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U.S. Assistance to Vietnam [Updated December 3, 2004]
"U.S.-Vietnam diplomatic and economic relations were non-existent for more
than fifteen years following communist North Vietnam's victory in 1975 over U.S. ally South Vietnam. Normalization of relations, particularly in the economic sphere, between the United States and unified Vietnam began in earnest in the 1990s. In recent years, many Members of Congress have become interested in linking U.S. aid to the human rights situation in Vietnam. One initiative, H.R. 1587, proposes capping existing non-humanitarian U.S. assistance programs to the Vietnamese government at FY2004 levels if the President does not certify that Vietnam is making "substantial progress" in human rights, including religious freedom. In the near term, if enacted, the substantive impact of H.R. 1587 on U.S. aid would likely be negligible because at present, no U.S. non-humanitarian assistance is given directly to the government of Vietnam. Thus, if enacted, the bill's principal impact is likely to be symbolic. Proponents of the measure argue that it would pressure the Vietnamese government to improve the country's human rights situation. Critics argue that the bill could chill the warming of bilateral political and security ties that has been taking place slowly over the past several months. On July 19, 2004, the House passed H.R. 1587. Attempts to include stripped-down versions of the measure in the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 4818) did not succeed. U.S. bilateral assistance programs are likely to come under additional scrutiny in the future. This report quantifies and briefly describes U.S. assistance programs to Vietnam."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Manyin, Mark E.
2004-12
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FY04 United States Government-Funded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Programs
This table shows which agencies contributed to anti-trafficking programs around the world. The table details the amount given by the agency, recipients, and a description of the action taken as a result of the funding.
United States. Department of Justice
2005
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Serial No. 109-38: North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004: Issues and Implementation: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, April 28, 2005
From the opening statement of James A. Leach: "For the benefit of our friends overseas, I would like to reaffirm that the motivations for the North Korean Rights Act were and are solely humanitarian, not geo-strategic. The law is not a pretext for hidden strategy to provoke North Korean collapse, or to seek collateral advantage in ongoing negotiations. The promotion of human rights and refugee protections for North Koreans is not a partisan issue in the United States. It is embraced by Members with divergent views about how best to address the strategic challenges posed by North Korea. Put simply, while each of us as individuals may not be, the North Korean Rights Act is agnostic about regime change, but emphatic about behavior change. We genuinely hope for the opportunity to recognize improvements in the future." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Joseph E. DeTrani, Arthur E. Dewey, Gretchen A. Birkle, Ann J. Buwalda, Daniel Choi, Marcus Noland, James A. Leach, Christopher H. Smith, Eni F.H. Faleomavaega, and Donald M. Payne.
United States. Government Printing Office
2005
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Romanian Special Forces: Identifying Appropriate Missions and Organizational Structure
"Trying to adapt to the post-9/11 challenges to Euro-Atlantic security, the Romanian Ministry of National Defense continues its efforts to modernize and professionalize the country's armed forces in accordance with NATO standards. Part of this process is the development of a Special Forces (SF) capability that is to accomplish initial operational readiness by FY 2005. With appropriate organizational arrangements and focused combat training, the Romanian SF will increase their performance during future deployments in joint and combined settings. This project analyzes Romania's strategic documents, identifies the missions that can be conducted by the country's General-Purpose Forces or other security services, and finally proposes five appropriate tasks for the SF: Combating Terrorism, Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Special Reconnaissance, Direct Action, and Security Detail for Romanian officials in crisis zones. In exploring what are the most effective structural arrangements for the Romanian Special Forces, this thesis uses a design program the recommendations of which lead to the proposal of a new organizational structure. Thus, it is determined that Romania's Special Forces elements should develop into a flexible, highly-mobile and joint organization displaying a flat hierarchy and centralized command and control."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Cucu, Dan
2004-12
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Analysis of United States-Albanian Security Relations in Light of the War on Terrorism
This thesis explores U.S.-Albanian relations, focusing on the security cooperation. Since its inception as an independent state, Albania's relations with the United States have been the focus of Albanian foreign policy. After the First World War, Albania survived as an independent state largely due to the support given to her by the United States. Albanian-U.S. relations have had their ups and downs, with the most unfortunate period being the post-World War Two period, where these relations were severed and Albania was put under communist domination for half a century. After the collapse of communism, a revitalization of U.S.-Albanian relations took place. Albania is becoming an increasingly important ally for the United States in the Balkans. The security partnership between the two countries reached a zenith during the crisis of Kosovo and was further fostered after September 11, 2001, as Albania unequivocally offered to cooperate with the United States on the war on terrorism. September 11 has changed the way the partner countries capabilities are viewed by the United States. Albania, a perceived Muslim majority country, may prove in the future to be more important to the US through Albania's contribution to the war on terrorism than through its military capabilities.
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Binaj, Dhimiter
2004-12
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H. Rept. 108-724, Part 6: 9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act, Supplemental Report together with Dissenting and Additional Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 10, November 16, 2004
"The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 10) to provide for reform of the intelligence community, terrorism prevention and prosecution, border security, and international cooperation and coordination, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass. […] The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 took the lives of more than 3,000 Americans and represented the most catastrophic terrorist attack on the United States in its history. The terrorists exploited deficiencies in America's law enforcement, immigration, and intelligence agencies which limited the dissemination of information that might have protected the nation against the attack. In the wake of the attacks, the Committee has conducted 39 hearings and markups to examine proposals to remedy legislative, procedural, and structural vulnerabilities to terrorism in our nation's immigration system. The Committee has also conducted 46 hearings and markups to strengthen federal law enforcement and antiterrorism efforts, and it has taken firm steps to ensure that security efforts do not transgress cherished civil liberties. Furthermore, the Committee has conducted rigorous oversight of antiterrorism reform efforts at the Department of Justice, and acted with bipartisan dispatch to enact antiterrorism legislation including the USA PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Act. On November 27, 2002, President Bush signed legislation creating the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ('9/11 Commission' or 'Commission')."
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-11-16
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Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests [November 12, 2004]
"After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States recognized the independence of all the former Central Asian republics, supported their admission into the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and other Western organizations, and elicited Turkish support in countering Iranian influence in the region. Congress was at the forefront in urging the formation of coherent U.S. policies for aiding these and other Eurasian states of the former Soviet Union, and approved the Freedom Support Act and other legislation for this purpose. Soon after the terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001, all the Central Asian states offered overflight and other support to coalition anti-terrorist efforts in Afghanistan. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan have hosted coalition troops and provided access to airbases. In 2003, Uzbekistan endorsed coalition military action in Iraq and Kazakhstan provided about two dozen troops for rebuilding. After September 11, 2001, U.S. policy emphasized bolstering the security of the Central Asian states to help them combat terrorism, proliferation, and arms trafficking. Other strategic interests include internal reforms (democratization, free market economies, and human rights) and energy development."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Nichol, James P.
2004-11-12
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India-U.S. Relations [Updated November 4, 2004]
"The end of the Cold War freed India-U.S. relations from the constraints of global bipolarity, but New Delhi-Washington relations continued for a decade to be affected by the burden of history, most notably the longstanding India-Pakistan rivalry. Recent years, however, have witnessed a sea change in bilateral relations, with more positive interactions becoming the norm. India's swift offer of full support for U.S.-led counterterrorism operations after September 2001 was widely viewed as reflective of such change. Continuing U.S. interest in South Asia focuses especially on the historic and ongoing tensions between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan, tensions rooted in unfinished business from the 1947 Partition, and competing claims to the former princely state of Kashmir. The United States strongly encourages maintenance of a cease-fire along the Kashmiri Line of Control and continued, substantive dialogue between India and Pakistan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kronstadt, K. Alan
2004-11-04
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Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies
"The guide is directed primarily toward state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies of all sizes that need to develop or reinvigorate their intelligence function. Rather than being a manual to teach a person how to be an intelligence analyst, it is directed toward that manager, supervisor, or officer who is assigned to create an intelligence function. It is intended to provide ideas, definitions, concepts, policies, and resources."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Carter, David L.
2004-11
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Europe and Counterterrorism: Strengthening Police and Judicial Cooperation [Updated October 15, 2004]
"The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and other crossborder crimes such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and financial fraud. For many years, EU efforts to address such challenges were hampered by national sovereignty concerns, insufficient resources, and a lack of trust among law enforcement agencies. However, the terrorist attacks and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe changed this status quo as it became increasingly evident that the EU's open borders and different legal systems allowed terrorists and other criminals to move around easily and evade arrest and prosecution. Thus, EU officials renewed their efforts to harmonize national laws and bring down traditional barriers among member states' police, intelligence, and judicial authorities. As part of this initiative, the EU has also sought to enhance ongoing cooperation with U.S. law enforcement and judicial authorities so that information can be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously. This report will be updated as events warrant."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Archick, Kristin
2004-10-15
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Homeland Security: Management Challenges Remain in Transforming Immigration Programs, Report to Congressional Committees
"The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assumed responsibility for the immigration enforcement and services programs of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in 2003. The three DHS bureaus with primary responsibility for immigration functions are U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This transfer creates a great opportunity for DHS to address long-standing management and operational problems within INS. The Homeland Security Act requires GAO [Government Accountability Office] to review the transfer of immigration functions to DHS. In response, this report assesses the status of (1) communication and coordination of roles and responsibilities, (2) integration of immigration and customs investigators in ICE, and (3) administrative services and systems in CBP, CIS, and ICE. GAO recommends that DHS use key practices to create a mechanism for periodically obtaining and considering employee feedback on their ideas and concerns and provides specific guidance on roles and responsibilities and administrative services. DHS commented on a draft of this report and generally agreed with our findings and recommendations."
United States. General Accounting Office
2004-10-14
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Border Security: Inspections Practices, Policies, and Issues [Updated October 13, 2004]
"The United States now has a unified inspections operation at the borders; a single inspector is charged with examining people, animals, plants, goods, and cargo upon entry to the country. The transfer of these functions to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) marks a significant policy shift for all of these functions, clarifying that -- although there are important commercial, economic, health, humanitarian, and immigration responsibilities -- ensuring the security of our borders is the top priority. The decision by DHS officials to further integrate the inspection duties so that there is 'one face at the border' now means that Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspectors are essentially interchangeable and responsible for all primary inspections. A range of legal, administrative, and policy issues have emerged with unified border inspections. The bills implementing the 9/11 Commission recommendations (S. 2845, H.R. 10, S. 2774/H.R. 5040 and H.R. 5024) have various provisions affecting border inspections."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Wasem, Ruth Ellen; Monke, James; Viña, Stephen R.
2004-10-13
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H. Rept. 108-724, Part 5: 9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act, Report together with Dissenting and Additional Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 10, October 5, 2004
"The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 10) to provide for reform of the intelligence community, terrorism prevention and prosecution, border security, and international cooperation and coordination, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. […] The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 took the lives of more than 3,000 Americans and represented the most catastrophic terrorist attack on the United States in its history. The terrorists exploited deficiencies in America's law enforcement, immigration, and intelligence agencies which limited the dissemination of information that might have protected the nation against the attack. In the wake of the attacks, the Committee has conducted 39 hearings and markups to examine proposals to remedy legislative, procedural, and structural vulnerabilities to terrorism in our nation's immigration system. The Committee has also conducted 46 hearings and markups to strengthen federal law enforcement and antiterrorism efforts, and it has taken firm steps to ensure that security efforts do not transgress cherished civil liberties. Furthermore, the Committee has conducted rigorous oversight of antiterrorism reform efforts at the Department of Justice, and acted with bipartisan dispatch to enact antiterrorism legislation including the USA PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Act. On November 27, 2002, President Bush signed legislation creating the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ('9/11 Commission' or 'Commission')."
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-10-05
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H. Rept. 108-724, Part 4: 9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act, Report together with Minority Views to Accompany H.R. 10, October 5, 2004
"The Committee on Government Reform, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 10) to provide for reform of the intelligence community, terrorism prevention and prosecution, border security, and international cooperation and coordination, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. […] H.R. 10, the 9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act, as reported by the House Committee on Government Reform, addresses the problems and weaknesses identified by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States by authorizing improvements to the operations of the Federal government relating to intelligence and security. The legislation reported by the Committee included provisions within the jurisdiction of the Government Reform Committee that re-authorize reorganization authority within the intelligence community, improve agency planning regarding information security, streamline the appointments process for intelligence community personnel, revitalizes the Federal Bureau of Investigation workforce, streamline security clearances and processes, modernizes driver's licenses and improves ID security, and improves information security."
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-10-05
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H. Rept. 108-724, Part 1: 9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act, Report together with Additional and Dissenting Views to Accompany H.R. 10, October 4, 2004
"The Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 10) to provide for reform of the intelligence community, terrorism prevention and prosecution, border security, and international cooperation and coordination, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. H.R. 10, the '9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act,' will help fulfill the constitutional responsibility of the Federal Government by improving the security of the United States by strengthening the organizations and authorities of the United States Intelligence Community. The '9/11 Recommendations Implementation Act' will provide for Intelligence Community and other government agency reform, improve terrorism prevention and prosecution, increase border security, and enhance international cooperation and coordination. The overall goals of this legislation are to prevent terrorist attacks against the United States and its interests and to better position our vital Intelligence Community to meet the global threats of the future. This is historic legislation the Committee believes should be supported in the bipartisan manner in which it is intended. Title I of this Act provides for Intelligence Community reform through the establishment of a strong National Intelligence Director with improved authority to manage and coordinate the Intelligence Community. The National Intelligence Director will serve as the head of the Intelligence Community and as the principal advisor on intelligence matters to the President. The NID's primary responsibility will be to coordinate the efforts of foreign and domestic intelligence functions."
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-10-04
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Homeland Security: Major Challenges Remain in Transforming Immigration Programs: Report to Congressional Committees
"Most of the field officials with whom GAO spoke generally characterized communication and coordination with other DHS immigration programs in their geographic area as good or excellent. Other officials noted, that in some areas related to investigative techniques and other operations, unresolved issues regarding the roles and responsibilities of CBP, CIS, and ICE give rise to disagreements and confusion, with the potential for serious consequences. According to headquarters and field officials, some guidance has been made available to the field, and there are plans to provide more. Most ICE field officials GAO contacted said they have taken initial steps toward integrating the former immigration and customs investigators, such as establishing cross-training and pay parity. Most of these officials said, however, that additional important steps remained to be completed to fully integrate investigators. Key practices used by other public and private organizations that have undergone successful mergers and transformations may be helpful to DHS in addressing the challenges raised in this report and in transforming immigration enforcement and services. These key practices include establishing communication strategies to create shared expectations and involving employees to gain ownership for changes."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2004-10
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Immigration Enforcement: DHS Has Incorporated Immigration Enforcement Objectives and Is Addressing Future Planning Requirements, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives
"The former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) had five interior (non-border-related) immigration enforcement objectives to address federal immigration law violations: identify and remove criminal aliens from the United States; deter and dismantle alien trafficking and smuggling; respond to community reports and complaints about illegal immigration; minimize immigration benefit fraud; and block employers' access to undocumented workers. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the INS and other federal agencies began merging their law enforcement functions into the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) within the Department of Homeland Security. The subcommittee sought information on how the newly formed ICE was addressing legacy INS's immigration enforcement objectives. For this report, GAO addressed the following questions: (1) What is the status of ICE's efforts to incorporate legacy INS's interior immigration enforcement objectives? (2) How is ICE developing budget needs, workforce plans, and performance measures for immigration-related objectives?"
United States. Government Accountability Office
2004-10
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Executive Order 13166 Limited English Proficiency Resource Documents: Tips and Tools from the Field
"In June of 2002, DOJ [U.S. Department of Justice] issued guidance relating to language assistance pursuant to Title VI, of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. 2000d, et seq. (Title VI) and its accompanying, regulations. The guidance focused on recipients of DOJ financial assistance (primarily law, enforcement agencies, departments of corrections, courts, domestic violence service providers,, and entities having a law enforcement or juvenile justice mission). That guidance has served as a, launching point for COR's [Coordination and Review Section] training efforts and discussions with federal, state, and other partners, on the subject of language assistance. Often these interactions and trainings have become, opportunities for sharing tips and tools from the field based on the experiences of recipients, and communities working with LEP [limited English proficient] populations. Sharing anecdotes of community solutions, that have been positively received, as well as sharing information about some of the drawbacks, of certain approaches, offers entities opportunities to make great strides in developing their, own solutions to language access concerns., The purpose of this document is for DOJ to share its experiences in hopes of providing a useful tool for, enhancing access for LEP persons."
United States. Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division
2004-09-21
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Appropriations for FY2005: Department of Homeland Security [Updated September 20, 2004]
From the Summary: "This report describes the FY2005 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It summarizes the President's FY2005 budget request for DHS programs submitted to Congress February 2, 2004, the amounts provided in H.R. 4567 (approved by the House June 18, 2004), and the amounts provided in H.R. 4567 (approved in the Senate on September 14, 2004 in lieu of S. 2537). The report includes tables that compare the FY2004 appropriations for the programs and activities of DHS, the President's FY2005 request, the congressional response to the request. The President's FY2005 Budget requests total appropriations of $32.6 billion for DHS. This represents a 7.7% increase over the FY2004 enacted amount of $30.3 billion. H.R. 4567 and S. 2567 recommend a total appropriation of $33.1 billion representing an increase of $500 million compared to the request, and a 9.2% increase compared to the FY2004 enacted level."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lake, Jennifer E.; Nunez-Neto, Blas
2004-09-20
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United States Attorneys' Bulletin: Money Laundering, Volume 52 Number 5, September 2004
This edition of the United States Attorneys' Bulletin covers Office of Justice
Programs. The following articles are included: "Mission Control: What OJP is About"; "Partnerships for Safer Communities: Office of Justice Program Grants, Funding pportunities, and Other Resources"; "The Community Capacity Developm ent Office: Helping Communities"; "AMBER Alert-Making America Safer for Our Kids"; "The President's DNA Initiative: Helping to Solve Crimes"; "Project Safe Neighborhoods: Building Partnerships and Promoting Public Safety"; "Information-Sharing Efforts That Help to Reduce Crime and Respond to Emergencies"; "Helping Hand: OJP Programs to Assist Victims of Crime"; "The Bureau of Justice Statistics: The Statistics Arm of the Department of
Justice."
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
2004-09
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Best Practices for Programming to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in Europe and Eurasia
"USAID commissioned an assessment of trafficking in persons prevention activities in the Europe and Eurasia region in order to develop a framework for trafficking prevention programs in the future. This report analyzes information gleaned from a review of existing documentation-project reports, evaluations, research, and the like-as well as information gathered during brief assessment missions to three countries of the region, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. Accordingly, the results are limited by the information that was available and should be considered with this understanding in mind. One of the greatest limitations is a dearth of objective indicators measuring impact of trafficking prevention programs. Additionally, limitations in the time available to conduct this assessment restricted the researchers' ability to review materials and interview informants."
United States. Agency for International Development
Rosenberg, Ruth
2004-09
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Terrorist Financing: Current Efforts and Policy Issues for Congress [August 20, 2004]
"Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, there has been significant interest in terrorist financing. Congress has taken an active interest in this debate on terrorist financing, holding numerous hearings over the past few years, both in the House, and in the Senate. While the goals of freezing terrorist funds and tracking them for intelligence are not mutually exclusive, they tend to emphasize different strategies and approaches. This report responds to this increased interest in terrorist financing by analyzing the roles of relevant U.S. agencies and departments involved in tracking and seizing terrorist financing. This report focuses on U.S. efforts to combat financing for terrorist acts against the United States. In the months immediately following the attacks, substantial funds were frozen internationally. After this initial sweep, the freezing of terrorist assets slowed down considerably."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Weiss, Martin A.
2004-08-20
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Federal Bureau of Investigation: Strategic Plan 2004-2009
"The FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation] Strategic Plan 2004-2009 serves as a high-level road map for the next five years, with strategic goals and objectives that address the mission of the FBI and fulfill the imperatives of the President, the Attorney General, and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). This document updates our earlier strategic plan (FBI Strategic Plan 1998-2003) and reflects profound and far-reaching changes to our investigative priorities and business practices since 9/11. The FBI's efforts to remake and reengineer itself continue and this plan serves as a primary guide to the new realities of the war on terrorism."
United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
2004-08-11?
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Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers
"This NIJ Research in Brief presents findings of a study that uncovered the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations by going right to the source-smugglers themselves. Researchers found that most human smugglers are ordinary citizens whose social networks provide the necessary connections and resources to profit from human trade. Enforcement efforts need to consider the unique organization of smuggling enterprises and how smugglers are perceived by themselves and their clients."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Zhang, Sheldon; Chin, Ko-lin
2004-08
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India-U.S. Relations [Updated July 29, 2004]
"The end of the Cold War freed India-U.S. relations from the constraints of global bipolarity, but New Delhi-Washington relations continued for a decade to be affected by the burden of history, most notably the longstanding India-Pakistan rivalry. Recent years, however, have witnessed a sea change in bilateral relations, with more positive interactions becoming the norm. India's swift offer of full support for U.S.-led counterterrorism operations after September 2001 was widely viewed as reflective of such change. Continuing U.S. interest in South Asia focuses especially on the historic and ongoing tensions between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan, tensions rooted in unfinished business from the 1947 Partition, and competing claims to the former princely state of Kashmir. The United States strongly encourages maintenance of a cease-fire along the Kashmiri Line of Control and continued, substantive dialogue between India and Pakistan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kronstadt, K. Alan
2004-07-29
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Fact Sheet: ICE Border Security & Immigration Enforcement
This fact sheet outline how ICE aims to: target immigration violators and fugitives; target human traffickers and smugglers; protect worksites; and protect victims. "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was established in March 2003 as the largest investigative arm in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ICE unites the functions, resources, and legal authorities of several previously fragmented border and security organizations into an integrated homeland security agency focused on investigations and enforcement. ICEs mission is to prevent terrorist and criminal acts by targeting the people, money, and materials that support terrorist and criminal networks. Immigration enforcement is one of ICEs primary missions and a vital component of homeland security. Recognizing that terrorists and criminals have exploited vulnerabilities in our border security to enter and remain in the United States, ICE has developed a comprehensive and aggressive strategy to restore integrity to the nations immigration system."
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2004-06-17
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Government Actions to Combat Anti-Semitism in the OSCE Region, Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Second Session, June 16, 2004
From the statement of Chairman Christopher H. Smith: "As all of you know, roughly 2 years ago a wave of anti-Semitic violence swept through much of the OSCE region. Unparalleled since the dark days of WWII, Jewish communities throughout Europe and North America faced repeated attacks against Jewish cultural sites, cemeteries and individuals. In the eastern portions of the OSCE region, anti-Semitic acts occurred in places long devoid of Jewish life, as hate-filled individuals tried to extinguish the last whispers of history testifying to a once vibrant Jewish community. Despite efforts by some governments, sporadic incidents continued to arise throughout the region, both east and west. This convulsion of violence has sent a clear message that our societies still suffer from the latent disease of anti-Semitism. We are gathered here today to see what we can do, what actions we can take, to ensure that incidents of anti-Semitism become forever a thing of the past. This hearing comes on the heels of the April 1 OSCE Berlin Conference on Anti-Semitism. At the historic Berlin Conference, held in a city that was once the epicenter of hate and is of unquestioned significance, 55 participating States gathered together in the fight against anti-Semitism."
United States. Government Printing Office
2004-06-14
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Serbia and Montenegro: Current Situation and U.S. Policy [Updated June 8, 2004]
"Despite defeats in wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, international isolation, and the impoverishment of his people, Slobodan Milosevic managed to stay in power in Serbia for over 10 years. His reign came to an end on October 5, 2000, when he was deposed from power by a popular revolt after he refused to concede defeat in an election for the post of President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) won by his opponent, Vojislav Kostunica. Parliamentary elections in Serbia held in December 2000 resulted in a crushing victory for the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition over the former ruling parties of the Milosevic regime. Although it achieved some successes, the DOS government was beset with internal conflicts almost from its beginning, including over cooperation with the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal. It received its greatest blow in March 2003, when Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic was murdered by organized crime figures linked to the Serbian security apparatus. In the wake of the assassination, the Serbian government arrested hundreds of organized crime figures. However, some observers question whether Serbian leaders have the will to extirpate the deeply-rooted connections between organized crime and political power in Serbia."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woehrel, Steven J.
2004-06-08
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Albania's Counter-Terrorism Policy Options: Finding a Strategy of Common Sense
"This research will assess the counter-terrorism policy options available to Albanian authorities. As part of this investigation, it will consider the nature of the terrorism threat, review the counter-terrorism policies that have been pursued in the past, and weigh the strengths and weaknesses of the current policy. These elements will provide background for an analysis of the available policy models on the basis of four main criteria: 1) political feasibility; 2) legal and constitutional constraints; 3) foreign policy objectives and 4) effectiveness. The state policy options this study will analyze can be placed under four broad categories: a) deterrence through hard line measures including military operation and emergency powers; b) co-option and conciliation; c) pursuit of sanctuary or a passive policy; or d) deterrence via criminal justice. All these options might be plausibly implemented by Albania; indeed they have been used at different times in different countries. The working hypothesis of this investigation is that a policy based mainly on deterrence through criminal justice will be the most effective way to counter the internal threats that Albania faces while improving the country's international standing."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Gjiknuri, Damian
2004-06
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Identity Theft
"This guide addresses identity theft, describing the problem and reviewing factors that increase the risks of it. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem, and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Newman, Graeme R.
2004-06
