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• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 6729: Empowering Financial Institutions to Fight Human Trafficking Act of 2018

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  "H.R. 6729 would permit nonprofit organizations to register with the Department of the Treasury to make it easier for those organizations to share information with financial institutions regarding possible human trafficking or money laundering activities. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 6729 would have no significant effect on the federal budget because it would not significantly expand the duties of the department. Enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 6729 would not increase net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2029."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2018-09-27
• Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2009

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  "The Department of State is required by law to submit each year to the U.S. Congress a report on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This is the ninth annual TIP Report; it seeks to increase global awareness of the human trafficking phenomenon by shedding new light on various facets of the problem and highlighting shared and individual efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective action against all forms of trafficking in persons. The United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), as amended, guides efforts to combat human trafficking. The most recent amendments to the TVPA were enacted in December 2008. The purpose of the law is to punish traffickers, protect victims, and prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing victims from this form of modern-day slavery is the ultimate goal of this report-and of the U.S. Government's anti-human trafficking policy. Human trafficking is a multi-dimensional issue. It is a crime that deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, increases global health risks, fuels growing networks of organized crime, and can sustain levels of poverty and impede development in certain areas. The impacts of human trafficking are devastating. Victims may suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family, and even death. But the devastation also extends beyond individual victims; human trafficking undermines the health, safety, and security of all nations it touches."

  United States. Department of State

  2009-06
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2013

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  From the Introduction: "Traffickers target all populations, around the world and right next door: women and men, adults and children, citizens and non-citizens, English speakers and non-English speakers, and people from all socioeconomic groups. Some populations--such as runaway children, undocumented immigrants, indigent people, and individuals with physical and mental disabilities--are particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Victims are often lured by traffickers with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhumane conditions. Due to the hidden nature of the crime--human trafficking victims may work in the open, but the coercion that ensnares them may be more subtle--it is difficult to accurately estimate the number of victims. Despite this challenge, the United States has led the world in the campaign against this terrible crime both at home and overseas."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2013
• Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2010

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  "The 2010 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report marks the 10th anniversary of key milestones in the fight against modern slavery. In 2000, the United States enacted the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), and the United Nations adopted the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, also known as the Palermo Protocol. Since then, the world has made great strides in combating this ultimate exploitation -- both in terms of what we know about this crime and how we respond. The Palermo Protocol focused the attention of the global community on combating human trafficking. For the first time, an international instrument called for the criminalization of all acts of trafficking -- including forced labor, slavery, and slaverylike practices -- and that governmental response should incorporate the '3P' paradigm: prevention, criminal prosecution, and victim protection."

  United States. Department of State

  2010-06
• Fact Sheet: USCIS Publishes New Rule for Nonimmigrant Victims of Human Trafficking and Specified Criminal Activity

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  "U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) transmitted today an interim final rule to the Federal Register that will allow 'T' and 'U' nonimmigrants to adjust status their status and become lawful permanent residents. The 'T' nonimmigrant status, also known as the 'T' visa, was created to provide immigration protection to victims of a severe form of human trafficking. The 'U' nonimmigrant status, or 'U' visa, is designated for victims of certain crimes who have suffered mental or physical abuse because of the crime and who are willing to assist law enforcement and government officials in the investigation of the criminal activity."

  U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

  2008-12-08
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 460: Human Trafficking Detection Act of 2015

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  "H.R. 460 would require the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to train certain employees in techniques for detecting and deterring human trafficking. DHS also would have to prepare an annual report to the Congress on the effectiveness of the training program. There are ongoing activities within the department to provide the training required by the act, so CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that implementing H.R. 460 would not significantly affect DHS spending. Because enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. H.R. 460 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Mark Grabowicz. The estimate was approved by Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2015-03-18
• Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 4449: Human Trafficking Prevention Act

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  "H.R. 4449 would expand training for federal employees on methods of identifying and protecting victims of human trafficking. The primary federal agencies affected--the Departments of State, Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, Labor, and Justice, as well as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission--have existing programs to train employees. CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the additional personnel who might require training and the new training required under the bill would not impose significant costs on those agencies. CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost less than $500,000 over the 2015-2019 period; those costs would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply."

  United States. Congressional Budget Office

  2014-07-03
• Annotated Bibliography Review of Child Labor Information and Forced Labor Information, Volume V: Taiwan-Zimbabwe

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  "ICF Macro conducted desk research on behalf of the Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking (OCFT) at the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) regarding the use of forced labor and child labor in foreign countries. The desk research involved creating an annotated bibliography on available literature in over 170 countries. ICF Macro consultants with topical, regional, and/or language expertise, conducted comprehensive reviews of all publicly available resources, in English and other major languages, related to forced and child labor in the selected countries. The literature review included academic papers, news articles, and other media resources, as well as reports and documents written by multilateral agencies, international organizations, U.S. and other national government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. The results are presented in a five-volume publication, organized alphabetically by country, with separate bibliographies for child labor and forced labor. For each volume, an index organized by labor sector or activity is provided."

  United States. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking

  ICF Macro (Firm)

  2009
• Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States: Fiscal Year 2015 Status Report

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  This report contains data and statistics relevant to overarching themes, such as integrating survivors experiences and inputs.

  United States. Administration for Children and Families

  2015
• Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States: Fiscal Years 2013-2014 Status Report

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  This status report lays out the status of all of the overarching themes and 8 objectives, in a table format. The corresponding report is here, https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=749424.

  United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs; United States. Department of Homeland Security; United States. Department of Health and Human Services . . .

  2014?
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2010

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  From the Introduction: "Trafficking in persons (TIP), or human trafficking, is a widespread form of modern-day slavery. Traffickers often prey on individuals who are poor and frequently unemployed or underemployed, and who may lack access to social safety nets. Victims are often lured by traffickers with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhumane conditions. Due to the lengths to which perpetrators go to keep their crimes hidden, it is difficult to accurately estimate the extent of victimization. Nonetheless, the United States (U.S.) has led the world in the campaign against this terrible crime, both at home and overseas. This year we enter the second decade in the history of the U.S.'s ongoing campaign to eliminate human trafficking. The enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), Pub. L. 106-386, in October 2000, signaled a new step forward in our nation's response to trafficking. Specifically, the TVPA significantly enhanced three key aspects of federal government activity to combat TIP: protection, prosecution, and prevention (commonly known as the '3 Ps')."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2010
• Identifying Effective Counter-Trafficking Programs and Practices in the U.S.: Legislative, Legal, and Public Opinion Strategies that Work

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  "After more than a decade of sustained efforts to combat human trafficking in the United States, it is necessary to step back and examine the effectiveness of key anti - trafficking strategies. Utilizing a multi - method approach, we examine 1) the effectiveness of state - level human trafficking legislation to determine what specific legislative provisions are most effective for obtaining desired outcomes, 2) the characteristics of state prosecutions for human trafficking offenses to determine how state laws are being used to hold offenders accountable, and 3) what the public knows about human trafficking, why the public holds the beliefs that they do, and what the public expects from government anti - trafficking efforts. Together the three parts of the study inform efforts to develop effective counter - trafficking programs and practices for legislators, law enforcement, the courts, anti - trafficking agencies, and the public. "

  National Criminal Justice Reference Service (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice

  Bouche, Vanessa; Farrell, Amy; Wittmer, Dana

  2015-11-30
• Estimating Human Trafficking into the United States: Development of a Methodology

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  "The purpose of this study was to develop and fully document methods to estimate the number of females and males trafficked for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation from eight countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela) into the United States at the southwest border. The decision to limit the regions of interest for this study to the eight countries of origin and to one entry point into the United States was based on reported trafficking activity in the eight countries of origin, data limitations, and the need to focus the scope of work to a demonstration project. This research represents the first phase of a two-phase project and: Provides a conceptual framework for identifying potential data sources to estimate the number of victims at different stages in trafficking; Develops statistical models to estimate the number of males and females at risk of being trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation from the eight countries, and the number of males and females actually trafficked for sex and labor; Incorporates into the estimation models the transit journey of trafficking victims from the eight countries to the southwest border of the United States; Designs the estimation models such that they are highly flexible and modular so that they can evolve as the body of data expands; Utilizes open source data as inputs to the statistical model, making the model accessible to anyone interested in using it; Presents preliminary estimates that illustrate the use of the statistical methods, and; Illuminates gaps in data sources."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  2006-12
• Tackling the Demand That Fosters Human Trafficking: Final Report

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  "Despite the importance of reducing demand to combat trafficking in persons (TIP), there is a dearth of information about good practices in demand reduction, and few such programs have been evaluated. The Europe and Eurasia (E&E) region has recorded an increase in incidences of trafficking into and within the region, demonstrating a demand for trafficked labor and services from both beyond and within the region. In spite of this, demand reduction efforts have been few and far between. Good practices that can be emulated in designing demand reduction programs are not well-known and there is a sense that programming to address demand may not be effective. USAID [U.S. Agency for International Development] commissioned this report to increase its Missions' awareness of good practices in tackling demand, and to provide them with concrete ideas and tools to introduce demand reduction activities into anti-TIP and other relevant programming. This report analyzes the demand for trafficked persons, reviews interventions designed to reduce demand, and provides recommendations for programming in the E&E region."

  United States. Agency for International Development

  Rosenberg, Ruth

  2011-08
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2012

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  From the Introduction: "Human trafficking endangers the lives of millions of people around the world, and it is a crime that knows no borders. Trafficking networks operate both domestically and transnationally, and although abuses disproportionally affect women and girls, the victims of this ongoing global tragedy are men, women, and children of all ages. Around the world, we are monitoring the progress of governments in combating trafficking while supporting programs aimed at its eradication. From forced labor and debt bondage to forced commercial sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude, human trafficking leaves no country untouched. With this knowledge, we rededicate ourselves to forging robust international partnerships that strengthen global anti-trafficking efforts, and to confronting traffickers here at home."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2014-07?
• Enacting Policy and Solutions to the Modern-Day Slavery Problem of Forced Labor and Domestic Servitude in Monterey County

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  From the Thesis Abstract: "For the last several years, the United States has been the number-one destination for inward migration--both legal and illegal. Persons with undocumented immigration status are at a high risk of being targeted by traffickers and forced into modern-day slavery. Of the more than 550 cases of human trafficking reported by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001, nearly half were from the four most populous states--California, Florida, Texas, and New York--which foster a welcoming environment for immigrants. Within California, Monterey County's labor and industrial profile, with a strong demand for agricultural laborers and hospitality industry service employees, suggests it is at high risk for trafficking. However, the low number of arrests and prosecutions to date indicates that the current level of human trafficking prevention in Monterey County might not be commensurate with its risk. Using the UN's internationally recognized 4Ps anti-trafficking framework, this thesis assesses Monterey County's risk factors for human trafficking and its current approach to combating human trafficking, concluding that there remain many areas in which significant improvement is needed. It then proposes anti-trafficking recommendations for Monterey County reached through investigating approaches used in other areas, including Florida and Texas, with similar socioeconomic indicators."

  Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.); Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.). Center for Homeland Defense and Security

  Craig, Kimbley

  2019-06
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2011

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  From the Introduction: "Trafficking in persons (TIP), or human trafficking, is a widespread form of modern-day slavery. Traffickers target all vulnerable populations, around the world and right next door: women and men, adults and children, citizens and non-citizens, English speakers and non-English speakers, and people from all socioeconomic groups. Victims are often lured by traffickers with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced to work under brutal and inhumane conditions. Due to the hidden nature of the crime--trafficking victims may work in the open, but the coercion that ensnares them may be more subtle--it is difficult to accurately estimate the extent of victimization. Nonetheless, the United States (U.S.) has led the world in the campaign against this terrible crime both at home and overseas."

  United States. Department of Justice

  2011
• Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2008

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  "The Department of State is required by law to submit a Report each year to the U.S. Congress on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This Report is the eighth annual TIP Report. It is intended to raise global awareness, to highlight efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective actions to counter all forms of trafficking in persons. The U.S. law that guides anti-human trafficking efforts, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), states that the purpose of combating human trafficking is to punish traffickers, to protect victims, and to prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing those trapped in slave-like conditions is the ultimate goal of this Report-and of the U.S. government's antihuman trafficking policy. Human trafficking is a multi-dimensional threat. It deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, it increases global health risks, and it fuels the growth of organized crime. Human trafficking has a devastating impact on individual victims, who often suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family, and even death. But the impact of human trafficking goes beyond individual victims; it undermines the health, safety, and security of all nations it touches."

  United States. Department of State

  2008-06
• Human Trafficking: State Has Made Improvements in Its Annual Report but Does Not Explicitly Explain Certain Tier Rankings or Change, Report to Congressional Addressees

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  From the highlights section within the document: "Human traffickers exploit men, women, and children for financial gain. Congress enacted the TVPA [Trafficking Victims Protection Act] in 2000, which requires the Secretary of State to report annually on governments' efforts according to the act's minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. Each year since 2001, State has published the Trafficking in Persons Report, ranking countries into one of four tiers. GAO [Government Accountability Office] found in 2006 that the report did not fully describe State's assessment of compliance with standards or provide complete explanations for ranking decisions. The explanatory statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, included a provision for GAO to review the report's preparation and effectiveness. This report addresses (1) the process to develop the report, (2) the extent to which country narratives discuss minimum standards, and (3) the extent to which State assesses the report's effectiveness as a tool to address trafficking. GAO compared 220 country narratives in the 2015 and 2016 reports with the minimum standards and analyzed 82 narratives for countries that changed tier. GAO also interviewed State and other officials."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2016-12-05
• Human Trafficking: Oversight of Contractors' Use of Foreign Workers in High-Risk Environments Needs to Be Strengthened, Report to Congressional Committees

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  "Since the 1990s, there have been allegations of abuse of foreign workers on U.S. government contracts overseas, including allegations of trafficking in persons (TIP). In 2002, the United States adopted a zero tolerance policy on TIP regarding U.S. government employees and contractors abroad and began requiring the inclusion of this policy in all contracts in 2007. Such policy is important because the government relies on contractors that employ foreign workers in countries where, according to the Department of State, they may be vulnerable to abuse. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) was mandated to report on the use of foreign workers. This report examines (1) policies and guidance governing the recruitment of foreign workers and the fees these workers may pay to secure work on U.S. government contracts overseas and (2) agencies' monitoring of contractor efforts to combat TIP. GAO reviewed a non-generalized sample of 11 contracts awarded by the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of State, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), composing nearly one-third of all reported foreign workers on contracts awarded by these agencies at the end of fiscal year 2013. GAO further interviewed agency officials and contractors about labor practices and oversight activities on these contracts."

  United States. Government Accountability Office

  2014-11-18
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2009

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  "This report, the seventh submitted to Congress since 2004, describes the U.S. government's comprehensive campaign to combat TIP during Fiscal Year 2009 (FY 2009), including efforts to (1) protect victims by providing benefits and services; (2) investigate and prosecute human trafficking crimes; and (3) prevent further trafficking-related crimes. In addition to reporting this information, the report includes an assessment of U.S. government activities based on improvements since the last annual report and recommendations for further improvement."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Attorney General

  2010-07
• Estimating Human Trafficking into the United States: Development of a Methodology, Final Phase Two Report

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  "This report combines the findings from two phases of research. Phase one research created and detailed methods to estimate the number of females and males trafficked for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation from eight countries in Central and South America (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela) into the United States at the southwest border. The decision to limit the regions of interest for this study to the eight countries of origin and to one entry point into the United States was based on reported trafficking activity in the eight countries of origin, data limitations, and the need to focus the scope of work to a demonstration project. Phase two research focused on improving the methods established during phase one research (based on feedback on phase one from Government officials and experts in the field), and applied the updated methods to estimate the number of females trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation from 15 countries located in Eastern Europe (Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine) trafficked to the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We also applied the improved methods to update the phase one estimates of females trafficked for sexual exploitation from the eight countries in Central and South America. We omitted the model for females and males trafficked for labor exploitation in this phase two because of the paucity of available data."

  National Institute of Justice (U.S.)

  Clawson, Heather; Layne, Mary

  2007-12
• UNODC Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal [website]

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  "The Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal is an initiative to facilitate the dissemination of information regarding the implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and specifically the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. The Human Trafficking Knowledge Portal hosts a Case Law Database on officially documented instances of trafficking in persons crime. By creating this portal, UNODC is working to increase the visibility of successful prosecutions and, at the same time, promote awareness of the realities of this devastating crime. Such a portal enables users to read about human trafficking issues, consult court decisions and practices from different countries and broaden their knowledge of human trafficking crimes."

  United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
• Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons Fiscal Year 2008

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  "The centerpiece of U.S. Government efforts to eliminate human trafficking is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), Pub. L. 106-386. […] The TVPA enhanced three aspects of federal government activity to combat TIP: protection, prosecution, and prevention. The TVPA, which was designed to address the needs of foreign victims of trafficking, provided for a range of new protections and assistance for victims of trafficking; it expanded the crimes and enhanced the penalties available to federal investigators and prosecutors pursuing traffickers; and it expanded the U.S. Government's international activities to prevent victims from being trafficked."

  United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Attorney General

  2009-06
• Trafficking in Persons and U.S. Foreign Policy Responses in the 114th Congress [August 5, 2016]

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  "Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, refers to the subjection of men, women, and children to exploitative conditions that may be tantamount to slavery. Reports suggest that human trafficking is a global phenomenon, victimizing millions of people each year and contributing to a multi-billion dollar criminal industry. Common forms of human trafficking include trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, and debt bondage. Other forms of human trafficking include trafficking for domestic servitude and the use of children in armed conflict (e.g., child soldiers). Human trafficking is a centuries-old problem that, despite international and U.S. efforts to eliminate it, continues to occur in virtually every country in the world. The modern manifestation of the human trafficking problem is driven by gaps in the enforcement of anti-trafficking laws and regulations and the willingness of some labor and service providers to violate such laws in order to fulfill international demand. Such demand is particularly concentrated among industries and economic sectors that are low-skill and labor-intensive. Human trafficking is an international and cross-cutting policy problem that affects a range of major national security, human rights, criminal justice, social, economic, migration, gender, public health, and labor issues."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Rosen, Liana W.

  2016-08-05
• Assessment of DOD Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Phase II-Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo

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  "In June 2002 the Inspector General of the Department of Defense initiated a Human Trafficking Assessment Project in response to concerns expressed by 13 Members of Congress regarding media reports that 'U.S. military personnel, particularly those stationed in South Korea, are engaged in activities that promote and facilitate the trafficking and exploitation of women.' The first phase of that project addressed concerns involving United States Forces Korea (USFK). Our Phase I report dated July 10, 2003, identified several opportunities to build on the aggressive efforts taken by USFK leadership to combat human trafficking in Korea.[…] Noting the 'vast scope of the problem of trafficking in human beings' and the need to 'achieve international cooperation to combat trafficking,' the original Members of Congress who expressed concerns emphasized that any investigation into the issue of DoD complicity in human trafficking must be 'thorough, global, and extensive.' Accordingly, after completing the assessment in Korea, we turned our attention to the European theater, specifically Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, based on various indications that human trafficking was a growing menace in those regions. In this second phase, we undertook to determine the extent to which commanding officers and other DoD officers and employees in authority were being 'vigilant in inspecting the conduct of all persons who are placed under their command' (10 U.S.C. §§ 3583, 5942, 8583) and otherwise suppressing human trafficking, and whether Service members assigned to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) peacekeeping forces were engaged in any activities that promoted or facilitated the trafficking and exploitation of women."

  United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General

  2002-12-08
• Sex Trafficking: A Gender-Based Civil Rights Violation

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  This is a Briefing Report of the briefing that was held before the United States Commission on Civil Rights in Washington, D.C. on April 13, 2012. From the Letter of Transmittal: "A panel of experts briefed members of the Commission on April 13, 2012 to examine the federal government's response to this issue of human trafficking from a gender-based discrimination perspective. The panelists discussed how the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) does not list trafficking as a major crime category, how the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) does not collect statistics on the scope of trafficking, and how difficult it is to collect and track accurate data on the prevalence of sex trafficking of minors versus adults. Based on that discussion, the Commission developed the findings and recommendations that are included in this report. Among its findings, the Commission notes that the definitions of what is sex trafficking differ among United States executive agencies and state and local law enforcement authorities. Testimony showed that sex trafficking is clearly a violation of gender-based civil and human rights that enslaves women and girls in commercial sex and is rooted in gender-based discrimination. The Commission also noted that testimony showed that sex trafficking also enslaves men and boys, particularly gay and transgender individuals, in commercial sex and is discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and is also rooted in social exclusion. The Commission recommends that a model state law on trafficking be developed. The Commission also recommends that the federal government develop standard definitions of 'sex trafficking' and related terms with input from involved federal agencies, state and local law enforcement entities, and the advocacy and scholarly sectors. In addition, the Commission suggests that the FBI should list trafficking as a major crime category; and HHS should collect statistics on the scope of trafficking, including a percentage of victims."

  United States Commission on Civil Rights

  2014-09
• S. Hrg. 108-315; Serial No. J-108-30: Alien Smuggling/Human Trafficking: Sending a Meaningful Message of Deterrence: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Corrections and Victims Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 25, 2003

  Show summary     Open resource [pdf]     (open full abstract)

  From the opening statement of Lindsey O. Graham: "As we all know, people from all over the world want to come to America to pursue a better life for themselves and their families. Unfortunately, however, some people entrust their lives to some very dangerous people in the effort to gain our shores. This is 2003 and people are being taken against their will and forced to work in conditions you would not believe, so the world needs to be more aware that we have not progressed as far as we should have. This hearing examines the issues related to those situations and whether our country is doing all we can to combat these horrible crimes. Alien smugglers and traffickers, through unabashed acts of profiteering; endanger lives of countless aliens while compromising the integrity of immigration laws at the same time. The human incentives for human smuggling are enormous, $9-1/2 billion. The commodities involved in this trade, this business, are men, women and children, who are smuggled, and they represent substantial profits for those people who decide to do this for a living, and no adjective can adequately describe the people involved in smuggling. This hearing hopes to serve as the beginning of a serious examination of those smuggling and trafficking crimes, and whether our law enforcement authorities have the proper tools to combat them."

  United States. Government Printing Office

  2004
• Human Trafficking of Children in the United States: A Fact Sheet for Schools

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  This fact sheet contains resources, including Web sites, created by a variety of organizations, to provide information on how to recognize children trafficked and steps to take to offer assistance to such victims.

  United States. Department of Education

  2007-06-26
• Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2007

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  "The Department of State is required by law to submit a Report each year to the U.S. Congress on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This Report is the seventh annual TIP Report. It is intended to raise global awareness, to highlight efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective actions to counter all forms of trafficking in persons. The U.S. law that guides anti-human trafficking efforts, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), states that the purpose of combating human trafficking is to punish traffickers, to protect victims, and to prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing those trapped in slave-like conditions is the ultimate goal of this Report. Human trafficking has a devastating impact on individual victims, who often suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family, document theft, and even death. But the impact of human trafficking goes beyond individual victims; it undermines the health, safety and security of all nations. There is an ever-growing community of nations making significant efforts to eliminate this atrocious crime. A country that fails to make significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, as outlined in the TVPA, receives a 'Tier 3' assessment in this Report. Such an assessment could trigger the withholding by the United States of non-humanitarian, non-traderelated foreign assistance."

  United States. Department of State

  2007-06