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COVID-19: Department of Justice Enforcement Against Scams [July 20, 2020]

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From the Document: "Criminals and other malicious actors often seek to capitalize on world events for their gain. Some criminals are leveraging heightened interest in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to take advantage of individuals and organizations. [...] This report provides a brief overview of the types of scams criminals may use to steal money and PII [personally identifiable information] from individuals and businesses. The report also discusses federal law enforcement's role-- specifically, DOJ's [Department of Justice] role--in investigating and prosecuting these scams. Congress, in examining DOJ's priorities going forward, may look to the resources DOJ has placed toward countering fraud more broadly, and toward specific nefarious activity capitalizing on the COVID-19 pandemic."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Finklea, Kristin

2020-07-20
Treasuries and Repo in the Time of COVID-19 [July 20, 2020]

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From the Document: "The U.S. Treasury issues debt securities--known as Treasuries--that play three critical roles in the economy: funding the government, supplying safe assets, and anchoring liquidity flows in financial markets. This Insight examines how the coronavirus pandemic has affected all three roles."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Austin, D. Andrew; Miller, Rena S.

2020-07-20
Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization [Updated July 20, 2020]

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From the Summary: "Russia's nuclear forces consist of both long-range, strategic systems--including intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and heavy bombers--and shorter- and medium-range delivery systems. Russia is modernizing its nuclear forces, replacing Soviet-era systems with new missiles, submarines and aircraft while developing new types of delivery systems. Although Russia's number of nuclear weapons has declined sharply since the end of Cold War, it retains a stockpile of thousands of warheads, with more than 1,500 warheads deployed on missiles and bombers capable of reaching U.S. territory."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Woolf, Amy F.

2020-07-20
Russian Armed Forces: Military Modernization and Reforms [July 20, 2020]

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From the Document: "Since Russia's invasion of Georgia in 2008, Russia has undertaken extensive efforts to modernize and upgrade its armed forces. In the years ahead, these efforts are expected to continue focusing on modernizing military equipment, as well as improving combat readiness and coordination across service branches. Command and control, electronic warfare, recruitment of professional soldiers, force structure changes, and logistics also are likely to be priorities for development. Some Members of Congress have expressed interest in understanding the extent of Russia's military modernization and reform efforts as they assess the nature of Russian threats to the United States and its allies and partners in Europe and other regions."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Bowen, Andrew

2020-07-20
Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor [Updated July 20, 2020]

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From the Document: "Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. §1307) prohibits the importation of any product that was mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part by forced labor, including forced or indentured child labor. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforces the prohibition. U.S. customs law has contained prohibitions against importing goods produced by certain categories of labor since the end of the nineteenth century. Beginning in 1890, the United States prohibited imports of goods manufactured with convict labor. In 1930, Congress expanded this prohibition in Section 307 of the Tariff Act to include any (not just manufactured) products of forced labor. Although a few Members of Congress brought up humanitarian concerns during debate, the central legislative concern was with protecting domestic producers from competing with products made with forced labor. As such, Section 307 allowed the admission of products of forced labor if it could be shown that no comparable product was made in the United States or the level of domestic production did not meet domestic demand ('consumptive demand' clause)."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Casey, Christopher A.; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; O'Regan, Katarina C.

2020-07-20
Reinforcing Operations Security and the Importance of Preventing Unauthorized Disclosures

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From the Document: "Proper Operations Security (OPSEC) is critical to protecting our forces, ensuring our mission success, and implementing the National Defense Strategy. History is full of examples of poor OPSEC leading to the unnecessary loss of life and mission failure, and it can mean the difference between our winning and losing as we face great power competitors that will not hesitate to exploit and weaponize information. The Department of Defense (DoD) remains committed to transparency to promote accountability and public trust. However, it is important to emphasize that unclassified information is not publicly releasable until it is approved for release by an appropriate authorizing official. Unfortunately, poor OPSEC practices within DoD in the past have resulted in the unauthorized disclosure or 'leaks' of controlled unclassified information (CUI), including information to be safeguarded under the CUI category for OPSEC, as well as classified national security information (together referred to here as 'non-public information'). Unauthorized disclosures jeopardize our DoD personnel, operations, strategies, and policies to the benefit of our adversaries. Unauthorized disclosures also distract from mission priorities by redirecting the attention and resources of military commanders. [...] Unauthorized disclosures, regardless of purpose or intent, can result in adverse personnel action, including unsatisfactory performance evaluations, records of formal counseling, the loss of security clearances or termination of employment, or even criminal prosecutions."

United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Secretary of Defense

Esper, Mark T.

2020-07-20
COVID-19 Industry Guidance: Expanded Personal Care Services Provided Outdoors

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From the Overview: "The impact of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on the health of Californians is not yet fully known. Reported illness ranges from very mild (some people have no symptoms) to severe illness that may result in death. Certain groups, including people aged 65 or older and those with serious underlying medical conditions, such as heart or lung disease or diabetes, are at higher risk of hospitalization and serious complications. Transmission is most likely when people are in close contact or in a poorly ventilated area with an infected person, even if that person does not have any symptoms or has not yet developed symptoms. Precise information about the number and rates of COVID-19 by industry or occupational groups, including among critical infrastructure workers, is not available at this time. There have been multiple outbreaks in a range of workplaces, indicating that workers are at risk of acquiring or transmitting COVID-19 infection. Examples of these workplaces include hospitals, long-term care facilities, prisons, food production, warehouses, meat processing plants, and grocery stores. As stay-at-home orders are modified, it is essential that all possible steps be taken to ensure the safety of workers and the public."

California. Department of Public Health; California. Department of Industrial Relations

2020-07-20
COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: Economic Consequences and Policy Implications

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From the Document: "The coronavirus outbreak and subsequent policies of lockdowns both in cities and on interregional scales has brought about immense, and simultaneous, public health, economic, and social crises in Kazakhstan. This is particularly due to the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] induced negative supply shock, quarantine measures that have affected the service sector disproportionately, thus driving economic activity in certain industries down to zero. Due to the potentially long-term sluggish structural adjustment of the economy, a large proportion of workers employed in those industries (both formal and informal) are facing the grim perspective of a prolonged period of lost-incomes and possible mass layoffs with lasting depressing effects on aggregate demand, which can further depress the economy."

Central Asia Program

Ybrayev, Zhandos

2020-07-20
All Risk, No Reward: Identifying the Economic Fallout from Premature Reopenings

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From the Document: "It has been nearly six months since the first case of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] was reported in the United States, and states and localities have since struggled with how to best balance public safety and economic activity. The Trump administration's repeated abdication of responsibility for addressing the health and economic crises during the initial stages of the coronavirus pandemic has led to widespread speculation of what path forward is best and, as a result, a patchwork of lockdown restrictions. The administration also failed to provide enough tests; refused to help find states enough personal protective equipment (PPE); left states and localities to compete against each other for ventilators and other medical equipment; pushed states to open before it was safe to do so; and opposed extending much-needed benefits to struggling families. As such, the burden of addressing the public health crisis and its economic fallout has largely fallen on state governments and their elected officials, some of whom have openly stated that the economic costs of imposing stay-at-home orders are worse than the public health gains."

Center for American Progress

Weller, Christian E., 1966-; Zamarripa, Ryan

2020-07-20
Comparative Analysis of Policy Approaches to COVID-19 Around the World, with Recommendations for U.S. Lawmakers

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From the Document: "Since COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] became a global pandemic in March 2020, countries around the world have taken various approaches to contain the proliferation of the virus. Three Heritage Foundation analysts examine the approaches of 10 countries with differing levels of economic freedom. These countries have taken vastly different approaches with varying degrees of success. This research finds that full lockdowns, such as those implemented in the United States and Italy, are not as effective as the more targeted approaches taken in other countries, such as South Korea and Iceland. The authors conclude their analysis with a number of recommendations for lawmakers in the United States."

Heritage Foundation (Washington, D.C.)

Dayaratna, Kevin D.; Tyrrell, Patrick; Vanderplas, Andrew

2020-07-20
Bulletin: Civil Rights Protections Prohibiting Race, Color and National Origin Discrimination During COVID‐19: Application of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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From the Document: "As part of the national response to the COVID‐19 [coronavirus disease 2019] public health emergency, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has provided substantial Federal financial assistance to state and local agencies, hospitals, and other healthcare providers on the front lines of the COVID‐19 response. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) continues to issue guidance to ensure that the recipients of this Federal financial assistance understand that they must comply with applicable Federal civil rights laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability, age, sex, and exercise of conscience and religion in HHS‐funded programs. This Bulletin focuses on recipients' compliance with the prohibitions against race, color, and national origin discrimination contained in Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI)."

United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Office for Civil Rights

2020-07-20
Emergency Global Supply Chain System (COVID-19), Catalogue as of 20.07.2020

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From the Website description: "The following catalogue lists all medical devices, including personal protective equipment, medical equipment, medical consumables, single use devices, laboratory and test-related devices that may be requested through the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Supply Portal."

World Health Organization

2020-07-20
Early Warning Audit of FEMA Public Assistance Grants to Polk County School Board, Florida

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From the Document: "The DHS Office of Inspector General contracted with Cotton & Company LLP to conduct an audit to determine whether FEMA ensured that recipients (FDEM [Florida Department of Emergency Management]) and subrecipient (PCSB [Polk County School Board]) established and implemented policies, procedures, and practices to ensure that they accounted for and expended Public Assistance grant funds awarded to disaster areas in accordance with Federal regulations and FEMA guidance."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General

2020-07-20
Special Report - ICE Should Document Its Process for Adjudicating Disciplinary Matters Involving Senior Executive Service Employees

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From the Document: "We conducted a review of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) policies and procedures regarding Senior Executive Service (SES) employee discipline. We undertook this review after receiving an allegation that a former ICE SES official received favorable treatment during disciplinary proceedings. [...] We found that ICE does not follow its written policy when conducting disciplinary reviews of SES employees. This practice risks creating an appearance that SES employees receive more favorable treatment than non-SES employees."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General

2020-07-20
Epidemiology and Inequalities in Brazil: The EpiCOVID19 Study [video]

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Prof. Dr. Cesar G. Victora discuses a nation-wide COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) study aimed at better defining the number of people exposed to the disease in Brazil. Prevalence by gender and ethnicity is included in this study, along with an analysis of antibody and death rates. The duration of this video is 1 hour, 19 minutes, and 52 seconds.

Pan American Health Organization

2020-07-20
Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Updated July 18, 2020]

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From the Document: "Until more information becomes available, precautions should be taken in handling specimens that are suspected or confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]. Timely communication between clinical and laboratory sta is essential to minimize the risk incurred in handling specimens from patients with possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. Such specimens should be labeled accordingly, and the laboratory should be alerted to ensure proper specimen handling. General and specific biosafety guidelines for handling SARS-CoV-2 specimens are provided."

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2020-07-18
Boost SNAP to Capitalize on Program's Effectiveness and Ability to Respond to Need

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From the Document: "SNAP's (food stamps) broad reach among low-income families with children and others who may struggle to afford an adequate diet makes it one of the most effective means of delivering food assistance. The economic crisis spurred by COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has resulted in an unprecedented increase in SNAP's reach: 6 to 7 million more people have applied and been approved for benefits since February, state-reported data show. As a result, an across-the-board 15 percent increase to SNAP's maximum benefits, as policymakers are considering as part of the next COVID response package, would reach even more low-income people, many of whom are struggling with food insecurity. A SNAP benefit increase also is one of the highest bang-for-the-buck measures for economic stimulus to help support the economy."

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (Washington, D.C.)

Rosenbaum, Dorothy S.

2020-07-18
Section 301: Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Document: "In 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) determined, pursuant to an investigation under 'Section 301' (Title III of the Trade Act of 1974, 19 U.S.C. §§2411-2420), that China's acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property (IP), and innovation are unreasonable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. To counter them and obtain their elimination, the Trump Administration imposed, under Section 301, four rounds of increased tariffs on approximately two-thirds of U.S. imports from China. However, to avoid harm to U.S. interests, the USTR instituted 'tariff exclusions' for certain U.S. imports that would otherwise be subject to tariffs. This is the first time that the agency has established an exclusion request process, and several Members of Congress have raised concerns about its implementation."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Schwarzenberg, Andres B.

2020-07-17
Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Summary: "This report reviews the process and procedures that currently apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell major defense equipment, defense articles and services, or the retransfer to third-party states of such military items. Under Section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), Congress must be formally notified '30' calendar days before the Administration can take the final steps to conclude a government-to-government foreign military sale of major defense equipment valued at $14 million or more, defense articles or services valued at $50 million or more, or design and construction services valued at $200 million or more."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Kerr, Paul K.

2020-07-17
Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Overview: "After more than 17 years of conflict and zero-sum political competition, Iraqis are struggling to redefine their country's future and are reconsidering their relationships with the United States, Iran, and other third parties. Since seeking international military assistance in 2014 to regain territory seized by the Islamic State organization (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL), Iraqi leaders have implored international actors to avoid using Iraq as a battleground for their own rivalries and have attempted to build positive, nonexclusive ties to their neighbors and to global powers. Nevertheless, Iraq has become a venue for competition and conflict between the United States and Iran, with resulting violence now raising basic questions about the future of the U.S.-Iraqi partnership and regional security. When a new government took office in Baghdad in June 2020 after a months-long delay, U.S. and Iraqi officials opened talks on a new foundation for bilateral ties through a high-level strategic dialogue. In the meantime, Iraqi leaders are grappling with challenges posed by lower oil revenues, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the latent demands of protestors whose demonstrations toppled last Iraqi government."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Blanchard, Christopher M.

2020-07-17
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Summary: "The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) culminated years of effort by state and local government officials and business interests to control, if not eliminate, the imposition of unfunded intergovernmental and private-sector federal mandates. Advocates argued the statute was needed to forestall federal legislation and regulations that imposed obligations on state and local governments or businesses that resulted in higher costs and inefficiencies. Opponents argued that federal mandates may be necessary to achieve national objectives in areas where voluntary action by state and local governments and business failed to achieve desired results."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Dilger, Robert Jay, 1954-; Beth, Richard S.

2020-07-17
Will the FTC Need to Rethink Its Enforcement Playbook (Part II)? Circuit Split Casts Doubt on the FTC's Ability to Seek Restitution in Section 13(b) Suits [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Document: "In August 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held in 'FTC v. Credit Bureau Center, LLC', that the Federal Trade Commission (FTC or Commission) cannot obtain restitution (i.e., repayment of money for consumer redress) in suits under Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act). In so doing, the Seventh Circuit overturned its own precedent and created a split of opinion on this issue with eight other federal courts of appeals. The 'Credit Bureau Center' decision also adds to recent case law curtailing the FTC's enforcement authority under Section 13(b) in other respects, including a decision by U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (discussed in an earlier Sidebar) limiting the FTC's ability to bring Section 13(b) suits at all."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Linebaugh, Chris D.

2020-07-17
Climate Change Adaptation: U.S. Department of Agriculture [July 17, 2020]

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From the Introduction and Background: "Congress has debated the significance of global climate change and what federal policies, if any, should be adopted to address risks and effects associated with climate change. Federal policies may focus on climate change 'mitigation'--to prevent or slow the progress of climate change--or 'adaptation'--to avoid the consequences or capture the benefits of climate change (see text box). Policies focused on adaptation can reduce risks associated with climate change at federal agencies (including risks to infrastructure, operations, and mission delivery), including at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Such policies may affect costs to the department or the sectors it serves. Given that agriculture and forestry are already experiencing the impacts of climate change, adaptation policies are particularly important for these sectors."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Hoover, Katie; Schnepf, Randall Dean, 1954-; Stubbs, Megan . . .

2020-07-17
COVID-19: Resources for Tracking Federal Spending [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Document: "Congress has responded to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with various legislation providing relief to individuals and families, state and local governments, businesses, health care providers, and other entities. This Insight provides selected sources for tracking COVID-19 relief funding provided through these bills."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Teefy, Jennifer; Kreiser, Maria

2020-07-17
COVID-19: How Quickly Will Unemployment Recover? [July 17, 2020]

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From the Document: "Because of effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the United States has seen both high unemployment levels and record rates of change in those levels. This has made it difficult to forecast unemployment from one month to the next. This Insight discusses the current state of unemployment, how unemployment might change over the next few years, and what those changes would mean for the economy."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Weinstock, Lida R.

2020-07-17
MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 17, 2020

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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following: "'Vital Signs': Prescription Opioid Pain Reliever Use During Pregnancy -- 34 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2019"; "Symptom Profiles of a Convenience Sample of Patients with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] -- United States, January-April 2020"; "Mumps Cases Disproportionately Affecting Persons Living with HIV Infection and Men Who Have Sex with Men -- Chicago, Illinois, 2018"; "Update on Immunodeficiency-Associated Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses -- Worldwide, July 2018-December 2019"; "Detection and Genetic Characterization of Community-Based SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] Infections -- New York City, March 2020"; "Characteristics of Persons Who Died with COVID-19 -- United States, February 12-May 18, 2020"; "Absence of Apparent Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Two Stylists After Exposure at a Hair Salon with a Universal Face Covering Policy -- Springfield, Missouri, May 2020"; "Factors Associated with Cloth Face Covering Use Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic -- United States, April and May 2020"; "Continuation of Mosquito Surveillance and Control During Public Health Emergencies and Natural Disasters"; and "'QuickStats': Percentage of Adults Who Volunteered or Worked in a Hospital, Medical Clinic, Doctor's Office, Dentist's Office, Nursing Home, or Some Other Health Care Facility, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2016-2018." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2020-07-17
Duration of Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19

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From the Document: "Accumulating evidence supports ending isolation and precautions for persons with COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] using a symptom-based strategy. This update incorporates recent evidence to inform the duration of isolation and precautions recommended to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2] to others, while limiting unnecessary prolonged isolation and unnecessary use of laboratory testing resources."

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

2020-07-17
Practical Actions in Cities to Strengthen Preparedness for the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: An Interim Checklist for Local Authorities

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From the Purpose, Target Audience and Scope: "This document accompanies the interim guidance 'Strengthening preparedness for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] in cities and urban settings', which is to complement the COVID-19 strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) and strategy update. It elaborates and expands on recommended actions as listed in the interim guidance and provides local authorities, leaders and policy-makers in cities with a checklist tool to enhance preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and should be adapted to national regulatory frameworks, the competences of subnational actors, and local social, cultural and economic contexts. The checklist is not intended to replace other guidance and plans but to complement them by helping local authorities ensure that key areas have been covered."

World Health Organization

2020-07-17
Early Warning Audit of FEMA Public Assistance Grants to Monroe County, Florida

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From the Document: "The DHS Office of Inspector General contracted with Cotton & Company LLP to conduct an audit to determine whether FEMA ensured that Florida (the recipient) and Monroe County (the subrecipient) established and implemented policies, procedures, and practices to account for and expend Public Assistance program grant funds awarded for damages caused by Hurricane Irma in accordance with Federal regulations and FEMA guidance."

United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General

2020-07-17
EU Data Protection Rules and U.S. Implications [Updated July 17, 2020]

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From the Document: "U.S. and European Union (EU) policymakers are focused on protection of personal data online with recent and proposed legislation and enforcement actions. Data breaches at companies such as Facebook, Apple, and Marriott have contributed to heightened public awareness. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-- which took effect on May 25, 2018--has drawn the attention of Congress, U.S. businesses and other stakeholders, prompting debate on U.S. federal and state data privacy and protection policies."

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

Fefer, Rachel F.; Archick, Kristin

2020-07-17

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