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Explosive Detection Technologies for Airline Security
"Aviation Safety and Security has become a topic of paramount national concern.
Informed decision making requires an appreciation of trends in technology in response to projected future terrorist activities, In the area of security, explosive detection is made possible by a bewildering array of newly offered equipment from industrial vendors and government and academic laboratories. Techniques such as ion mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, electromagnetic induction, thermal neutron analysis, fast pulsed neutron analysis, infrared cameras, x-ray computer assisted tomography, transmission and back scattered tomography and microwave radar techniques, as well as the use of dogs, for the detection of explosives, drugs and other contraband are offered in a bewildering variety to the airline industry. It is hoped that this document will serve as a primer describing the science and engineering of what is involved in the various technologies. Here, the goal is not so much a scientific engineering text, but a translation of scientific and engineering descriptions into a language which the educated general public can understand. This primer has been written with two levels in mind. There would be one level which could be appreciated by a non-technical person, and a second level which could be appreciated by a technical person who is being introduced into a field not his own."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Maruyama, Xavier K.
2001
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Protecting Military Personnel and the Public from the Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation from Military Communications and Radar Systems
From the thesis abstract: "This study has as its objective the improvement of the protection provided by the military services to military personnel and members of the general public from the hazards of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of military communications and radar systems. The focus of the investigation is on the area of the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 Hz to 300 Gegahertz. As part of the investigation, the nature of EMR with respect to its interaction with biological matter is reviewed, and the extent of the hazard created by EMR at various frequencies is examined. The extent of military involvement with systems that emit EMR and with research into the hazards of EMR is detailed. An analysis of the military services protective measures, both physical and administrative, is made. Investigation reveals that there are several areas in which the individual services could improve their protective measures by adopting measures in use in other services."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Oliva, Stephen A.
1979-06-08
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Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W)
"This publication concentrates on command and control warfare (C2W) and is not intended to present comprehensive doctrine for the broader concept of information warfare (IW). It introduces and defines IW in general terms with the objective of clarifying its overarching relationship to C2W. The scope of C2W is defined in the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum of Policy 30, but the full dimensions of IW policy and its implementation are still emerging. This publication provides guidelines for integrating C2W into joint military operations and exercises by addressing the following doctrinal areas: C2W, a warfighting application of IW; Joint C2W organization; The elements of C2W; Intelligence support to C2W; C2W planning; C2W training and exercises; and C2W in multinational operations. While C2W has applications at the strategic and tactical levels of combat, this publication focuses on C2W as a part of military strategy for planning or conducting combat at the operational level. The operational level is the level at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within specific theaters or areas of operations."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
1996-02-07
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How to Leverage Social Media for University Emergency Communications: A Holistic Approach
This slide presentation discusses the following sub-topics of social media: What is Social Media; Social Media Tools; Social Media Definitions; What is Twitter; Organizations Using Social Media; Elements of a Holistic Social Media Program; Potential Issues and Concerns; A Case Study: Proactive Messaging; and Using Social Media in Recovery. The presentation is geared toward an acceptance of social media in crisis management, especially in a university campus setting. Social media applications discussed include blog, podcast/vodcast, RSS feeds, social bookmarking, social networking sites, websites, widgets, and WIKIs.
United States. Department of Education. Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools
Cohen, Sara
2009-12-09
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Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM): Dictionary of Radiation Terms
This dictionary offers an alphabetical list of terms related to radiation emergencies.
United States. Department of Health and Human Services
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Space Operations in the Army National Guard
"The U.S. military has embraced the increased utilization of space that is reflected in the 2010 National Space Policy in order to more efficiently engage in decisive operations while minimizing collateral damage. 'Virtually every Army operation relies on space capabilities to some degree to enhance the effectiveness of our combat forces. Space capabilities enable the Army to communicate, navigate, target the enemy, and protect forces.' The Army responded to this increased reliance on space by creating a career field of space operations officers--functional area 40--in 1997. Army space operations officers provide incident commanders with staff expertise necessary to fully exploit the space component of communications, precision engagement, geospatial intelligence, environmental effects on satellite communications, and overhead persistent infrared imaging capabilities. The National Guard has benefitted from the addition of space operations officers to our force. Today there are approximately 135 space operations officers and enlisted space enablers in 25 states integrated throughout the Army National Guard. Several of these officers are incorporated into staffs of fires brigades and divisions, however roughly 85 percent of these space professionals are located in the 117th Space Battalion, Colorado Army National Guard."
U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command
Paladino, Joe
2011
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Threat Posed by Electromagnetic Pulse and Policy Options to Protect Energy Infrastructure and to Improve Capabilities for Adequate System Restoration, Hearing Before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, First Session, May 4, 2017
This is the May 4, 2017 hearing on "The Threat Posed by Electromagnetic Pulse and Policy Options to Protect Energy Infrastructure and to Improve Capabilities for Adequate System Restoration," held before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. From the opening statement of Lisa Murkowski: "I would like to welcome everyone to the Energy hearing this morning. We are here to examine the threat that is posed by electromagnetic pulse, that is known as EMP, as well as policy options to protect energy infrastructure and provide for system restoration in the event of an EMP attack. The United States has recognized a potential EMP attack as a national security threat for decades and our efforts to understand a potential EMP burst are certainly not new. The Department of Defense (DoD) and our national labs have been grappling with these issues to one degree or another since we first started testing nuclear weapons. Extensive tests in the 1950s and 60s examined the potential impact of an EMP burst on both military and civilian infrastructure. Today, however, there is a renewed focus on understanding the effects of such an attack and an increase of efforts directed at mitigating and recovering from such an event should it occur. This issue is, perhaps, more salient now than ever for several compelling reasons." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Cheryl LaFleur, Newt Gingrich, Caitlin Durkovich, Robin E. Manning, and Kevin Wailes.
United States. Government Publishing Office
2018
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Medical Devices: FDA Should Expand Its Consideration of Information Security for Certain Types of Devices, Report to Congressional Requesters
"Certain medical devices have become increasingly complex, and the growing use of wireless technology in these devices has raised concerns about how protected they are against information security risks that could affect their safety and effectiveness. FDA [Food and Drug Administration], an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical devices in the United States. FDA reviews manufacturers' applications to market medical devices during its premarket review process and monitors devices, once it has approved them, through its postmarket efforts. In this report, GAO [Government Accountability Office] (1) identifies the threats, vulnerabilities, and resulting information security risks associated with active implantable medical devices, (2) determines the extent to which FDA considered information security during its premarket review of certain devices with known vulnerabilities, and (3) determines what postmarket efforts FDA has in place to identify information security problems. To address these objectives, GAO reviewed relevant documents and interviewed officials from agencies, such as FDA, HHS, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Department of Homeland Security. GAO also interviewed subject-matter experts in information security. GAO recommends that FDA develop and implement a plan expanding its focus on information security risks. In comments on a draft of this report, HHS concurred with GAO's recommendation and described relevant efforts FDA has initiated."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2012-08
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Land, Space, and Cyberspace Nexus: Evolution of the Oldest Military Operations in the Newest Military Domains
From the executive summary: 'Over the last century, the domains of air, space, and cyberspace have joined the traditional warfighting domains of land and sea. While the doctrine for land operations is relatively mature, the doctrine for space and cyberspace continue to evolve in an often unstructured manner. This monograph examines the relationships among these domains and how they apply to U.S. Army and joint warfighting. It concentrates on the central question: How are U.S. military operations in the newest domains of space and cyberspace being integrated with operations in the traditional domain of land? [...] The scope of this study extends from current doctrine toward the anticipated operational environment over the next 20 years. Material considered and presented here is limited to unclassified and open source information; therefore, any classified discussion must occur via another venue. This monograph provides cursory summaries and observations of over a thousand pages of official joint and service documentation. Thus, it serves as a synopsis with analysis of the important issues related to joint operations in land, space, and cyberspace. This information should allow senior policymakers, decision makers, military leaders, and their respective staffs to gain common understanding and professional appreciation for the wide array of frameworks and concepts as well as their interconnections. Of course, the reader should always defer to the full text for details and context."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Caton, Jeffrey L.
2018-03
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DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (November 2018)
"The 'DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms' (DOD Dictionary) sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
2018-11
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DoD Directive 6055.09E: Explosives Safety Management (ESM), November 18, 2016
According to the policy set forth in this directive, "The DoD:
[a.] Protects people and property from the unintentional, potentially-damaging effects of DoD
military munitions.
[b.] Exposes the minimum number of people for the minimum time to the minimum amount
of DoD military munitions required to safely and effectively execute the mission.
[c.] Provides for the explosives and chemical agent safety of DoD military munitions (also
referred to as ammunition and explosives (AE)) throughout the munition's life cycle as a DoD
military munition and without regard to its location.
[d.] Provides for explosives and chemical agent safety during munitions response actions.
[e.] Develops explosives and chemical agent safety standards that provide minimum safety
standards for the military munitions covered by this issuance.
[f.] Requires DoD Components to implement and maintain an effective ESM [Explosives Safety Management] Program
(ESMP).
g. When outside the United States, in accordance with applicable international agreements,
respects host-nation, coalition, or multinational explosives safety standards, and applies them
when more protective than U.S. standards."
United States. Department of Defense
2016-11-18
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CERT Terrorism Training Power Point Visuals
Power point visuals to accompany Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Terrorism training manual.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
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DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (June 2018)
"The 'DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms' (DOD Dictionary) sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
2018-06
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Terrorism and CERT: Manual, Student Module
This module uses lecture to review the B-NICE agents. It covers indicators regarding their use. Participants are given actions that they can take if they are at or near an incident involving these agents including procedures for decontamination and sheltering in place. Participants apply the knowledge learned in this module by describing actions that they would take in a scenario presented to them at the beginning of the module and again at the end.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Radiation Protection: EPA's Unique Role
Radiation exists everywhere in the environment and has since the Earth's formation---in rocks, soil, water, and plants. The mining and processing of radioactive materials for use in medicine, power generation, consumer products, and industry inevitably generate emissions and waste. Recognizing the potential hazards of these activities, Congress designated EPA as the primary federal agency charged with protecting people and the environment from harmful and avoidable exposure to radiation.
United States. Environmental Protection Agency
2002-03
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SAVER TechNote: Radiation Mitigation Blankets [September 2012]
"Radiation mitigation blankets act as a physical barrier that reduces or eliminates the passage of radiation. The various types of radiation differ in their ability to penetrate and damage matter through the ionization of atoms [...]. Alpha particles are positively charged helium nuclei that are completely stopped by a few inches of air or a piece of paper. Beta particles are high-speed electrons of varying energy. They produce less ionization in matter than alpha particles but are more penetrating. Low energy betas can be stopped by a layer of clothing while higher energy betas cannot penetrate an inch of plastic."
System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER); United States. Department of Homeland Security
2012-09
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Overview of the Joint Field Office Disaster Emergency Communications Branch
This presentation provides an overview of the Joint Field Office Disaster Emergency Communications Branch of the FEMA Disaster Emergency Communications Division.
United States. Federal Communications Commission
2009-06-22
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Vulnerabilities of Unmanned Aircraft System Common Data Links to Electronic Attack
From the thesis abstract: "Unmanned Aircraft are fulfilling critical roles in Iraq and Afghanistan. They are integral in base defense plans and the protection of key infrastructure. They enable commanders to monitor activity throughout their area of responsibility and direct action, when required. Many policymakers see Unmanned Aircraft Systems [UAS] as a cost effective alternative to manned aircraft and a way to prevent risking a pilot's life. These systems have a number of advantages over manned aircraft. They are unbound by human limitations. They can remain airborne for long durations, do not require life support systems, do not need to eat or sleep, and they will never say no to a mission. They may minimize friendly loss of life by conducting missions that have a minimal chance of survival. However, unmanned systems also have some disadvantages when compared to manned aircraft. They are still prone to human error due to their being flown by ground-based operators. Their development and procurement cost has grown exponentially as capabilities increase. Current systems are not autonomous and their control is contingent on uninterrupted communications. Their dependence on a constant control signal has contributed to a UAS accident rate 100 times greater than manned aircraft A threat could exploit this need for an uninterrupted data feed by using Electronic Warfare to disrupt this signal, potentially crippling unmanned systems."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Yochim, Jaysen A.
2010-06-11
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DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
From the Scope: "As directed in Joint Publication (JP) 1, 'Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States,' the 'DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms' [Short title: DOD Dictionary] sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
2020-01
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Joint Economic Committee Hearing: Radio Frequency Weapons and Proliferation: Potential Impact on the Economy: Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, Second Session, February 25, 1998
On June 17, 1997, the Joint Economic Committee (JEC) held a hearing called, "Economic Espionage, Technology Transfers and National Security," in which it heard testimony from Lt. Gen. Robert Schweitzer about a new class of weapons, radio frequency weapons (RF), and the impact of these new weapons on the civilian and military electronic infrastructure of the United States. Since the General talked about a terrorist threat and a proliferation threat, the JEC has continued to investigate these potential threats. Opening statement for this hearing prepared by Jim Saxton. Witnesses include: James O'Bryon, David Schriner, Dr. Ira Merritt, and Dr. Alan Kehs.
United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
1998-02-25
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Atmospheric Effects on Communication and Electronic Warfare Systems within Turkey and Surrounding Areas
"This thesis presents the most complete climatology of radio wave (VHF and higher frequencies) tropospheric ducting within Turkey and the surrounding areas ever published. This ducting can result in greatly extended propagation ranges. Atmospheric data from radiosonde upper air observations were collected for a five-year period at stations in Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Athens, Bucharest, Crete Island, and Tuapse. The upper level and surface ducting yearly average frequencies for these stations were 59.46%, 34.22%, 37.53%, 38.15%, 50.67%, 45.69%, 64.69%, 30.24%, 65.59%, and 21.05%, respectively. Ducts occurred mostly in summer. These frequencies were much higher than previously published climatologies. However, many of these ducts were too shallow to be operationally significant. Atmospheric pressure was correlated with duct heights for some stations, but sometimes the correlation was positive while other times it was negative. In most cases, no correlation was found between duct height and wind speed or direction. Ducts tended to be more common in coastal regions. Regions away from the coast usually have topography limits the effects of the ducts away from the coast, and these inland regions tended to have less ducting occurrence Therefore, these results are most applicable to the coastal regions."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Turk, Serdar
2010-09
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Antenna System Guide
Radio communications are essential to the operations of Federal, State, and local law enforcement and correction agencies. Effective and reliable communications systems not only enable personnel to perform their functions efficiently, but also help ensure their safety. It is, therefore, very important that all components of a radio communications system be selected and integrated to produce an effective design. Understanding the capabilities and limitations of a communications system ensures that it is used most effectively and that performance expectations are realistic. This guide focuses on a key portion (subsystem) of the radio communications system--the antenna system. Although the antenna itself may be the most visible element of radio communications equipment, it is often the least understood. This guide defines and describes the components of the antenna system as well as the fundamentals and characteristics of the antenna itself.
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Kissick, W. A. (William A.); Ingram, W. J. (William J.)
2001-04
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Department of Defense Information Network (DODIN): A Study of Current Cyber Threats and Best Practices for Network Security
From the thesis abstract: "The Department of Defense Information Network (DODIN) is being threatened by state actors, non-state actors, and continuous hacking and cyber-attacks. These threats against the network come in a variety of forms; physical attacks from radio jamming, logical cyber threats from hacking, or a combination of both physical and logical attacks. Each year the number of hacking attacks is increasing. Corporations like Symantec publish annual reports on cyber threats and provide tips for best practices to defend against cyber-attacks. Military doctrine provides tactics, techniques and procedures for countering electronic warfare attacks. The MITRE Corporation maintains the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) List of defined viruses and makes the information publicly available so that security professionals can collaborate in building more secure networks. A literature review of recent hacking attacks, physical cyber threats, and mixed attacks provides historical context of the current cyber threat. Review of best practices for network security and protection against electronic warfare provides tools for Signal Officers to implement in their networks. Finally by analyzing the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) List for virus trends the researcher provides a current benchmark of the security threats through January 2016 in order to plan for future network defense measures."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
Bailey, Scott M.
2016-06-10
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Critical Infrastructure Protection: Protecting the Electric Grid from Geomagnetic Disturbances, Report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate
"Space weather refers to the impacts solar activity can have on the space environment, including the propagation of material that can cause electromagnetic events on Earth. When the space weather is severe, it can cause a large-scale GMD [Geomagnetic disturbances] that may disrupt the reliable operation of the U.S. electric power grid. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to examine the availability of technologies that may mitigate the effects of large-scale electromagnetic events and the issues and challenges associated with the usage of such technologies. This report addresses: (1) what is known about the potential effects of GMDs on the U.S. electric grid; (2) technologies that are available or in development that could help prevent or mitigate the effects of GMDs; and (3) factors that could affect the development and implementation of these technologies."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2018-12
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Directed Energy Weapons on the Battlefield: A New Vision for 2025
Several nations are engaging in development and production of directed energy weapons. Recent scientific advances now enable the production of lethal lasers and high-powered microwaves. The current growth and development in this emerging area strongly suggests that directed energy weapons of lethal power will reach the battlefield before 2010. Since proliferation of lower power laser weapons has already happened, it is likely that proliferation of high power or high energy weapons will occur as well. This paper expands on this development and posits potential impacts on a plausible future battlefield, developed in part from the Alternate Futures of AF 2025, where all comers deploy lethal directed energy technologies. From these impacts, which span doctrine, organization, force structure, and systems design, this paper recommends changes to better posture the United States for this potential future.
Air University (U.S.). Press
Geis, John P., II
2003-04
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U.S. Department of Energy Electromagnetic Pulse Resilience Action Plan
"Electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) are intense pulses of electromagnetic energy resulting from solar-caused effects or man-made nuclear and pulse-power devices. Of these, nuclear EMP has the most ubiquitous effects because of the combination of its broadband nature and large area coverage. Nuclear EMP has the demonstrated potential to disrupt, damage, or destroy a wide variety of electrical and electronic equipment. The strength and area coverage of nuclear EMP environments depends on the warhead type and yield, and the altitude and latitude of the detonation. A nuclear device detonated at altitudes between 30 and 400 kilometers generates an EMP with amplitudes in the tens of kilovolts per meter with a radius of effects from hundreds to thousands of kilometers. This high-altitude EMP (also known as HEMP) effect couples to and can disable electrical and electronic systems in general, but poses the highest risks to long-line networks, including electric power and long-haul communications. Although an EMP is also generated by low altitude or surface bursts (referred to as source region EMP or SREMP), the affected area is localized compared to a HEMP. For this reason, this action plan focuses on larger-scale EMP events produced by high altitude detonations."
United States. Department of Energy
2017-01-10
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From the Director: Our Vision
This report goes over the U.S. Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency's mission to: Enhance Force XXI survivability in NBC environments; Understand and communicate the impact of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction on military operations; Enhance interoperability of coalition forces in NBC environments; Maintain the Army's capability to plan the employment of nuclear weapons; Ensure safe and secure storage and demilitarization of the DoD chemical weapon stockpile, and; Ensure safe and secure operation and maintenance of Army nuclear reactors, active or deactivated.
U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command
Davidson, Charles N.
1998
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Radiological Incidents
Radiological incidents are events that disperse ionizing radiation - often called radioactive fallout - into the atmosphere. Mass casualties and long-term poisoning of the environment are common consequences of radiological incidents. A characteristic that distinguishes radiation hazards from other disaster hazards (such as floods, hurricanes, or other kinds of explosions) is that radiation cannot be detected by the human senses - only by radiation detection instruments. This characteristic means that to be prepared for radiological emergencies requires a full understanding of radiological events and their effects. Another distinction between a conventional explosion and one involving radiation is the long-term after-effects - both in terms of health effects suffered by disaster victims and in relation to the disaster site. Whereas rebuilding can begin almost immediately after a conventional blast, the radioactive aftermath of a radiological incident could last many years (perhaps a century, depending on the materials used), leaving a large area essentially uninhabitable and a population (those who survive) burdened with long-term health problems. A worst-case scenario for a detonation of a "dirty bomb" (described under Methods of Delivery in this appendix) in downtown Manhattan at noon could be expected to cause over 2,000 deaths and leave many thousands more suffering from radiation poisoning. Even a small detonation could spread radioactivity across a metropolitan area that, while not strong enough to cause serious health problems, could create panic. This document goes over delivery methods, radiation effects, contamination control, worker protection, and medical treatment of radiological terrorism.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2002-07
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Common Language for Computer Security Incidents
"Much of the computer security information regularly gathered and disseminated by individuals and organizations cannot currently be combined or compared because a 'common language' has yet to emerge in the field of computer security. A common language consists of terms and taxonomies (principles of classification) which enable the gathering, exchange and comparison of information. This paper presents the results of a project to develop such a common language for computer security incidents. This project results from cooperation between the Security and Networking Research Group at the Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, and the CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. This Common Language Project was not an effort to develop a comprehensive dictionary of terms used in the field of computer security. Instead, we developed a minimum set of 'high-level' terms, along with a structure indicating their relationship (a taxonomy), which can be used to classify and understand computer security incident information. We hope these 'high level' terms and their structure will gain wide acceptance, be useful, and most importantly, enable the exchange and comparison of computer security incident information. We anticipate, however, that individuals and organizations will continue to use their own terms, which may be more specific both in meaning and use. We designed the common language to enable these 'lower-level' terms to be classified within the common language structure."
United States. National Technical Information Service
Longstaff, Thomas A.; Howard, John D.
1998-10
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 18 Issue 33, August 16, 2018
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Scenario-based interactive firefighter training"; "National 911 Program requests review of NG911 Roadmap draft"; "Evacuation and shelter-in-place planning considerations"; and "EARTH EX 2018 'Black Sky' exercise".
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2018-08-16
