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Role of the Reserve Components in the War on Drugs
"Military involvement in the drug war expanded with the passage of the Defense Authorization Act of 1988 and the subsequent Congressional appropriation of $300 million for funding interdiction and eradication operations. Since the active armed forces and their reserve components are constitutionally restricted from enforcing laws within the country's borders, domestic military support to civilian law enforcement agencies must be provided by the National Guard, which is not limited by the statutory restraints of other federal troops. This study examines the key legislative acts which led to the organizational structure of the present day Guard and explains the various statuses under which state troops can operate. It further points out the types of anti-drug transactions involving the Guard in the past decade and summarizes future plans for Congressional funds. The purpose of this report is to recognize potential problems and weaknesses and recommend solutions which will aid America in its struggle for a drug-free society. With adequate monetary allocations, proper training, and national support, the National Guard can supply military support to civilian law enforcement agencies within the Nation's boundaries."
Army War College (U.S.)
Dickens, Homer Q.
1989-03-31
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Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the U.S. Tankship Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef, Prince William Sound Near Valdez, Alaska
"This report explains the grounding of the U.S Tankship EXXON VALDEZ near Valdez, Alaska on March 24, 1989. The safety issues discussed in the report are the vessel's navigation watch, the role of human factors, manning standards, the company's drug/alcohol testing and rehabilitation program, drug/alcohol testing, vessel traffic service, and oil spill response. Safety Recommendations addressing these issues were made to the US Coast Guard, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Exxon Shipping Company and other tankship companies carrying North 510pe crude oil from Port Valdez, the State of Alaska, the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, and the Alaska Regional Response Team."
United States. National Transportation Safety Board
1989-03-24
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Executive Order 12873: Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Functions
This 1989 Executive Order 12873 from president George H. W. Bush titled "Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Functions" discusses the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. From the document: "By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United Stales of America, including the Robert T. Stefford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), and in order to conform delegations of authority to recent legislation, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Section 4-203 of Executive Order No. 12148 is amended to read: Section 4-203. The functions vested in the President by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, es amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), except those functions vested in the President by Section 401 (relating to the declaration of major disasters artd emergencies), Section 501 (relating to the declaration of emergencies}, Section 405 (relating to the repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of Federal facilities), and Section 412 (relating to food coupons and distribution), are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1989-03-23
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Low Intensity Conflict: A Chemical Corps Role?
"The increased focus on the lower end of the spectrum of conflict, particularly low-intensity conflict (LIC) itself, highlights the critical balance which must be obtained between rapid deployment and mission capability. Combat support and combat service support activities must be able to demonstrate a direct application to mission accomplishment or be relegated to follow-on forces which can only be brought into theater when time and lift assets allow. The role played by the Chemical Corps in chemical-biological (CB) defense is acknowledged and recognized throughout the Army, but what if an immediate CB threat is lacking. If Chemical Corps units and personnel cannot perform any other roles which will contribute directly to mission accomplishment, then they are not needed on the battlefield. On the other hand, if there are unique missions which these forces can accomplish which effectively serve to multiply the overall effectiveness of the force, then they should be deployed into theater early. This study looks at lessons learned from previous combat operations performed by Chemical Corp personnel and units in an attempt to assess the validity of a present role in LIC."
Army War College (U.S.)
Read, Richard D.
1989-03-20
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'And That Goes for Domestic Wars Too,' The Weinberger Doctrine and Domestic Use of the Military
From the thesis abstract: "As the traditional foreign threats to the security of the United States seem to ebb under the impact of glasnost and perestroika the nation turns its attention to the domestic threats to the national security and public health and welfare. The two greatest of these are the plague of illegal drugs and the virtually unrestricted flow of illegal immigrants. Although the United States has a strong history of restricting use of the national military in domestic roles, calls are heard now for use of that force to seal the border against these threats. This study looks at the nature of the domestic threats, the brief history of domestic use of the military, and the recommendations for use of the military protect the nation against these internal problems. The study looks at model for analyzing proposed commitment of U.S military forces overseas authored by then Secretary of Defense Weinberger and then applies it to the recommendations for domestic commitment to see if the model is a useful tool in that role. With a purpose of finding an analytical framework for response to recommendations for military use in domestic affairs that focuses on the best interests of national security and traditional American values rather than parochial military interests, the study finds the Weinberger Doctrine an excellent model for the purpose."
Army War College (U.S.)
Cathcart, James A.
1989-03-13
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Health Evaluation Report 87-109-1950; North Riverside Fire Department North Riverside, Illinois
"In January 1987 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) to evaluate the toxicity of smoke clouds produced by a zinc chloride (ZnCl2) smoke generating device (5S smoke bomb) used for smoke training drills at the North Riverside Fire Department, North Riverside, Illinois. During the second of two exercises in October, 1986, fire fighters reportedly experiences adverse health effects including fever, chills and soreness of joints."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Zey, John N.; Richardson, Fred
1989-03
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Evaluating Emergency Management Models and Data Bases: A Suggested Approach
From the Preface: "The Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics, National Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is conducting a research effort under the sponsorship of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to develop a set of guidelines which promotes both a critical review and unbiased evaluation of FEMA models and data bases. Large-scale models and data bases are key informational resources for FEMA. The type and nature of FEMA models and data bases, however, are perhaps unique within the Federal government in that they are often concerned with severe changes or disruptions ranging from limited effects to extremes. In order to carry out its emergency missions, it is necessary for FEMA to determine which models, modeling techniques and data bases are appropriate for what purposes and which ones need modification, updating and maintenance. The development of evaluation guidelines is therefore of direct benefit to FEMA in discharging its emergency management duties."
United States. Department of Commerce
Chapman, Robert E.; Gass, Saul I.; Filliben, James J. . . .
1989-03
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Federal Emergency Management Agency, Office of Civil Defense: FY 1990 Congressional Civil Defense Testimony
This document contains the compiled testimony of Julius W. Becton, Craig Alderman, Joseph F. Myers, and Avagene Moore of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Office of Civil Defense on March 1989 before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Military Installations and Facilities on the topic of FEMA's fiscal year 1990 civil defense authorization and appropriation requests.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Office of Civil Defense
Moore, Avagene; Becton, Julius W.; Alderman, Craig . . .
1989-03
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Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1988
This document produced by the State Department in March 1989 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1988. Topics discussed include U.S. counterterrorism policy, terrorism trends, states that support terrorism, the numbers of total deaths from acts of terrorism, geographic distribution of acts from 1968 to 1988, and a breakdown of the nationality of victims of terrorist attacks.
United States. Department of State
1989-03
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Evolution and Impact of Terrorism in the 20th Century and the U.S. Response
"This document remarks on some of the historical developments in the phenomenon of modern international terrorism and the developing phenomenon of modern international terrorism and the developing U.S. policy response. It reviews the changing nature of terrorism in the 20th century, with particular emphasis on the 1960s to the present, while underscoring the resultant evolution of the American policy response. Some of the more predominant difficulties in coming to terms with the nature of modern terrorism and roadblocks to reducing the scope of international terrorism are identified."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Phillips, William M.F.
1989-03
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Progress on a Multinational Policy against Terrorism
"Introductory remarks on the threat of terrorism and key initiatives to combat the threat over the past 20 years provide a starting point to assess answers to three questions fundamental to a coherent multinational policy on counterterrorism. Those questions deal with the effect of public opinion on a government's policy; principles and procedures for action against international terrorism; and the multinational decision-making framework that would best serve those principles and procedures. The analysis centers around the nations best suited to bring pressure against international terrorism--the seven major Western democracies--Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The concluding chapter suggests that most of the groundwork required for a cohesive and cooperative counterterrorist front now exists between (or at least among) these nations, and the main effort will be to maintain the forward momentum."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Gaines, IV, George P.
1989-03
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Soft Contact Lenses: Sink or Barrier to Chemical Warfare Agents?
"Contact lens wear by United States military personnel in a chemical warfare environment is a controversial issue. Several studies in industrial settings have suggested that contact lenses may safeguard the cornea from chemical and mechanical trauma. The purpose of this experiment was to see if a soft contact lens would act as a barrier to a chemical agent and protect the cornea, perform as a sink and spread the dosage of the chemical agent out over time, or both. Eight subjects were fitted with soft contact lenses (bufilcon A, 45% water content). Subjects wore the left lens only for the study, while the right eye was used for a control. Both eyes were challenged with small volumes (5, 10, and 20 microliters) of a 0.5% physostigmine aqueous solution which was chosen to simulate the live agent diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). Pupil size was monitored over an 8-h period using a modified photoelectric keratometer. The results indicate that a soft contact lens does act as a barrier to chemical agents for the first hour following exposure, but then acts as a sink, spreading out the dosage over time. Soft contact lens; Cornea; Eserine, Physostigmine; Chemical warfare agents; Chemical defense mask."
USAF School of Aerospace Medicine
Dennis, Richard J.; Flynn, William J.; Oakley, Carolyn J. . . .
1989-03
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Terrorism and the Communication Utilities: A National Security Concern?
From the thesis abstract: "Increasing international terrorist incidents, with Americans as the focal point, and the seemingly changing image of the Soviet Union could create an atmosphere conducive to domestic terrorism within the United States. This paper will explore the potential capabilities of terrorist groups. Then it will examine three past communication disasters in an attempt to determine if terrorism is a domestic threat, or specifically if the loss of a major communication facility is a threat to national security. Each disaster happened independently of the others. This study takes the results of these accidents and postulates the effects of similar levels of damage caused by a concerted terrorist action. Analysis of pre- and post responses provides a foundation for recommendations for dealing with terrorist threat."
Army War College (U.S.)
Green, Linwood G., Jr.
1989-02-23
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Decisional Dilemma: Structure, Function, and the NSC Staff
From the thesis abstract: "The Iran-Contra Affair, and the subsequent investigations, threw blinding light on the National Security Council [NSC] Staff, an organization that has grown dramatically in bureaucratic power since its inception 40 years ago. Much of the criticism of the Staff, however, has been directed at the personalities involved in this singularly unsuccessful operation and has neglected its more important implications for the national security system as a whole. In reality, this unfortunate episode, like other problems that have surfaced from time to time, had its roots in a mismatch between the national security structure and the essential functions that must be performed by the NSC Staff. These functions include: 1) Administration, 2) Coordination, 3) Supervision, 4) Adjudication, 5) Crisis Management, 6) Policy Formulation, and 7) Policy Advocacy. As can be demonstrated throughout the history of the NSC Staff, the extent to which the national security structure supports these functions will determine the degree of systemic success enjoyed by the administration in national security affairs. For that reason, the structure must command higher visibility and greater attention o the part of the president."
Army War College (U.S.)
Shoemaker, Christopher C.
1989-02-13
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Rural Arson Control
This document identifies and discusses twenty-two needs statements about rural arson control, covering such issues as equipment, reporting, and incident management.
United States Fire Administration
1989-02
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Midcourse Discrimination for the Phase One Strategic Defense System
The ability to differentiate adequately between true targets and false ones (discrimination) in the midcourse phase of attacking missiles flight is a key requirement for a successful ballistic missile defense. This ability is of particular importance for the proposed initial configuration of the Strategic Defense System (SDS phase 1) because (1) the preponderance of the reentry vehicle (RV) negations are to occur in the midcourse and (2) the effectiveness of the system is leveraged through selective (adaptive) defense that depends on reliable attack assessment in midcourse. Discrimination in SDS phase 1 is to be performed remotely by a combination of radar and passive optical sensors, and will be based on hoped for detectable differences in the emissions, shapes, and motions of the objects in a threat presumed to contain a variety of penetration aids accompanying the RVs. The BMD Panel of the Army Science Board has reviewed discrimination concepts, the current knowledge of threat characteristics and potential discriminants, the supporting experiments that have been conducted and are being planned, and the major uncertainties and open questions. This document includes observations, suggested action, and recommendations for the SDS phase 1.
United States. Army Science Board
1989-02
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Embassy Security: Background Investigations of Foreign Employees, Report to the chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Department of State's security investigation and reinvestigation practices for foreign national employees at nine overseas posts, focusing on: (1) the posts' compliance with State security investigation requirements; and (2) U.S. officials' views regarding the potential security risks that foreign nationals posed at overseas posts. GAO found that, although the nine overseas posts generally followed State regulations when they conducted background investigations: (1) five had not investigated all current employees; (2) six did not conduct background investigations of all contract employees; (3) six did not follow established procedures for investigating local guards; (4) six had significant backlogs of long-term employees requiring reinvestigations; (5) they inconsistently applied regulations regarding who required investigation and reinvestigation; (6) they generally assigned a low priority to background investigations relative to other security concerns; (7) State did not monitor the investigations; and (8) State lacked an adequate tracking system to determine who needed background investigations. GAO also found that, although overseas officials cited such potential problems as host government pressure on foreign nationals to provide sensitive information, or foreign national employees' involvement in espionage, criminal, or terrorist activities, State indicated that, except in a few countries, the benefits of employing foreign nationals outweighed the risks.
United States. General Accounting Office
1989-01-05
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Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Sec. 38, as Amended
Describes amendments to the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, Sec. 38. United States Code: Title 22 (Foreign Relations and Intercourse), Chapter 39 (Arms Export Control), Subchapter III (Military Export Controls), Sec. 2778 (Control of Arms and Exports): "With respect to Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (22 U.S.C. § 2778), only the importation provisions are administered by ATF. Export provisions are administered by the Department of State. Importation regulations issued under this law are in Part 47 of 27 CFR, and are included in this publication."
United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1989
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Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation: 1989
"The Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Civil Aviation Security maintains records of aircraft hijackings, bombing attacks, and other significant criminal acts against civil aviation worldwide. These records include actual and attempted hijackings: explosions aboard aircraft, at airports, and at airline offices; and other selected criminal acts against civil aviation. These offenses represent serious threats to the safety of civil aviation and, in those incidents involving U.S. air carriers or facilities outside the United States, are often intended as symbolic attacks against the United States. This edition summarizes events which occurred during 1989 and places the events in perspective within a 5-year period."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1989-01
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National Crisis Management and Technology
"Research relevant to the forecasting of intranational and international security crises has proceeded in four significant areas. First, basic research regarding the sources and decision-making process of crises has proliferated since the early sixties. Second, interdisciplinary research regarding the development and use of quantitative variables and indicators has also progressed rapidly in the last decade. Third, during this same period, the art of forecasting has convincingly evolved into a credible science; and finally, the development of computerized techniques for the storage, retrieval, processing, and display of data has dramatically improved. However, there have been very few attempts to integrate these areas into a coherent concept which would allow the development, test, and implementation of a national crisis warning and management system."
National Defense University
Austin, Charles L.
1989
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Family Unification, Employer Sanctions and Anti-Discrimination Under IRCA: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session on Family Unification, Employer Sanctions and Anti-Discrimination Under IRCA, August 23, 1988
From the opening statement of the Hon. Romano Mazzoli, Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law: "I have just a very brief statement, just to the general effect that the Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law does meet today here in San Antonio at Trinity College for a field hearing to continue its oversight on the implementation of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. IRCA, as it is given the acronym, is a balanced piece of legislation. It is designed to bring about greater control over our border entry and exit. At the same time, it is meant to do humanity and justice and compassion to the people who are in this country, in some cases illegally. As we know, in an effort to provide this balance, we have employer sanctions, which is again designed to eliminate the lure that would induce people to cross the borders and enter the country. We provide anti-discrimination protection so that the people who need jobs and want jobs and are qualified for jobs can get them, and not be discriminated against. And then we have the question of the various labor programs, the H2A program, the program for agricultural labor." Additional materials submitted to the record include that of Texas State Senator Gonzalo Barrientos.
United States. Government Printing Office
1989
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1989 Department of the Army Service Response Force Exercise Volume II: Pine Bluff, AR, June 12-16, 1989
"SRFX-89 [Service Response Force Exercise-89] was a U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) sponsored exercise conducted by AMC Surety Field Activity (SFA) and the U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS). The operation was conducted at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff, Arkansas during the period 12-16 June 1989. The exercise responds to a Department of Army (DA) requirement to conduct a biennial exercise of the Army's Service Response Force (SRF). Exercise play focused on accident site activities while selected organizations engaged in limited play from their home stations. SRFX-89 was designated a no-fault exercise to encourage participants to identify policy and procedural system short-comings. Recognition of commendable performance was also encouraged. To assist in providing documentation upon which an After-Action Report could be based, each participant in the exercise was encouraged to fill out and submit observations, comments, and recommendations. Each controller was required to submit their observations through their functional team leader on a daily basis. This Volume II states the OBSERVATIONS observed from the exercise."
United States. Department of the Army
1989
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1989 Department of the Army Service Response Force Exercise Volume I: Pine Bluff, AR, June 12-16, 1989
"The Service Response Force Exercise - 1989 (SRFX-89) After- Action Report is based on observations made during the exercise, and focuses on Army chemical weapon accident response actions, policies and procedures. The After-Action Report consists of two volumes. Volume I, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, describes the program and provides significant conclusions. Volume II, OBSERVATIONS, is a compilation of observations of exercise events made by participants, accompanied by discussions and recommendations. The After-Action Report is designed to serve as: - A record of actions that occurred during SRFX-89 so that readers can appreciate the scope of activity during such a crisis. - An action document for making improvements to Army concepts, plans and procedures. The appropriate lead agency is identified in Volume II for observations requiring action. - A planning guide for the next SRFX by identifying subjects that should be explored."
United States. Department of the Army
1989
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Gasoline Tanker Incidents in Chicago, Illinois and Fairfax County, Virginia-Case Studies in Hazardous Materials Planning
"At approximately 0328, Thursday, March 30, 1989, a fully loaded 8,800 gallon gasoline tanker overturned on an exit ramp from I-495, the Washington, D.C. beltway. Approximately 150-180 gallons of gasoline leaked from the tanker's dome covers. The driver suffered minor injuries. Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department units responded, stabilized the scene, contained the product, and supervised the off-loading operation. One major route to the beltway was partially closed for 12 hours; the beltway remained open throughout the incident. There were no additional injuries. A group known as the Freeway Incident Management Team (FIMT) was activated and coordinated response among several agencies to minimize the disruption of traffic for the morning rush hour. The Freeway Incident Management Team includes representatives of County and State Police, the state highway department, and fire departments who respond to incidents that can be disruptive to the flow of traffic (see Appendix A). The FIMT agreement establishes responsibility for incident command and defines the duties of each organization for particular types of incidents. Traffic problems as a result of this incident were minimal thanks to the effectiveness of that coordination."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989?
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Eight Children and Two Adults Die in Rural House Fire
"The U.S. Fire Administration develops reports on selected major fires throughout the country. The fires usually involve multiple deaths or a large loss of property. But the primary criterion for deciding to do a report is whether it will result in significant 'lessons learned.' In some cases these lessons bring to light new knowledge about fire--the effect of building construction or contents, human behavior in fire, etc. In other cases, the lessons are not new but are serious enough to highlight once again, with yet another fire tragedy report. In some cases, special reports are developed to discuss events, drills, or new technologies which are of interest to the fire service. [...] This is Report 028 of the Major Fires Investigation Project conducted by TriData Corporation under contract EMW-88-C-2649 to the United States Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1989-01
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Statistical Report United States Attorneys Office: Fiscal Year 1989
This Annual Statistical Report summarizes and presents the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation conducted by the United States Attorneys in Fiscal Year 1986.
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1989?
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S. Rept. 101-219: Oversight Over Intelligence Activities, Report, November 20, 1989
"Early in 1987, the Chairman and Vice Chairman conducted a comprehensive review of the Committee procedures and initiated a series of reforms which were adopted by the Committee. First, bi-partisanship in approaching national security issues was enhanced by a decision that all staff positions would be considered non-partisan', except for the positions of Staff Director and Minority Staff Director. [...] Second, a major effort was begun to strengthen procedures for the safeguarding of classified information and to prevent unauthorized leaks and disclosure of such information. [...] Third, the Committee established a systematic quarterly review of all covert action programs. [...] Fourth, for the first time the committee established its own internal audit team with the ability to conduct independent audits of intelligence programs. [...] As a result of the Iran-Contra affair, the Committee conducted a thorough review of the laws and procedure for covert action. The most significant of these actions was the Committee's voting out of S. 1721, the Oversight Act of 1988, which the Senate then adopted by a vote of 71-19. A section outlining the important issues involved in this matter can be found in this report. [...] In total, the SSCI [Senate Select Committee on Intelligence] conducted a total of 206 on-the-record meetings and hearings during the 100th Congress. The INF Treaty [Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles] alone required 48 such sessions; 108 were held for oversight; 22 business meetings were conducted; and 14 hearings reviewed the budget requests of the intelligence community."
United States. Government Printing Office
1989-11-20
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Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide: Volume 1: Overview and Recommendations
"The suicide rate for young people between ages 15 and 24 almost tripled during the past 30 years. Suicide is now the second leading cause of death for young people in this age group. This sharp increase in suicide rates in one segment of the population, especially when rates for most other causes of death were decreasing in the United States, prompted the Secretary of Health and Human Services to organize a task force to investigate this pressing problem. The task force was charged with investigating what could be done to prevent youth suicide. In the past, suicide had traditionally been considered a mental health problem of older adults. Its prevention was based on the detection and treatment of psychological illness in adults, most commonly depression. Beginning in 1980, however, more than half of all suicides occurred among persons under the age of 40. In addition, evidence suggested that depression was less frequently associated with suicide in young people than adults. In light of these findings, what reason was there to think that prevention based on detecting and treating depressed adults could work for nondepressed young people? Few research studies had examined suicide and suicide prevention in young people; nor was it known whether inferences drawn from research on adults could be applied to youth. The major functions of the task force were to review, assess, and consolidate the available information about suicide; provide forums for communication among health care professionals, educators, researchers, social service workers, and families; and recommend activities to address the problem. The task force was also charged with coordinating suicide activities among Federal agencies, Congress, State and local governments, private agencies, and professional organizations."
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
1989-01
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Political Impact of Islamic Revival in a Plural Society: The Case of Malaysia
From the thesis abstract: "Like many other multiethnic countries, Malaysia has seen a revival in Islamic fundamentalism in her Muslim populace since the seventies. The ongoing revival has led to pressures on the Malaysian government to establish an Islamic state in the country. Since the eighties, this revival is associated with a deterioration in political relations between Muslims and non-Muslims and a heightening of domestic tensions in the country. This study examines the process by which the activities of Islamic revival movements have contributed to the polarization in Malaysia's domestic politics. The study analyzes the characteristics of the revival and the impact on some key areas of Malaysian politics. These areas include Muslim and non-Muslim interests, governmental response to the revival, responses of major political parties, and changes in the alignment of popular support for these political parties. The study shows that the government has adopted conciliatory responses toward the demands of Muslim revivalists because of the pivotal role of the Muslim vote in the electoral process. Such responses have been detrimental to the interests of non-Muslims, resulting in a deterioration in relations between Muslims and non-Muslims at the grassroots level, and a polarization of support for political parties along ethnic lines. If the momentum of the revival continues, interethnic relations are likely to continue deteriorating."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Chung, Yat Ng
1989
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Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California
"More than 500 volcanic vents have been identified in the State of California. At least 76 of these vents have erupted, some repeatedly, during the last 10,000 yr. Past volcanic activity has ranged in scale and type from small rhyolitic and basaltic eruptions through large catastrophic rhyolitic eruptions. Sooner or later, volcanoes in California will erupt again, and they could have serious impacts on the health and safety of the State's citizens as well as on its economy. This report describes the nature and probable distribution of potentially hazardous volcanic phenomena and their threat to people and property. It includes hazard-zonation maps that show areas relatively likely to be affected by future eruptions in California."
Geological Survey (U.S.)
Miller, C. Dan
1989
