 112th Congress [June 2, 2011]
From the Summary: "The primary focus of the Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration (EDA) is to help regions experiencing long-term economic distress or sudden economic dislocation attract private-sector capital and create higher-skill, higher-wage jobs through investments in public infrastructure, the provision of technical assistance and research, and the development and implementation of Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies (CEDS). EDA was created with the passage of the Public Works and Economic Development Act (PWEDA) of 1965, P.L. 89-136 (79 Stat. 552, 42 U.S.C. § 3121. […] The reauthorization of EDA and its programs will take place within the context of more prominent policy debates regarding efforts to reduce federal spending to address growing budget deficits and the national debt; concerns about the duplication, fragmentation, and effectiveness of federal economic development assistance; and efforts to support economic recovery and job creation following the worst economic recession since the Great Depression. This report will discuss EDA reauthorization and appropriations-related issues."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene; Gonzales, Oscar R.
2011-06-02
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Economic Development Administration: A Review of Elements of Its Statutory History [June 3, 2011]
From the Summary: "As the 112th Congress considers legislation reauthorizing the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (PWEDA; P.L. [Public Law] 89-136), which created the Economic Development Administration (EDA) and its programs, the PWEDA's statutory evolution may inform Congress in its deliberation. […] As the programs of EDA evolved, Congress enacted legislation that standardized matching fund requirements among programs, simplified the application process, encouraged regional cooperation, established performance measures, and provided additional performance-based funding to grant recipients. The 1998 amendments standardized the federal cost share at 50% of a project's cost, but allowed EDA to provide supplemental assistance to increase the EDA contribution to no more than 80% of a project's cost. The 2004 amendments allowed EDA to waive completely the cost share requirements based on an EDA finding of insufficient taxing or borrowing capacity. In an effort to encourage regional cooperation, Congress conditioned the receipt of public works and economic adjustment assistance on the development and implementation of a Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) and required each grantee's CEDS to be consistent with local and district plans. Congress also directed EDA to award additional funds for outstanding performance in the execution of grant activities. Most recently, with the passage of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5), Congress returned to the practice of using EDA assistance as a countercyclical tool. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2011-06-03
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Flood-Risk Reduction and Resilience: Federal Assistance and Programs [November 13, 2017]
"Recent flood disasters have raised congressional and public interest in not only reducing flood risks, but also improving flood resilience, which is the ability to adapt to, withstand, and rapidly recover from floods. Congress has established various federal programs that may be available to assist U.S. state, local, and territorial entities and tribes in reducing flood risks. Among the most significant current federal programs assisting communities with improvements to reduce their flood risks and improve their flood resilience are (1) programs that assist with flood-risk reduction infrastructure and other flood mitigation activities, and (2) programs of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) that provide incentives to reduce flood risks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Horn, Diane P.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2017-11-13
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Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs [November 28, 2017]
"This report provides background information on the types of water supply and wastewater treatment projects traditionally funded by the federal government and the several existing programs to assist communities with water supply and wastewater treatment. For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. For example, in terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Boyd, Eugene; Carter, Nicole T. . . .
2017-11-28
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Federally Supported Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Programs [Updated May 3, 2019]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information on the types of water supply and wastewater treatment projects traditionally funded by the federal government and the several existing programs to assist communities with water supply and wastewater treatment. For more than four decades, Congress has authorized and refined several programs to help communities address water supply and wastewater problems. The agencies that administer these programs differ in multiple ways. For example, in terms of funding mechanisms, projects developed by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) typically require direct, individual project authorizations from Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Ramseur, Jonathan L.; Boyd, Eugene; Cowan, Tadlock . . .
2019-05-03
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Community Development Block Grants: Recent Funding History [February 6, 2014]
"The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), under the Community Development Fund (CDF) account, was first authorized by Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act (HCDA) of 1974, P.L. 93-383. During the program's nearly 40-year existence, Congress has allocated approximately $138 billion to help state and local governments undertake housing, economic development, neighborhood revitalization, and other community development activities. In addition to its annual appropriations, Congress, as events have warranted, has used the program's framework to provide supplemental and special appropriations to assist states and communities in responding to various economic crises and manmade and natural disasters. This report is a review of the CDF account's funding history from FY2000 to FY2013, as well as current funding in FY2014. It includes a discussion of the three primary components of the CDF account: (1) CDBG formula grants; (2) CDBG-related set-asides and earmarks; and (3) CDBGlinked supplemental and special appropriations. It is intended to provide recent historical background as the 113th Congress considers CDF funding levels and composition. For information on CDF appropriation legislation considered during the 113th Congress, the reader should consult CRS Report 'Community Development Block Grant Funding Issues in the 113th Congress'."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2014-02-06
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Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 113th Congress [March 20, 2014]
"On March 4, 2014, the Obama Administration released its FY2015 budget request which includes $2.870 billion for activities under the Community Development Fund (CDF) administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Of the amount requested for CDF activities $2.800 billion is requested for formula-based Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) to be allocated to eligible entitlement communities, states, and insular areas; and $70 million is requested for CDBG competitively awarded funds to Indian tribes. On January 17, 2014, President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2014, P.L. 113-76, which included $3.100 billion in funding for the CDF. Of the total amount appropriated for CDF activities $3.030 billion is appropriated for formula-based Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) to be allocated to CDBG entitlement communities, states, and insular areas. The act also appropriated $70 million in CDBG competitively awarded funds to Indian tribes and converted Section 108 loan guarantees from a federal credit subsidy to a feebased program. On July 30, 2013, the House began floor consideration of H.R. 2610, a bill that would have appropriated funds for the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development and Related Agencies for FY2014 (THUD). On July 31, 2013, the Senate began consideration of S. 1243, its version of the THUD Appropriations Act for FY2014. The bill, which was reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee on July 27, 2013 (S.Rept. 113-45), recommended $3.295 billion for activities funded under the CDF account."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2014-03-20
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Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies [April 15, 2014]
"Block grants are a form of grant-in-aid that the federal government uses to provide state and local governments a specified amount of funding to assist them in addressing broad purposes, such as community development, social services, public health, or law enforcement. Block grant advocates argue that block grants increase government efficiency and program effectiveness by redistributing power and accountability through decentralization and partial devolution of decision-making authority from the federal government to state and local governments. Advocates also view them as a means to reduce the federal deficit. For example, Representative Paul Ryan, chair of the House Committee on the Budget, has recommended that the federal share of Medicaid be converted into a block grant 'tailored to meet each state's needs' as a means to improve 'the health-care safety net for low-income Americans' and to 'save $810 billion over 10 years.' […] This report provides an overview of the six grant types, provides criteria for defining a block grant and uses those criteria to provide a list of current block grants, examines competing perspectives concerning the use of block grants versus other grant mechanisms to achieve national goals, provides an historical overview of the role of block grants in American federalism, and examines recent changes to existing block grants and proposals to create new ones."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene; Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-
2014-04-15
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Community Development Block Grants and Related Programs: A Primer [April 30, 2014]
From the introduction: "This report is intended as an introduction to the laws and rules governing the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) and related programs. The CDBG program, administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), was first authorized by Title [1] of the Housing and Community Development Act (HCDA) of 1974, P.L. [Public Law] 93-383. The program is one of the largest and longest-standing federal block grants in existence, annually allocating billions of dollars in federal assistance to state and local governments in support of community and economic development efforts. During the program's 40-year existence, Congress has appropriated approximately $145 billion in CDBG-formula grants to help state and local governments undertake housing, economic development, neighborhood revitalization, and other community development activities. Congress has also appropriated approximately $50 billion in supplemental CDBG funds to address extraordinary events, including economic recessions, and manmade and natural disasters. In FY2013, the latest data available at this writing, the CDBG program was the largest source of federal assistance to state and local governments for community development activities, and the 20th largest source of grant assistance to states and local governments, ranking behind such programs as Federal Aid to Highways, Transit Assistance, Aid for the Education of the Disadvantaged, School Improvements, Special Education, Medicaid and Medicare, and Temporary Assistance to Children and Families."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2014-04-30
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Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies [July 15, 2014]
"Block grants are a form of grant-in-aid that the federal government uses to provide state and local governments a specified amount of funding to assist them in addressing broad purposes, such as community development, social services, public health, or law enforcement. […] This report provides an overview of the six grant types, provides criteria for defining a block grant and uses those criteria to provide a list of current block grants, examines competing perspectives concerning the use of block grants versus other grant mechanisms to achieve national goals, provides an historical overview of the role of block grants in American federalism, and examines recent changes to existing block grants and proposals to create new ones."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Boyd, Eugene
2014-07-15
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Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 113th Congress [August 11, 2014]
"The Obama Administration's budget request for FY2014, released on April 10, 2014, included $3.143 billion for activities funded under HUD's [Department of Housing and Urban Development] CDF [Community Development Fund] account. The Administration's FY2014 budget proposal would have increased total funding for CDF activities by a modest $8 million from $3.135 billion in FY2013 to $3.143 billion. The proposed budget would have reduced funding for CDBG [Community Development Block Grants] formula grants by $280 million to $2.798 billion and would have redirected most of those funds to two other activities within the CDF account: (1) $75 million for regional planning grants, which was a component of the Administration's Sustainable Communities Initiative; and (2) $200 million for a new Neighborhood Stabilization Initiative that was intended to assist local governments to identify and demolish an oversupply of abandoned and foreclosed properties. In addition, the Administration's FY2014 budget included a proposal that doubled the Section 108 loan guarantee program's loan commitment ceiling from $229 million in FY2013 to $500 million in FY2014. In addition to an increase in the loan commitment ceiling, the Administration proposed revamping the program by charging a fee-based assessment to borrowers accessing the program, which would have eliminated the need for an appropriated credit subsidy. The House Appropriations Committee report accompanying H.R. 2610 supported the Administration's Section 108 loan guarantee proposals that recommended an increase in the loan commitment ceiling and conversion of the program to a fee-based approach."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2014-08-11
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FY2014 Appropriations: District of Columbia [October 15, 2013]
"On April 10, 2013, the Obama Administration released its detailed budget request for FY2014. The Administration's proposed budget includes $676.3 million in special federal payments to the District of Columbia, which is slightly higher than the $674.1 (excluding sequester) appropriated for FY2013. Approximately 80% ($543.4 million) of the President's proposed budget request for the District would be targeted to the courts and criminal justice system. The President's budget request also includes $87.2 million in support of education initiatives. This represents 12.9% of the Administration's federal payment budget request for the District of Columbia. On May 22, 2013, the District of Columbia Council approved an FY2014 budget that included $12.1 billion in total operating funds and $2.1 billion in capital outlays. The mayor signed the measure (A20-0127) on July 24, 2013. Included in the act are provisions that would grant the District significant autonomy over its budgetary and legislative affairs. Specifically, the act would repeal portions of the District's code governing congressional review of all acts passed by the District of Columbia Council, including the District's annual budget and those acts approved by voters through the referendum process. On July 25, 2013, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 1371, its version of the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act for FY2014, with an accompanying report (S.Rept. 113-80). As reported, the bill recommended $674.8 million in special federal payments to the District."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2013-10-15
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Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 113th Congress [September 4, 2013]
"The 112th Congress began, but did not complete, consideration of appropriation measures that would have provided full-year funding for the Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development [HUD] and Related Agencies for FY2013, before adjourning. The 113th Congress took up consideration of HUD's FY2013 appropriations as part of a large measure providing consolidated appropriations for a number of federal departments. On March 26, 2013, the President signed into law P.L. 113-6, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013. The act included $3.1 billion for CDF [Community Development Fund] activities. In late January 2013, Congress approved and the President signed P.L. 113-2, a disaster supplemental appropriation that included $15.2 billion for CDBG [Community Development Block Grant] disaster relief and recovery activities in response to Hurricane Sandy and other disasters. Both the CDF FY2013 regular appropriation and the CDF disaster funds were subject to 5% sequestration mandated by the Budget Control Act. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2013-09-04
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Overview of the Administration's Strengthening America's Communities Initiative [March 7, 2006]
"For the second consecutive year, the Administration has included in its budget request, a proposal that would eliminate a number of federal economic and community development programs. Last year, the Administration's FY2006 budget recommendations included a proposal that would have consolidated the activities of at least 18 existing community and economic development programs into a two-part grant proposal called the 'Strengthening America's Communities Initiative' (SACI). Responsibility for the18 programs now being carried out by five federal agencies (the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Economic Development Administration in the Department of Commerce, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Agriculture) would have been transferred to the Commerce Department, which currently administers the programs of the Economic Development Administration. Under the Administration's FY2006 proposal, the Department of Commerce would have administered a core program and a bonus program. The bonus program would have awarded additional funds to communities that demonstrated efforts to improve economic conditions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene; Mulock, Bruce K.; Smale, Pauline . . .
2006-03-07
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Economic Development Administration: FY2016 Appropriations [July 29, 2016]
"The Economic Development Administration (EDA) was created pursuant to the enactment of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, with the objective of fostering growth in economically distressed areas characterized by high levels of unemployment and low per-capita income levels. EDA, an agency within the Department of Commerce, is the primary federal agency charged with implementing and coordinating federal economic development policy. For FY2016, the Obama Administration requested significant increases in funding for EDA activities and salaries and expenses. Under the Administration's proposal, EDA funding would have increased by 9.2%, from $250 million to $273 million over the last fiscal year, including significant increases in funding for the following: Salaries and expenses, from $37 million to $45.5 million; Regional Innovation Program grants, from $10 million to $25 million; Economic Adjustment Assistance, from $45 million to $53 million; and Planning Grants, from $30 million to $39.5 million."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2016-07-29
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Overview of the Administration's Strengthening America's Communities Initiative [Updated January 26, 2006]
"On February 7, 2005, the Bush Administration released its budget recommendations for FY2006. Included in the budget was a proposal that would consolidate the activities of at least 18 existing community and economic development programs into a two-part grant proposal called the 'Strengthening America's Communities Initiative' (SACI). As outlined by the Administration, the proposal would realign several, but not all, federal economic and community development programs. Responsibility for the programs now being carried out by five federal agencies would be transferred to the Commerce Department, which presently administers the programs of the Economic Development Administration. The Department of Commerce would administer the core program and a bonus program, which would award additional funds to communities that demonstrated efforts to improve economic conditions. The Administration has stated that this new program will emphasize flexibility, will be results oriented, and will be targeted to communities based on need, but it has not yet submitted a detailed proposal for congressional consideration. […] The Administration has also appointed an advisory committee to assist in developing its legislative proposal. It issued its first report in July 2005. This report will be updated as the Administration offers new details and as Congress reviews the proposal."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene; Mulock, Bruce K.; Smale, Pauline . . .
2006-01-26
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Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies [January 16, 2014]
"Block grants are a form of grant-in-aid that the federal government uses to provide state and local governments a specified amount of funding to assist them in addressing broad purposes, such as community development, social services, public health, or law enforcement. Block grant advocates argue that block grants increase government efficiency and program effectiveness by redistributing power and accountability through decentralization and partial devolution of decision-making authority from the federal government to state and local governments. Advocates also view them as a means to reduce the federal deficit. For example, Representative Paul Ryan, chair of the House Committee on the Budget, has recommended that the federal share of Medicaid be converted into a block grant 'tailored to meet each state's needs' as a means to improve 'the health-care safety net for low-income Americans' and to 'save $810 billion over 10 years.' […] This report provides an overview of the six grant types, provides criteria for defining a block grant and uses those criteria to provide a list of current block grants, examines competing perspectives concerning the use of block grants versus other grant mechanisms to achieve national goals, provides an historical overview of the role of block grants in American federalism, and examines recent changes to existing block grants and proposals to create new ones."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Boyd, Eugene
2014-01-16
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Community Development Block Grants: Funding Issues in the 113th Congress [March 11, 2015]
"On March 4, 2014, the Obama Administration released its FY2015 budget request, which included $2.870 billion for activities under the Community Development Fund (CDF) administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), including $2.8 billion for formula grants. On June 5, 2014, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 2438, its version of the Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Bill for FY2015 (THUD), which recommended $3.090 billion for activities funded under the Community Development Fund (CDF) account, including $3.020 billion for Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) formula grants. On June 10, 2014, the House approved its version of the THUD bill for FY2015, H.R. 4745, which recommended $3.060 billion for CDF activities, including $3.0 billion for CDBG formula grants. On December 16, 2014, the President signed into law the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of FY2015 (P.L. [Public Law] 113-235), which included $3.066 billion for the CDBG program and a $500 million loan commitment ceiling for the CDBG Section 108 loan guarantee program. On January 17, 2014, President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2014, P.L. 113-76, which included $3.100 billion in funding for the CDF, including $3.030 billion for formula allocations to CDBG entitlement communities, states, and insular areas. The act also appropriated $70 million in competitively awarded funds to Indian tribes and converted Section 108 loan guarantees to a fee-based program."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2015-03-11
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Community Development Block Grant Funds in Disaster Relief and Recovery [March 23, 2006]
"In the aftermath of presidentially declared disasters, Congress has used a variety of programs to help states and local governments finance recovery efforts, among them the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Over the years, Congress has appropriated supplemental CDBG funds to assist states and communities recover from such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes. In addition, CDBG funds supported recovery efforts in New York City following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in Oklahoma City following the bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in 1995, and in the city and county of Los Angeles following the riots of 1992. In response to those calamities, CDBG funds were made available for short-term relief efforts, mitigation actions, and long-term recovery, and to provide housing and business assistance, infrastructure reconstruction, and public services. Most recently, Congress has provided $11.5 billion in CDBG assistance to the five states (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) affected by the Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005. The funds were included in the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2006 and are to be used for 'necessary expenses related to disaster relief, long-term recovery, and restoration of infrastructure in the most impacted and distressed areas.' Funds were allocated among the five states based on the degree of unmet housing needs and the degree of concentrated distress...This report provides an overview of the use of the CDBG program in disaster relief. It will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2006-03-23
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Community Development Block Grant Funds in Disaster Relief and Recovery [July 12, 2010]
"In the aftermath of presidentially declared disasters, Congress has used a variety of programs to help states and local governments finance recovery efforts, among them the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Over the years, Congress has appropriated supplemental CDBG funds to assist states and communities recover from such natural disasters as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes. In addition, CDBG funds supported recovery efforts in New York City following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; in Oklahoma City following the bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in 1995; and in the city and county of Los Angeles following the riots of 1992. In response to those calamities, CDBG funds were made available for short-term relief efforts, mitigation actions, and long-term recovery, and to provide housing and business assistance, infrastructure reconstruction, and public services. The Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005 (Katrina, Rita, and Wilma) resulted in the largest appropriation of CDBG funds for disaster relief and recovery in the program's history. Since December 2005, Congress has provided $19.85 billion in CDBG disaster-related assistance to the five states (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) affected by the Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005. This included $11.5 billion in CDBG assistance appropriated in the Defense Appropriations Act for FY2006, P.L. 109-148; $5.2 billion in the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery Act of 2006, P.L. 109-234; and $3 billion (exclusively for Louisiana's Road Home Program) appropriated in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act for FY2008, P.L. 110-116."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Boyd, Eugene
2010-07-12
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Flood Resilience and Risk Reduction: Federal Assistance and Programs [July 25, 2018]
"Recent flood disasters have raised congressional and public interest in not only reducing flood risks, but also improving flood resilience, which is the ability to adapt to, withstand, and rapidly recover from floods. Congress has established various federal programs that may be available to assist U.S. state, local, and territorial entities and tribes in reducing flood risks. Among the most significant current federal programs assisting communities with improvements to reduce their flood risks and improve their flood resilience are (1) programs that assist with infrastructure to reduce flood risks and other flood mitigation activities, and (2) programs of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) that provide incentives to reduce flood risks."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Carter, Nicole T.; Horn, Diane P.; Brown, Jared T. . . .
2018-07-25
