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China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on China's naval modernization effort and its implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. In an era of renewed great power competition, China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. The issue for Congress for this CRS [Congressional Research Service] report is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China's naval modernization effort. Decisions that Congress reaches on this issue could affect U.S. and allied security, Navy capabilities and funding requirements, and the defense industrial base."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald
2020-09-01
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Lebanon [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Lebanon, a country of 5.5 million people, faces the worst economic crisis in its history amid ongoing political unrest, the spread of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019], and an August 2020 explosion that severely damaged the port of Beirut and surrounding densely populated areas. Lebanon hosts the largest number of refugees in the world per capita (over one million, mostly Syrians), which has raised social tensions and strained public services. U.S. policy toward Lebanon has focused on countering the influence of Iran and Hezbollah, and on bolstering the Lebanese state--while calling for reforms to counter corruption and mismanagement."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Humud, Carla E.
2020-09-01
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Tracking the Impacts of COVID-19 [presentation]
This presentation contains data on the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the airlines industry, as well as projections for recovery.
Airlines for America (A4A)
2020-09-01
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Facial Recognition: CBP and TSA Are Taking Steps to Implement Programs, but CBP Should Address Privacy and System Performance Issues, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the GAO [Government Accountability Office] Highlights: "Within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] is charged with the dual mission of facilitating legitimate travel and securing U.S. borders, and TSA [Transportation Security Administration] is responsible for protecting the nation's transportation system. For both CBP and TSA, part of their inspection and screening responsibilities includes reviewing travel identification documents and verifying traveler identities. Beginning in 1996, a series of federal laws were enacted to develop and implement an entry-exit data system, which is to integrate biographic and, since 2004, biometric records for foreign nationals. This report addresses (1) the status of CBP's deployment of FRT [facial recognition technology], (2) the extent to which CBP has incorporated privacy protection principles, (3) the extent to which CBP has assessed the accuracy and performance of its FRT, and (4) the status of TSA's testing and deployment of FRT and how TSA has incorporated privacy protection principles. GAO conducted site visits to observe CBP's and TSA's use of FRT, which were selected to include all three travel environments--air, land, and sea; reviewed program documents; and interviewed DHS officials."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-09
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FEMA Advisory: Coronavirus Pandemic Response: FEMA Releases New Policy for Declarations (September 1, 2020)
From the Document: "FEMA releases this interim policy as part of the President's March 13 nationwide emergency declaration and subsequent major disaster declarations for COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. Because of these declarations, state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) government entities and certain private non-profit (PNP) organizations are eligible to apply for assistance under the FEMA Public Assistance program. The interim policy defines the framework, details and requirements for eligibility of work and costs under the Public Assistance Program to ensure consistent and appropriate implementation across all COVID-19 emergency and major disaster declarations. Only work associated with the performance of emergency protective measures specifically listed in this policy is eligible for Public Assistance in COVID-19-declared events."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-09-01
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Defense Science and Technology: Opportunities to Better Integrate Industry Independent Research and Development into DOD Planning, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Key Takeaways: "DOD does not know how contractors' independent R&D [research and development] projects fit into the department's technology goals. As a result, DOD risks making decisions about its multi-billion dollar science and tech investments that could duplicate work or miss opportunities to fill in gaps that the contributions of private industry do not cover."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-09
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 3331, Countering Hizballah in Lebanon's Military Act of 2020
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on July 29, 2020. From the Document: "H.R. 3331 would require the Secretary of State to report to the Congress on the extent of Hizballah's influence on the Lebanese government, the effectiveness of the Lebanese military, and related matters. It also would require the Secretary to provide to the Congress a strategy to increase diplomatic engagement between the United States and Lebanon and to support the Lebanese military."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-09-01
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COVID-19, Jails, and Public Safety
From the Document: "Detained populations are thought to have high risk of contracting and spreading COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] due to population density, movement through facilities, and preexisting health conditions. [...] Reducing jail population density may minimize transmission risk. Some, however, have expressed concern about the potential public safety risks posed by pandemic-induced releases from county jails. This impact report draws on jail data being collected by New York University's Public Safety Lab to assess how jail populations, admissions, releases, and the characteristics of those released changed during the pandemic, relative to the pre-pandemic period. We also ask whether 30-, 60-, or 90-day rebooking rates of those released changed during the pandemic, relative to those released pre-pandemic."
Council on Criminal Justice
Harvey, Anna L. (Anna Lil), 1966-; Taylor, Orion
2020-09
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Federal Tactical Teams: Characteristics, Training, Deployments, and Inventory, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "Many federal agencies employ law enforcement officers to carry out the agency's law enforcement mission and maintain the security of federal property, employees, and the public. Some of these agencies have specialized law enforcement teams-- referred to as federal tactical teams in this report--whose members are selected, trained, equipped, and assigned to prevent and resolve critical incidents involving a public safety threat that their agency's traditional law enforcement may not otherwise have the capability to resolve. This report provides information on the (1) federal tactical teams and their characteristics; (2) training team members receive; (3) deployments of such teams from fiscal years 2015 through 2019; and (4) firearms, tactical equipment, and tactical vehicles in team inventories, as of January 2020."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-09
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Federal Advisory Committees: Actions Needed to Enhance Decision-Making Transparency and Cost Data Accuracy, Report to the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "FACA [Federal Advisory Committee Act] requires federal agencies to ensure that federal advisory committees make decisions that are independent and transparent. In fiscal year 2019, nearly 960 committees under FACA played a key role in informing public policy and government regulations. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review the transparency and independence of FACA committees and data collected in GSA's [General Services Administration] FACA database. This report examines (1) selected agencies' and committees' adherence to transparency requirements; (2) their practices to help ensure that agency officials do not exert inappropriate influence on committee decision-making; and (3) the extent to which GSA's FACA database contained accurate, complete, and useful cost information for these committees."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-09
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FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin: September 2020
This September 2020 edition of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin contains the following articles: "Confessions in Intimate Partner Homicide"; "Community Outreach Spotlight: Pedal Power"; "Leadership Spotlight: Finding Purpose"; "Behavioral Health Training for Police Officers: A Prevention Program"; "Bulletin Notes"; "Sussex, England, Police" and "Mars, Pennsylvania, Police Department."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2020-09
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Rural Action Plan
From the Executive Summary: "The Rural Action Plan provides a description of the current rural health care and human services landscape, particularly the challenges rural individuals and communities face in accessing and financing health care and human services. The characteristics of rural health and human service disparities include poorer health status, with residents of rural areas more likely than their urban counterparts to die from heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury, chronic lower respiratory disease, and stroke, and to have health care and human service workforce shortages, fragile provider networks, and the limited and varied capabilities of public health and human services departments, among others. In acknowledgment of these rural health disparities, the foundation of the Rural Action Plan is based on the following Four-Point Strategy: 1. 'Build a Sustainable Health and Human Services Model for Rural Communities' by empowering rural providers to transform service delivery on a broad scale. 2. 'Leverage Technology and Innovation' to deliver quality care and services to rural communities more efficiently and cost-effectively. 3. 'Focus on Preventing Disease and Mortality' by developing rural-specific efforts to improve health outcomes. 4. 'Increase Rural Access to Care' by eliminating regulatory burdens that limit the availability of needed clinical professionals."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
2020-09
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Beneficial Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Air Pollution: Evidence from Vietnam
From the Abstract: "Little evidence currently exists on the effects of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] on air quality in poorer countries, where most air pollution-linked deaths occur. We offer the first study that examines the pandemic's impacts on improving air quality in Vietnam, a lower-middle income country with worsening air pollution. Employing the Regression Discontinuity Design method to analyze a rich database that we compile from satellite air pollution data and data from various other sources, we find the concentration of NO2 to decrease by 24 to 32 percent two weeks after the COVID-19 lockdown. While this finding is robust to different measures of air quality and model specifications, the positive effects of the lockdown appear to dissipate after ten weeks. We also find that mobility restrictions are a potential channel for improved air quality. Finally, our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that two weeks after the lockdown, the economic gains from better air quality are roughly $0.6 billion US dollars."
IZA Institute of Labor Economics
Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Trinh, Trong-Anh
2020-09
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CBO Paper: Long-Term Implications of the 2021 Future Years Defense Program
From the Summary: "In most years, the Department of Defense (DoD) produces a five-year plan, called the Future Years Defense Program (FYDP), that is associated with the budget it submits to the Congress. The 2021 FYDP, issued in March 2020, comprises DoD's request for appropriations in 2021 and a series of planned budgets for 2022 through 2025. This report describes the Congressional Budget Office's [CBO] analysis of the FYDP and summarizes DoD's expectations about the costs of its plans for 2021 through 2025. Because decisions made in the near term can have consequences for the defense budget in the longer term, CBO projected the costs of the 2021 plan through 2035."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
Arthur, David (David Alan); Woodward, F. Matthew
2020-09
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COVID-19 in U.S. State and Federal Prisons
From the Key Findings: "[1] On average, the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] mortality rate within prisons is 61.8 deaths per 100,000 people in prison, twice as large as the general public mortality rate after adjusting for the sex, age and race/ethnicity of those incarcerated. This disparity is 60% higher than a comparison using an unadjusted population mortality rate. [2] The rate of COVID-19 cases reported by state and federal prisons in the U.S. is nearly 7,000 cases per 100,000 people in prison, more than four times the rate of confirmed cases per 100,000 U.S residents. An adjustment for the sex, age and race/ethnicity of people in prison was not possible due to the lack of confirmed COVID-19 case data by demographic characteristics."
Council on Criminal Justice
Schnepel, Kevin T.
2020-09
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Veteran Suicide: VA Needs Accurate Data and Comprehensive Analyses to Better Understand On-Campus Suicides, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "VA [U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs] established suicide prevention as its highest clinical priority. In recent years, there have been reports of veterans dying by suicide on VA campuses--in locations such as inpatient settings, parking lots, and on the grounds of cemeteries. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review veteran deaths by suicide on VA campuses. This report examines (1) VA's process to track the number of veterans that died by suicide on VA campuses, and (2) steps VA has taken to address these types of suicides."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2020-09
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Navigating COVID-19 in Asia and the Pacific
From the Introduction: "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is presenting unprecedented health, economic, and social challenges throughout the world. Infections have claimed nearly three-quarters of a million lives and containment strategies have disrupted nearly every aspect of people's routines. As the pandemic continues to evolve through the second half of 2020, efforts to protect livelihoods imperiled by the coronavirus resurgence, safely return social activities to normal functioning, and support struggling economies across the globe must contend with uncertainties that, for many, point to an unparalleled pace of change. The crisis calls for collective ideas. This publication gathers blogs and short policy pieces contributed by Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff and experts in an attempt to tackle immediate challenges and prepare for what may lie beyond the horizon. It brings together snapshots of intellectual efforts that aim to help make sense of unprecedented times."
Asian Development Bank
Susantono, Bambang; Sawada, Yasuyuki, 1967-; Park, Cyn-Young
2020-09
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FDA's Role in the Medical Product Supply Chain and Considerations During COVID-19 [September 1, 2020]
From the Background: "The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the medical product supply chain globally and domestically. Although certain concerns about the U.S. medical product supply chain predate the emergence of COVID-19, the ongoing pandemic has made addressing those concerns and understanding the supply chain a more urgent priority. Of particular concern for some are the United States' reliance on foreign sources of medical products and the federal government's ability to oversee the supply chain and mitigate future disruptions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Green, Victoria R.; Dabrowska, Agata; Costin, Kate M.
2020-09-01
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security Strategic Framework for Countering Terrorism and Targeted Violence: Public Action Plan
From the Introduction: "The United States faces increasingly complex threats from terrorism and targeted violence. Both continue to pose a grave threat in ways that have evolved dramatically in the nearly two decades since the 9/11 attacks. Although foreign terrorist organizations remain intent on striking our Homeland, we also face a growing threat from domestic actors. Our enemies seek to spur violence in our communities and divide our society. Combating terrorism and targeted violence requires the combined efforts of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS or Department), our Federal and state, local, tribal and territorial (SLTT) government partners and civil society. To address these threats, in September 2019, the Department adopted the 'Strategic Framework for Countering Terrorism and Targeted Violence' (CTTV Framework) and has now finalized this corresponding Public Action Plan and an extensive internal Implementation Plan. Collectively, these three documents describe specific actions and milestones to achieve the CTTV Framework's goals. These documents will help guide our activities as we adapt to and confront the complex and ever-evolving challenges our Nation face."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2020-09
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Global Economic Growth Forecasts: Impact of COVID-19 [September 1, 2020]
From the Overview: "The unprecedented Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and policy responses have compounded the challenges facing forecasters attempting to estimate the pandemic's global economic impact and challenged policymakers to find the appropriate policy response. Some forecasts indicate the pandemic is negatively affecting economic growth beyond anything experienced in decades. Such estimates see global economic growth being trimmed by 3.0% to 6.0% in 2020, with a partial recovery in 2021, assuming the current crisis can be mitigated and there is not a second wave of infections. Global trade could fall by 18%, depending on the depth and extent of the global downturn, exacting an especially heavy economic toll on developed economies and trade-dependent developing and emerging economies. At present the global economic recovery seems to be caught between countries experiencing a nascent but building recovery and those reimposing quarantines and lockdowns in response to resurgence in diagnosed cases."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Jackson, James K., 1949-
2020-09-01
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Criminal Victimization, 2019
From the Document: "After rising from 1.1 million in 2015 to 1.4 million in 2018, the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault dropped to 1.2 million in 2019. This is the first statistically significant decrease in the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault since 2015, and it corresponds with a decline in the number of victims of rape or sexual assault from 2018 to 2019. Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the nation's largest crime survey, the portion of U.S. residents age 12 or older who were victims of one or more violent crimes excluding simple assault declined from 0.50% (about 1 in 200 persons) in 2018 to 0.44% (about 1 in 230 persons) in 2019, a 12% decrease."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Morgan, Rachel E.; Truman, Jennifer L.
2020-09
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Resonating Narratives: The Scale of Islamist and Far-Right Extremism Among British Young People
From the Foreword: "Counter-extremism is heavily politicised. For years, leading politicians have failed to engage constructively, shying away from tackling divisive groups head on. But the rise in identity politics should not stop us from making greater efforts to bridge divides and identify and root out those seeking to damage the social fabric of our communities. In 2020, governments across the world have had to deal with the unprecedented health and economic challenges posed by the spread of Covid-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. While the priority of every government at the moment should be to protect lives and the economy by building in the necessary infrastructure to live with the virus as we wait for a vaccine, let us not forget that the problems that existed before Covid-19 will continue to exist afterwards. If anything, Covid-19 will only exacerbate the problems that were there before."
Tony Blair Institute for Global Change
Ariza, Cristina; Alvis, Sam
2020-09
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Global Refugee Resettlement: Selected Issues and Questions [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Document: "As the number of refugees worldwide reached unprecedented levels in recent years, Congress has demonstrated a continued interest in refugee resettlement, although such opportunities are available to only a small percentage of the global refugee population. [...] On March 17, 2020, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) announced the suspension of global resettlement travel for refugees due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) travel bans. On June 18, 2020, they announced the resumption of resettlement departures for refugees, although many travel restrictions remained in place."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2020-09-01
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Global Compact on Migration (GCM) and U.S. Policy [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Document: "Congress has demonstrated ongoing interest in the global migration crisis, particularly with recent flows of migrants and refugees to the United States from Central America and Mexico. In 2019 an estimated 272 million international migrants formed roughly 3.5% of the world's population. Although not formally defined under international law, many experts generally agree that an 'international migrant' is someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons. The decision to move is usually made out of a choice related to livelihood, improved economic circumstances, or family ties. However, as discussed below, certain factors may force individuals to leave involuntarily."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Margesson, Rhoda
2020-09-01
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'One World, Two Systems' Takes Shape During the Pandemic
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic has caused calamitous public health and economic crises that will leave deep marks on social and economic behavior and activity in the years to come. It has also exacerbated preexisting conditions, both domestic (social and economic inequality) and international (fragmentation of the postwar world order). The latter has been manifested in an intensifying competition between the United States and China for political and strategic influence. So far, this competition has unfolded mainly through the Sino-US trade war, which has undermined the multilateral rules-based trading system built around the World Trade Organization (WTO). It has, however, also spread to geopolitical and strategic arenas, quickly escalating during the pandemic."
Atlantic Council of the United States
Tran, Hung
2020-09
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Kyrgyz Republic [Updated September 1, 2020]
From the Overview: "The Kyrgyz Republic (commonly known as Kyrgyzstan) is a mountainous, landlocked country that borders China and maintains close ties with Russia. Formerly a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991. As a parliamentary republic that holds contested elections, Kyrgyzstan has long been considered the most democratic country in Central Asia, with a vibrant civil society and a higher degree of press freedom than found elsewhere in the region. Corruption is pervasive, however, and political institutions remain weak. In recent years, international observers have voiced concerns about democratic backsliding in Kyrgyzstan. Some Members of Congress have also expressed concerns about government pressure on independent media outlets, including the congressionally-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Because Kyrgyzstan is an impoverished country that relies heavily on foreign remittances, the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing significant economic strain."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Blackwood, Maria A.
2020-09-01
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Return to Normal: Guidance and Resources for Communications Providers
From the Introduction: "The Communications Sector Coordinating Council ('CSCC') created this document to help telecom providers establish and implement a plan as they consider returning to the workplace following COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] closures. The resources provided in this document include state and federal government recommendations, articles, and questionnaires that may be useful with efforts to create a safe work environment and mitigating the spread of COVID-19. In accordance with the CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Hierarchy of Controls, businesses should attempt to (1) physically remove the hazard; (2) replace the hazard; (3) isolate people from the hazard; (4) change the way people work; and (5) protect the worker with personal protective equipment. To carry out these recommendations, businesses should start by creating a plan using the following guidance."
United States. Communications Sector Coordinating Council
2020-09
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COVID-19 Supplement for Planning Considerations: Evacuation and Shelter-In-Place
From the Purpose: "This document provides planning consideration questions for jurisdictions reviewing their evacuation and shelter-in-place plans and resources while considering the impacts of COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]. The self-assessment questions build off considerations and principles outlined in 'Planning Considerations: Evacuation and Shelter-In-Place - Guidance for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Partners.' These COVID-19 related planning considerations may factor into jurisdictions' calculations as they review their protective action plans and reassess factors such as evacuation clearance time. This document is not prescriptive guidance; it is an aid to help jurisdictions plan and implement protective actions in a COVID-19 environment."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2020-09
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COVID-19 and Urban Mobility: Impacts and Perspectives
From the Abstract: "The briefing provides an overview on the state of play and trends of urban transport since the outbreak of the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic. It outlines four scenarios, the prevalence of one or the other depending on the priorities established by policy makers and service providers. The briefing delivers general recommendations for a post-COVID-19 smart and sustainable urban transport and a set of desirable actions on how to integrate EU response into existing policy priorities."
European Parliament
Lozzi, Giacomo; Marcucci, Edoardo; Gatta, Valerio . . .
2020-09
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All Together Now? The Impacts of the Government's Coronavirus Income Support Schemes Across the Age Distribution
From the Summary: "In response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Government introduced three policies to directly protect household incomes: the coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (JRS), the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (SEISS), and a significant boost to social security benefits. These are estimated to cost £71.5 billion in the current financial year, more than the government spending on Defence and Public Order and Safety in the previous year. This note looks at how that financial support has been distributed across people from different age groups during the first months of the crisis. This is of interest both to help us understand the distributional impacts of the Government's policy decisions, but also because it gives us an indication to who might be financially at risk when the schemes come to an end."
Resolution Foundation
Brewer, Mike, 1975-; Handscomb, Karl
2020-09
