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• U.S.-South Korea Relations [June 24, 2014]

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  "South Korea is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia, and for the past five years relations between the two countries (known officially as the Republic of Korea, or ROK) have been arguably at their best state in decades. Members of Congress tend to be interested in South Korea-related issues for a number of reasons. First, the United States and South Korea have been allies since the early 1950s. The United States is committed to helping South Korea defend itself, particularly against any aggression from North Korea. 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK and South Korea is included under the U.S. 'nuclear umbrella.' Second, Washington and Seoul cooperate over how to deal with the challenges posed by North Korea. Third, the two countries' economies are closely entwined and are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States' sixth-largest trading partner. The United States is South Korea's second-largest trading partner. In late 2013 and early 2014, South Korea took the first steps toward possible entry into the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement negotiations."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manyin, Mark E.; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham; Chanlett-Avery, Emma . . .

  2014-06-24
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications [July 1, 2014]

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  "During the remainder of the 113th Congress, policymakers will likely maintain an interest in Mexico on issues related to cross-border trade, Mexico's participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement negotiations, energy sector and other reforms in Mexico, economic conditions in Mexico, migration, and border issues. Congress may take a more active interest in the opening of Mexico's energy sector to foreign and private investment for the first time in 76 years. President Peña Nieto began his presidency with an ambitious reform agenda. In December 2013, he signed into law a constitutional amendment that will allow oil companies to gain access to untapped oil reserves in Mexico, which are estimated to be as high as 113 billion barrels. The Mexican Congress must approve secondary legislation to implement the historic reforms. Most industry experts agree that Mexico's state-owned oil monopoly, Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) lacks the financial and technical resources to operate its existing fields efficiently or to expand into new fields."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Villarreal, M. Angeles; Flynn, Paul J.

  2014-07-01
• Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [July 28, 2014]

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  "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC) arriving in the United States has reached alarming numbers that has strain the system put in place over the past decade to handle such cases. UAC are defined in statute as children who lack lawful immigration status in the United States, who are under the age of 18, and who are without a parent or legal guardian in the United States or no parent or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. Two statutes and a legal settlement most directly affect U.S. policy for the treatment and administrative processing of UAC: the Flores Settlement Agreement of 1997; the Homeland Security Act of 2002; and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. Several agencies in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) share responsibilities for the processing, treatment, and placement of UAC. DHS Customs and Border Protection apprehends and detains UAC arrested at the border while Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) handles the transfer and repatriation responsibilities. ICE also apprehends UAC in the interior of the country and is responsible for representing the government in removal proceedings. HHS is responsible for coordinating and implementing the care and placement of UAC in appropriate custody."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seghetti, Lisa M.; Siskin, Alison; Wasem, Ruth Ellen

  2014-07-28
• Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [September 8, 2014]

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  "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC) arriving in the United States has reached alarming numbers, straining the system put in place over the past decade to handle such cases. UAC are defined in statute as children who lack lawful immigration status in the United States, who are under the age of 18, and who are without a parent or legal guardian in the United States or no parent or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. Two statutes and a legal settlement most directly affect U.S. policy for the treatment and administrative processing of UAC: the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-457); the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296); and the 'Flores Settlement Agreement' of 1997. Several agencies in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) share responsibilities for the processing, treatment, and placement of UAC. [...] In an effort to address the crisis, the Administration developed a working group to coordinate the efforts of the various agencies involved. It also opened additional shelters and holding facilities to accommodate the large number of UAC apprehended at the border. In June, the Administration announced plans to provide funding to the affected Central American countries for a variety of programs and security-related initiatives; and in July, the Administration requested $3.7 billion in supplemental appropriations for FY2014 to address the crisis. Relatedly, Congress is considering funding increases for HHS and DHS in each agency's FY2015 appropriations bill. Additionally, Senator Mikulski and Representative Rogers introduced supplemental appropriations bills for FY2014 (S. 2648 and H.R. 5230) for departments and agencies involved in the UAC crisis (e.g., DHS, HHS, the Departments of Justice and State). The House passed its supplemental appropriations bill on August 1, 2014. In addition to the various appropriations bills that are being considered, several pieces of legislation have been introduced in both chambers; however, this report does not discuss those bills. CRS [Congressional Research Service] has published additional reports on this topic."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Wasem, Ruth Ellen; Siskin, Alison; Seghetti, Lisa M.

  2014-09-08
• Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations [October 2, 2014]

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  "While historically the United States has had close relations with Venezuela, a major oil supplier, friction in bilateral relations rose under the leftist populist government of President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013), who died in March 2013 after battling cancer for almost two years. After Chávez's death, Venezuela held presidential elections in April 2013 in which acting President Nicolás Maduro, who had been serving as Chávez's vice president, defeated opposition candidate Henrique Capriles by a margin of just 1.49%, with the opposition alleging significant irregularities. Venezuela's December 2013 municipal elections demonstrated mixed results for the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and the opposition Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD). In 2014, the Maduro government has been facing significant challenges, including deteriorating economic conditions (with high inflation and shortages of consumer goods) and high rates of crime and violence. Most significantly, in February, student-led street protests erupted into violence with protestors attacked by Venezuelan security forces and militant pro-government civilian groups. While the protests had largely dissipated by June, at least 42 people were killed on both sides of the conflict, more than 800 injured, and more than 3,000 arrested (while most have been released, some 77 are still being held). A major opposition figure, Leopoldo López, was arrested and imprisoned along with two opposition mayors. Diplomatic efforts to deal with the crisis at the Organization of American States were frustrated in March. The Union of South America Nations (UNASUR) initiated a government/opposition dialogue in April, but the talks broke down in May because of a lack of progress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sullivan, Mark P.

  2014-10-02
• U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism [September 4, 2013]

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  "The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and improve police, judicial, and intelligence cooperation among its member states. Other deadly incidents in Europe, such as the Madrid and London bombings in 2004 and 2005 respectively, injected further urgency into strengthening EU counterterrorism capabilities and reducing barriers among national law enforcement authorities so that information could be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously. Among other steps, the EU has established a common definition of terrorism and a common list of terrorist groups, an EU arrest warrant, enhanced tools to stem terrorist financing, and new measures to strengthen external EU border controls and improve aviation security."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Archick, Kristin

  2013-09-04
• U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond [April 8, 2014]

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  "Violence perpetrated by drug trafficking organizations and other criminal groups continues to threaten citizen security and governance in some parts of Mexico, a country with which the United States shares a nearly 2,000 mile border and $500 billion in annual trade. Although the violence in Mexico has generally declined since late 2011, analysts estimate that it may have claimed more than 70,000 lives between December 2006 and December 2013. Supporting Mexico's efforts to reform its criminal justice system is widely regarded as crucial for combating criminality, strengthening the rule of law, and better protecting citizen security in the country. U.S.-Mexican security cooperation increased significantly as a result of the development and implementation of the Mérida Initiative, a counterdrug and anticrime assistance package for Mexico and Central America first funded in FY2008. Whereas U.S. assistance initially focused on training and equipping Mexican counterdrug forces, it now places more emphasis on addressing the weak institutions and underlying societal problems that have allowed the drug trade to flourish in Mexico. The Mérida strategy now focuses on (1) disrupting organized criminal groups, (2) institutionalizing the rule of law, (3) creating a 21st century border, and (4) building strong and resilient communities. As part of the Mérida Initiative, the Mexican government pledged to intensify its anticrime efforts and the U.S. government pledged to address drug demand and the illicit trafficking of firearms and bulk currency to Mexico."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seelke, Clare Ribando; Finklea, Kristin M.

  2014-04-08
• U.S. Trade and Investment in the Middle East and North Africa: Overview and Issues for Congress [February 28, 2013]

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  "U.S. interest in deepening economic ties with certain countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has increased in light of the political unrest and transitions that have swept the region since early 2011. Policymakers in Congress and the Obama Administration are discussing ways that U.S. trade and investment can bolster long-term economic growth in the region. In May 2011, President Obama announced the MENA 'Trade and Investment Partnership Initiative' (MENA-TIP), through which various federal government agencies are engaged in efforts to enhance trade and investment with the region. Such activities are in line with longstanding U.S. trade policy goals and measures. Some Members of Congress have called for deeper economic ties with MENA countries undergoing political change. However, continued political uncertainty and changing security environments in the region have prompted greater scrutiny of U.S. engagement. This report analyzes policy approaches that the Congress might consider concerning U.S.-MENA trade and investment."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Nelson, Rebecca M.; Bolle, Mary Jane; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias

  2013-02-28
• U.S.-South Korea Relations [October 8, 2015]

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  "South Korea (known officially as the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia, and since 2009 relations between the two countries arguably have been at their most robust state in decades. Members of Congress tend to be interested in South Korea-related issues for a number of reasons. First, the United States and South Korea have been treaty allies since the early 1950s. The United States is committed to helping South Korea defend itself, particularly against any aggression from North Korea. Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK and South Korea is included under the U.S. 'nuclear umbrella.' Second, Washington and Seoul cooperate in addressing the challenges posed by North Korea. Third, the two countries' economies are closely entwined and are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States' sixth largest trading partner and the United States is South Korea's second-largest trading partner. South Korea has taken the first steps toward possible entry into the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement negotiations. […] The United States and South Korea signed a new civilian nuclear cooperation agreement in mid- June 2015 to replace the existing agreement, which entered into force in 1974. The agreement, which provides the legal foundation for nuclear trade between the countries, automatically will go into effect in the fall of 2015 unless Congress disapproves it, a move that would be subject to presidential veto."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham . . .

  2015-10-08
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications [February 10, 2015]

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  "During the 114th Congress, policy makers will likely maintain an interest in Mexico on issues related to cross-border trade and investment; Mexico's economic reform measures, especially in the energy sector; the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement negotiations; NAFTA [North American Free Trade Agreement] and WTO trade issues; and U.S.-Mexico border management. Congress may also take an active interest in ongoing bilateral efforts to promote economic competitiveness, increase regulatory cooperation, and pursue energy integration. Under the U.S.-Mexico High Level Economic Dialogue (HLED), which was launched in September 2013, the United States and Mexico are striving to advance economic and commercial priorities through annual meetings at the Cabinet level that also include leaders from the public and private sectors. Another bilateral initiative that may be of interest to policy makers is the High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Council (HLRCC), launched in February 2012, which is intended to help align regulatory principles. In addition, the two countries have a bilateral initiative for improving border management under the Declaration Concerning 21st Center Border Management that was announced in 2010. […] Policy makers may consider how a TPP would affect the U.S.-Mexico trade and investment relationship under NAFTA. Although nearly all U.S. trade with Mexico is now conducted duty and barrier free under NAFTA, the TPP negotiations may provide a venue for addressing issues that are not covered under the agreement. If approved, a TPP would not render NAFTA obsolete, but it could alter certain rules governing U.S.-Mexico trade since NAFTA entered into force. A TPP may have implications in several areas, including intellectual property rights protection, investment, state-owned enterprises, services trade, agriculture, government procurement, worker rights, and the environment."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Villarreal, M. Angeles; Flynn, Paul J.

  2015-02-10
• Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations [April 1, 2015]

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  "While historically the United States has had close relations with Venezuela, a major oil supplier, friction in bilateral relations rose under the leftist populist government of President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013), who died in March 2013 after battling cancer for almost two years. After Chávez's death, Venezuela held presidential elections in April 2013 in which acting President Nicolás Maduro, who had been serving as Chávez's vice president, defeated Henrique Capriles of the opposition Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) by a margin of just 1.49%, with the opposition alleging significant irregularities. Venezuela's December 2013 municipal elections demonstrated mixed results for the ruling United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and the MUD."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sullivan, Mark P.

  2015-04-01
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications [April 20, 2015]

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  "The economic and trade relationship with Mexico is of interest to U.S. policy makers because of Mexico's proximity to the United States, the high level of bilateral trade, and the strong cultural and economic ties that connect the two countries. Also, it is of national interest for the United States to have a prosperous and democratic Mexico as a neighboring country. Mexico is the United States' third-largest trading partner, while the United States is, by far, Mexico's largest trading partner. Mexico ranks third as a source of U.S. imports, after China and Canada, and second, after Canada, as an export market for U.S. goods and services. The United States is the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico. The United States and Mexico have strong economic ties through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has been in effect since 1994. […] In June 2012, Mexico and Canada joined negotiations for the proposed TPP [Trans-Pacific Partnership]. If approved, the agreement would likely enhance the economic links Mexico already has with the United States and Canada under NAFTA. Policy makers may consider how a TPP would affect the U.S.-Mexico trade and investment relationship under NAFTA. Although nearly all U.S. trade with Mexico is now conducted duty and barrier free under NAFTA, the TPP negotiations may provide a venue for addressing issues that are not covered under the agreement. If approved, a TPP would not render NAFTA obsolete, but it could alter certain rules governing U.S.-Mexico trade since NAFTA entered into force. A TPP may have implications in several areas, including intellectual property rights protection, investment, state-owned enterprises, services trade, agriculture, government procurement, worker rights, and the environment." This report is supplemented by multiple charts and graphs displaying financial relationships between the three countries.

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Villarreal, M. Angeles; Flynn, Paul J.

  2015-04-20
• U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond [May 7, 2015]

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  "Violence perpetrated by a range of criminal groups continues to threaten citizen security and governance in some parts of Mexico, a country with which the United States shares a nearly 2,000-mile border and more than $500 billion in annual trade. Although organized crime-related violence in Mexico has generally declined since 2011, analysts estimate that it may have claimed more than 80,000 lives between December 2006 and December 2014. Recent cases--particularly the disappearance of 43 students in Guerrero, Mexico in September 2014--have drawn attention to the problems of corruption and impunity for human rights abuses in Mexico. Supporting Mexico's efforts to reform its criminal justice system is widely regarded as crucial for combating criminality and better protecting citizen security in the country. U.S. support for those efforts has increased significantly as a result of the development and implementation of the Mérida Initiative, a bilateral partnership launched in 2007 for which Congress has appropriated some $2.5 billion. U.S. assistance focuses on (1) disrupting organized criminal groups, (2) institutionalizing the rule of law, (3) creating a 21st century border, and (4) building strong and resilient communities."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seelke, Clare Ribando; Finklea, Kristin M.

  2015-05-07
• U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism [December 1, 2014]

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  "Promoting law enforcement and intelligence cooperation with the United States has been another top EU priority since 2001. Washington has largely welcomed enhanced counterterrorism cooperation with the EU, which has led to a new dynamic in U.S.-EU relations by fostering dialogue on law enforcement and homeland security issues previously reserved for bilateral discussions. Contacts between U.S. and EU officials on police, judicial, and border control policy matters have increased substantially and a number of new U.S.-EU agreements have also been reached; these include information-sharing arrangements between the United States and EU police and judicial bodies, two U.S.-EU treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and accords on container security and airline passenger data. In addition, the United States and the EU have been working together to curb terrorist financing and to strengthen transport security. Nevertheless, some challenges persist in fostering closer U.S.-EU cooperation in these fields. Among the most prominent and long-standing are data privacy and data protection issues. […] Other issues that have led to periodic tensions include detainee policies, differences in the U.S. and EU terrorist designation lists, and balancing measures to improve border controls and border security with the need to facilitate legitimate transatlantic travel and commerce. Congressional decisions related to intelligence-gathering reforms, data privacy, border controls, and transport security may affect how future U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation evolves. In addition, given the European Parliament's growing influence in many of these policy areas, Members of Congress may be able to help shape the Parliament's views and responses through ongoing contacts and the existing Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD). This report examines the evolution of U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation and the ongoing challenges that may be of interest in the 113th Congress."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Archick, Kristin

  2014-12-01
• Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [August 18, 2015]

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  "In FY2014, the number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC, unaccompanied children) that were apprehended at the Southwest border while attempting to enter the United States without authorization increased sharply, straining the system put in place over the past decade to handle such cases. Prior to FY2014, UAC apprehensions were steadily increasing. For example, in FY2011, the Border Patrol apprehended 16,067 unaccompanied children at the Southwest border whereas in FY2014 more than 68,500 unaccompanied children were apprehended. In the first 8 months of FY2015, UAC apprehensions numbered 22,869, down 49% from the same period in FY2014. UAC are defined in statute as children who lack lawful immigration status in the United States, who are under the age of 18, and who either are without a parent or legal guardian in the United States or without a parent or legal guardian in the United States who is available to provide care and physical custody. Two statutes and a legal settlement directly affect U.S. policy for the treatment and administrative processing of UAC: the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-457); the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296); and the 'Flores Settlement Agreement' of 1997."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Kandel, William; Seghetti, Lisa M.

  2015-08-18
• Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [June 23, 2014]

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  "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC) arriving in the United States has reached alarming numbers that has strain the system put in place over the past decade to handle such cases. UAC are defined in statute as children who lack lawful immigration status in the United States, who are under the age of 18, and who are without a parent or legal guardian in the United States or no parent or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. Two statutes and a legal settlement most directly affect U.S. policy for the treatment and administrative processing of UAC: the Flores Settlement Agreement of 1997; the Homeland Security Act of 2002; and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. Several agencies in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) share responsibilities for the processing, treatment, and placement of UAC. DHS Customs and Border Protection apprehends and detains UAC arrested at the border while Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) handles the transfer and repatriation responsibilities. ICE also apprehends UAC in the interior of the country and is responsible for representing the government in removal proceedings. HHS is responsible for coordinating and implementing the care and placement of UAC in appropriate custody."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seghetti, Lisa M.; Siskin, Alison; Wasem, Ruth Ellen

  2014-06-23
• Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview [June 13, 2014]

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  "The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC) arriving in the United States has reached alarming numbers that strain the system put in place over the past decade to handle such cases. UAC are defined in statute as children who lack lawful immigration status in the United States, who are under the age of 18, and who are without a parent or legal guardian in the United States or no parent or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. Two statutes and a legal settlement most directly affect U.S. policy for the treatment and administrative processing of UAC: the Flores Settlement Agreement of 1997; the Homeland Security Act of 2002; and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) share responsibilities for the processing, treatment, and placement of UAC. DHS handles the apprehension, transfer, and repatriation responsibilities. HHS is responsible for coordinating and implementing the care and placement of UAC in appropriate custody."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Seghetti, Lisa M.; Siskin, Alison; Wasem, Ruth Ellen

  2014-06-13
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia [November 28, 2018]

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  "Sanctions are considered by many to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior, including Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2014, election interference and cyberattacks, human rights abuses, illicit trade with North Korea, support to the government of Syria, and use of a chemical weapon. The United States also employs sanctions in an effort to deter further objectionable activities by Russia (e.g., expanding the war in Ukraine or launching new attacks in neighboring countries). Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia's international behavior and geostrategic intentions. Most Russia-related sanctions implemented by the United States have been levied in response to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine. These sanctions are based on national emergency authorities granted the office of the President in the National Emergencies Act (NEA; P.L. 94-412; 50 U.S.C. 1621) and International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA; P.L. 95-223; 50 U.S.C. 1701) and were exercised by President Barack Obama in 2014 in a series of executive orders (EOs 13660, 13661, 13662, and 13685). The Obama and Trump Administrations have used these EOs to impose sanctions on approximately 650 Russian individuals and entities."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Welt, Cory; Archick, Kristin; Nelson, Rebecca M. . . .

  2018-11-28
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications [November 4, 2016]

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  "The U.S.-Mexico bilateral economic relationship is of key interest to the United States because of Mexico's proximity, the high volume of trade with Mexico, and the strong cultural and economic ties between the two countries. The United States and Mexico share many common economic interests related to trade, investment, and regulatory cooperation. The two countries share a 2,000 mile border and have extensive interconnections through the Gulf of Mexico. There are also links through migration, tourism, environmental issues, health concerns, and family and cultural relationships. The 114th Congress has maintained an active interest on issues related to the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and possible effects on U.S.-Mexico trade relations; NAFTA [North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement] and WTO [World Trade Organization] trade issues; U.S.-Mexico trade and investment issues; Mexico's economic reform measures, especially in the energy sector; and U.S.-Mexico border management. Congress has also taken an interest in the economic policies of Mexico's President, Enrique Peña Nieto. Since entering into office on December 1, 2012, Peña Nieto has successfully driven numerous economic and political reforms that include, among other measures, opening up the energy sector to private investment, countering monopolistic practices, passing fiscal reform, making farmers more productive, and increasing infrastructure investment. […] This report provides an overview of U.S.-Mexico economic relations, trade trends, the Mexican economy, NAFTA, and trade issues between the United States and Mexico. It will be updated as events warrant."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Villarreal, M. Angeles; Flynn, Paul J.

  2016-11-04
• U.S.-South Korea Relations [October 20, 2016]

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  "South Korea [...] is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia, and since 2009 relations between the two countries arguably have been at their most robust state in decades. Several factors drive congressional interest in South Korea-related issues. First, the United States and South Korea have been military allies since the early 1950s. [...] Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK [Republic of Korea] and South Korea is included under the U.S. 'nuclear umbrella.' Second, Washington and Seoul cooperate in addressing the challenges posed by North Korea. Third, the two countries' economies are closely entwined and are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States' seventh-largest trading partner and the United States is South Korea's second-largest trading partner. South Korea has repeatedly expressed interest in and consulted with the United States on possibly joining the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement, which has been signed, but not yet ratified by the current 12 participants. [...] Dealing with North Korea is the dominant strategic concern of the U.S.-South Korean relationship. [...] On broad strategic matters in East Asia, while South Korean and U.S. perspectives overlap, there are areas of significant differences. For instance, South Korea often hesitates to take steps that antagonize China and has shown mistrust of Japan's efforts to expand its military capabilities. North Korea's 2016 nuclear weapons tests and missile launches, however, potentially have shifted the geopolitical dynamics in Northeast Asia in ways that could bring the United States and South Korea closer together on the best approaches to China and Japan."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham . . .

  2016-10-20
• U.S.-South Korea Relations [March 28, 2016]

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  From the Summary: "South Korea (known officially as the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia, and since 2009 relations between the two countries arguably have been at their most robust state in decades. Several factors drive congressional interest in South Korea-related issues. First, the United States and South Korea have been military allies since the early 1950s. The United States is committed to helping South Korea defend itself, particularly against any aggression from North Korea. Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK and South Korea is included under the U.S. 'nuclear umbrella.' Second, Washington and Seoul cooperate in addressing the challenges posed by North Korea. Third, the two countries' economies are closely entwined and are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States' seventh-largest trading partner and the United States is South Korea's second-largest trading partner. South Korea has repeatedly expressed interest in and consulted with the United States on possibly joining the U.S.-led Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) free trade agreement, which has been signed, though not yet ratified by the current 12 participants."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham . . .

  2016-03-28
• Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations [June 20, 2016]

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  "This report, divided into three main sections, examines the political and economic situation in Venezuela and U.S.-Venezuelan relations. The first section surveys the political transformation of Venezuela under the populist rule of President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013) and the first two years of the government of President Nicolás Maduro, including the government's severe crackdown on opposition protests in 2014. The second section analyzes Venezuela's political and economic environment since 2015, including the opposition's December 2015 legislative victory and the Maduro government's attempts to thwart the powers of the legislature; efforts to remove President Maduro through a recall referendum; deteriorating economic and social conditions in the country; and the government's foreign policy orientation. The third section examines U.S. relations with Venezuela, including the imposition of sanctions on Venezuelan officials, and selected issues in U.S. relations--democracy and human rights, energy, counternarcotics, and terrorism concerns. Appendix A provides information on legislative initiatives in the 113th and 114th Congresses, and Appendix B provides links to selected U.S. government reports on Venezuela."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Sullivan, Mark P.

  2016-07-20
• U.S.-South Korea Relations [May 23, 2017]

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  "South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. Congressional interest in South Korea is driven by both security and trade interests. Since the early 1950s, the U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty commits the United States to help South Korea defend itself. Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK, which is included under the U.S. 'nuclear umbrella.' Washington and Seoul cooperate in addressing the challenges posed by North Korea. The two countries' economies are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States' seventh-largest trading partner and the United States is South Korea's second- largest trading partner. Between 2009 and the end of 2016, relations between the two countries arguably reached their most robust state in decades. Political changes in both countries in 2017, however, have generated uncertainty about the state of the relationship."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth Dunham . . .

  2017-05-23
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications [April 27, 2017]

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  "The economic and trade relationship with Mexico is of interest to U.S. policymakers because of Mexico's proximity to the United States, the high level of bilateral trade, and the strong cultural and economic ties that connect the two countries. Also, it is of national interest for the United States to have a prosperous and democratic Mexico as a neighboring country. Mexico is the United States' third-largest trading partner, while the United States is, by far, Mexico's largest trading partner. Mexico ranks third as a source of U.S. imports, after China and Canada, and second, after Canada, as an export market for U.S. goods and services. The United States is the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico. [...] The 115th Congress faces numerous issues related to U.S.-Mexico trade and investment relations. The Administration of Donald J. Trump has proposed renegotiating NAFTA [North American Free Trade Agreement], or possibly withdrawing from it. Congress may wish to consider the ramifications of renegotiating or withdrawing from NAFTA and how it may affect the U.S. economy and foreign relations with Mexico. It may also wish to examine the congressional role in a possible renegotiation, as well as the negotiating positions of Mexico and Canada. Mexico has stated that, if NAFTA is reopened, it may seek to broaden negotiations to include security, counter-narcotics, and transmigration issues."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Villarreal, M. Angeles; Flynn, Paul J.

  2017-04-27
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview [July 26, 2018]

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  "The United States imposes sanctions on Russian persons (individuals and entities) for aggression against Ukraine, election interference, malicious cyber activity, human rights violations, weapons proliferation, and other activities. U.S. sanctions regimes against Russia have increased in complexity and scope with enactment of the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.). Sanctions against Russian persons can include blocking U.S.-based assets; prohibiting U.S. persons from engaging in transactions related to those assets; prohibiting certain, and in some cases all, U.S. transactions; and denying entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's energy and defense sectors and restricts exports where the end-use might have military application. Each rationale for imposing sanctions and the sanctions tools used, however, have their own nuances."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Rennack, Dianne E.; Welt, Cory

  2018-07-26
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia [January 11, 2019]

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  "The executive branch also has used a variety of EOs [executive order]and legislation to impose sanctions on Russian individuals and entities in response to a number of other concerns. Legislation that established specifically Russia-related sanctions includes the following: [1] The Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-208, Title IV; 22 U.S.C. 5811 note); [2] Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014, as amended (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95; 22 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.); [3] Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014, as amended (UFSA; P.L. 113-272; 22 U.S.C. 8921 et seq.); [4] Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017, as amended (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II; 22 U.S.C. 9501 et seq.)."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Welt, Cory; Archick, Kristin; Nelson, Rebecca M. . . .

  2019-01-11
• U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism [Updated April 13, 2005]

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  "The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to improve law enforcement cooperation against terrorism both among its 25 member states and with the United States. Washington has largely welcomed these efforts, recognizing that they may help root out terrorist cells and prevent future attacks. However, the United States and the EU continue to face several challenges as they seek to promote closer cooperation in the police, judicial, and border control fields. This report will be updated as needed. For more information, see CRS [Congressional Research Service] Report RL31509, 'Europe and Counterterrorism: Strengthening Police and Judicial Cooperation.'"

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Archick, Kristin

  2005-04-13
• U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Background and Issues for Congress [November 12, 2013]

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  "U.S. foreign-trade zones (FTZs) are geographic areas declared to be outside the normal customs territory of the United States. This means that, for foreign merchandise entering FTZs and reexported as different products, customs procedures are streamlined and tariffs do not apply. For products intended for U.S. consumption, full customs procedures are applied and duties are payable when they exit the FTZ. In 1934, in the midst of the Great Depression, Congress passed the U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Act. It was designed to expedite and encourage international trade while promoting domestic activity and investment. The U.S. FTZ program offers a variety of customs benefits to businesses which combine foreign and domestic merchandise in FTZs. Similar types of 'zones' exist in 135 countries, employing worldwide, about 66 million workers. Though some aspects differ, all have streamlined customs procedures and no duties applicable on components and raw materials combined in zones and then exported. Use of the zones can facilitate cooperative international production for a substantial share of the global supply chain."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Williams, Brock R.; Bolle, Mary Jane

  2013-11-12
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2015 Appropriations [September 10, 2014]

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  "Geographic proximity has forged strong linkages between the United States and the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean, with critical U.S. interests encompassing economic, political, and security concerns. U.S. policy makers have emphasized different strategic interests in the region at different times, from combating Soviet influence during the Cold War to advancing democracy and open markets since the 1990s. Current U.S. policy is designed to promote economic and social opportunity, ensure citizen security, strengthen effective democratic institutions, and secure a clean energy future. As part of broader efforts to advance these priorities, the United States provides Latin American and Caribbean nations with substantial amounts of foreign assistance.[...] This report, which will be updated to track legislative developments, provides an overview of U.S. assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean. It examines historical and recent trends in aid to the region as well as the Obama Administration's FY2015 request for State Department and U.S Agency for International Development (USAID)-administered assistance. It also tracks congressional action on foreign aid appropriations for Latin America and the Caribbean in FY2015, and raises questions Congress may consider as it appropriates funding for the region."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Meyer, Peter J.

  2014-09-10
• U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: Policy Issues for Congress [Updated June 12, 2019]

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  From the Document: "Central America has received renewed attention from U.S. policymakers over the past few years as the region has remained a major transit corridor for illicit drugs and has surpassed Mexico as the largest source of irregular migration to the United States. These narcotics and migrant flows are the latest symptoms of deep-rooted challenges in several countries in the region, including widespread insecurity, fragile political and judicial systems, and high levels of poverty and unemployment. The U.S. government and partners in the region have begun to implement new initiatives intended to address those challenges, but living conditions in Central America have yet to improve significantly."

  Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service

  Meyer, Peter J.

  2019-06-12