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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 21 Issue 30, July 29, 2021
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Fire and EMS [emergency medical services] health and wellness resources from the National Volunteer Fire Council"; "Metropolitan Fire Chiefs Association discusses response to Champlain Tower collapse"; "FBI releases annual report, Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2020"; "Webinar: Crisis stabilization & scene management: A roadmap to de-escalation, field dynamics and decision making using the R.O.A.R [Respond-Observe-Assess-React] model"; "CISA [U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] Alert (AA21-209A): Top Routinely Exploited Vulnerabilities"; "MDBR [Malicious Domain Blocking and Reporting] stops ransomware, phishing, malware, and more"; "DHS announces new cybersecurity requirements for critical pipeline owners and operators"; "Google is using machine learning to stop DDoS [distributed denial-of-service] attacks"; and "Kaseya obtains universal decryptor key for recent REvil ransomware attacks."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2021-07-29
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Fact Sheet: The Biden Administration Blueprint for a Fair, Orderly and Humane Immigration System
From the Webpage: "The United States can have an orderly, secure, and well-managed border while treating people fairly and humanely. In January, the Biden-Harris Administration 'launched' [hyperlink] a broad, whole of government effort to reform our immigration system, including sending to Congress legislation that creates a new system to responsibly manage and secure our border, provide a pathway to citizenship, and better manage migration across the Hemisphere. [...] Today the Administration is releasing a blueprint that outlines the next steps Federal agencies will be taking to continue implementing the President's transformative vision for a 21st century immigration system that secures the border, fairly and efficiently considers asylum claims, strengthens regional migration management efforts in North and Central America, and addresses the root causes of migration from Central America."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2021-07-27
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Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy [July 16, 2021]
From the Summary: "Worker rights provisions are a prominent and often contentious issue in debates over U.S. trade negotiations, agreements and programs. Congress has input into and oversight over the design and implementation of U.S. trade agreements and policies, and interest in monitoring their impact on U.S. industries and workers. Broadly, Congress also has an interest in the U.S. role in setting labor standards and promoting fair competition in the global trading system. [...] This report provides background and analysis on key U.S. trade policies addressing worker rights abroad. It contextualizes the U.S. approach with key debates and comparison with global approaches. Several issues may be of interest to Congress, including the role of U.S. trade agreements and programs as vehicles for improving labor rights; the role of multilateral institutions; compliance with labor commitments and approaches to enforcement; and debates over capacity building efforts."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.
2021-07-16
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Audit of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Quality Assurance Over Contracts for the Conversion of Facilities to Alternative Care Sites in Response to the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic
From the Objective: "The objective of this audit was to determine to what extent U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) officials conducted appropriate quality assurance and contract administration related to alternative care site (ACS) facilities. We determined whether USACE officials appropriately developed quality assurance control plans (or used appropriate waivers), designated properly trained personnel to conduct quality assurance, coordinated the process, completed contractor assessments, and initiated contract closeout procedures in a timely manner."
United States. Department of Defense. Office of the Inspector General
2021-07-16
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Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds: Frequently Asked Questions
From the Document: "This document contains answers to frequently asked questions regarding the Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (CSFRF / CLFRF, or Fiscal Recovery Funds). Treasury will be updating this document periodically in response to questions received from stakeholders."
United States. Department of the Treasury
2021-07-14
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COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment-- Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress [Updated July 13, 2021]
From the Introduction: "Some observers argue the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic could be a world-changing event with potentially profound and long-lasting implications for the international security environment. Other observers are more skeptical that the pandemic will have such effects. This report provides a brief overview of some potential implications the pandemic might have for the international security environment, and appendices listing CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports and other writings for further reading. Issues for Congress may include whether and how the pandemic could change the international security environment, whether the Biden Administration's actions for responding to such change are appropriate and sufficient, and what implications such change could have for the role of Congress in setting and overseeing the execution of U.S. foreign and defense policy. Congress's decisions regarding these issues could have significant implications for U.S. foreign and defense policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
O'Rourke, Ronald; McInnis, Kathleen J.
2021-07-13
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Reinstatement of Removal: An Introduction [Updated July 8, 2021]
From the Document: "The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) establishes removal processes for different categories of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who do not meet requirements governing their entry or continued presence in the United States. Most removable aliens found in the interior of the country are subject to 'formal' removal proceedings under INA § 240. Aliens in these proceedings have certain procedural guarantees including the right to appear at a hearing before an immigration judge (IJ), to pursue relief from removal, and to appeal an adverse decision. However, the INA sets forth a streamlined 'reinstatement of removal' process for certain aliens who unlawfully reenter the United States after being removed--a process that accounts for a considerable number of the removals of aliens found in the interior of the United States. This In Focus provides a brief introduction to the reinstatement of removal framework."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2021-07-08
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COVID-19 Education Resource Roadmap (Version 2.0)
From the Document: "This 'COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] Education Resource Roadmap' (Roadmap) was developed to assist state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) leaders and other interested parties with navigating some of the challenges, as well as the resources, associated with the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Specifically, the Roadmap describes how supplemental appropriated funds and certain ongoing annually funded federal programs can be used to implement potential solutions. [...] The Roadmap is to assist in challenges that federal departments and agencies which work directly with SLTT partners have identified in delivering educational support."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
2021-07-07
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H. Rept. 117-84: State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill, 2022, Report Together with Minority Views, to Accompany H.R. 4373, July 6, 2021
From the Document: "The Committee on Appropriations submits the following report in explanation of the accompanying bill making appropriations for the Department of State, foreign operations, and related programs, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2022, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2021-07-06
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Military Training: The Services Need to Ensure That All Commanders Are Prepared for Their Legal Responsibilities, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "U.S. military commanders are entrusted with a wide range of unique legal responsibilities that are necessary to carry out their missions. As commanders operate in an increasingly complex legal and policy environment, appropriately tailored legal training can help ensure compliance with legal requirements. House Report 115-676, accompanying a bill for the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, included a provision that GAO [Government Accountability Office] review the legal training commanders receive. This GAO report, examines, among other things, the extent to which the services: (1) provide legal training to commanders and account for the training received; and (2) assess legal training provided to commanders to determine whether it meets commanders' needs."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-07
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USG Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Congressional Report
From the Executive Summary: "The United States is a steadfast supporter of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. Long before the passage of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 in 2000 and the enactment and implementation of the first comprehensive law on WPS in 2017, the United States government (USG) has been implementing the WPS agenda through diplomacy, development, defense, and international cooperation, through its specific missions and its relevant Departments and Agencies. The WPS Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-68) (WPS Act) required the President to submit to Congress the U.S. Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS Strategy), which launched in 2019. The Strategy called for the Departments of Defense (DoD), Homeland Security (DHS), and State, as well as the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), to submit agency-specific Implementation Plans to measure and report on progress. The following public report to Congress evaluates the USG's progress in advancing the WPS Strategy's four Lines of Effort (LOEs): 1) Participation; 2) Protection; 3) Internal Capabilities; and 4) Partnerships. As each of the four departments and agencies have unique and tailored missions, the data and timeframes presented in their reports differ."
United States. White House Office
2021-07-01?
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Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy [Updated July 1, 2021]
From the Introduction: "This report provides a broad overview of U.S. immigration policy. The first section addresses policies governing how foreign nationals enter the United States to either reside permanently or stay temporarily. Related topics within this section include visa issuance and security, forms of quasi-legal status, and naturalization. The second section discusses enforcement policies both for excluding foreign nationals from admission into the United States, as well as for detaining and removing those who enter the country unlawfully or who enter lawfully but subsequently commit crimes that make them deportable. The section also covers worksite enforcement and immigration fraud. The third section of this report addresses policies for unauthorized aliens residing in the United States. While intended to be comprehensive, this primer may omit some immigration-related topics. For example, it generally does not discuss policy issues or congressional concerns about specific immigration-related policies and programs."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kandel, William A.
2021-07-01
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U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America
From the Introduction: "Persistent instability and insecurity in Central America have gone on for too long. Poverty and economic inequality, pervasive crime and corruption, and political leaders' drift toward authoritarian rule have stunted economic growth and diverted critical resources from healthcare and education, robbing citizens of hope and spurring migration. The worsening impacts of climate change, manifesting as prolonged periods of drought and devastating storms, have exacerbated these conditions and undermine U.S. and international interests. All of these factors contribute to irregular migration, and none of them can ultimately be addressed without honest and inclusive democratic governance that is responsive to the needs of citizens in the region. The Root Causes Strategy, directed by the President in Executive Order 14010, focuses on a coordinated, place-based approach to improve the underlying causes that push Central Americans to migrate, and that 'take(s) into account, as appropriate, the views of bilateral, multilateral, and private sector partners, as well as civil society.' This Strategy lays out a framework to use the policy, resources, and diplomacy of the United States, and to leverage the expertise and resources of a broad group of public and private stakeholders, to build hope for citizens in the region that the life they desire can be found at home. The U.S. government consulted with a wide range of stakeholders to inform this Strategy, including governments in the region, Members of Congress and their staff, international organizations, civil society organizations, labor unions, and the private sector. Consultations will continue throughout implementation."
National Security Council (U.S.)
2021-07
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Collaborative Migration Management Strategy
From the Executive Summary: "The United States has strong national security, economic, and humanitarian interests in promoting safe, orderly, and humane migration. Executive Order 14010, 'Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework to Address the Causes of Migration, to Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and to Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border,' issued February 2, 2021, lays out a four-pronged comprehensive approach that includes addressing the root causes of irregular migration, collaboratively managing migration in the region, expanding lawful pathways for protection and opportunity in the United States, and restoring and enhancing asylum processing at the U.S. Southwest border. The Executive Order directs the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, in coordination with U.S. departments and agencies, to prepare a Root Causes Strategy and a Collaborative Migration Management Strategy (Migration Strategy). The Migration Strategy identifies and prioritizes actions to strengthen cooperative efforts to manage safe, orderly, and humane migration in North and Central America, in line with our Nation's highest values. [...] The Migration Strategy aims to address urgent humanitarian needs in the Northern Triangle, promote access to protection, improve secure and humane border management, provide support for returnees, and enhance access to legal pathways for migration. Individuals and families' internal and international migration decisions are often interlinked with their access to protection, the availability of legal migration pathways, and their ability to live safe and prosperous lives."
National Security Council (U.S.)
2021-07
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Immigration Enforcement: Actions Needed to Better Track Cases Involving U.S. Citizenship Investigations, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Government Accountability Office (GAO) Highlights: "In recent years, some U.S. citizens have claimed that they were mistakenly detained or removed by ICE [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement] and held by CBP [U.S. Customs and Border Protection] on administrative immigration charges. Such charges are based on civil violations of U.S. immigration law, but these charges are not applicable to U.S. citizens. GAO was asked to review issues related to U.S. citizens detained by ICE or held by CBP on administrative immigration charges. This report examines (1) the extent to which ICE and CBP have developed and implemented policies and procedures for investigating the potential U.S. citizenship of individuals its officers and agents encounter; (2) ICE and CBP data on U.S. citizens detained by ICE or held by CBP on administrative immigration charges; and (3) the extent to which ICE has developed and implemented policies and procedures for investigating the potential U.S. citizenship of individuals its officers identify for detainers. GAO analyzed DHS documents and record-level enforcement data, and interviewed DHS officials at headquarters and in the field."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-07
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Fact Sheet: Criminal Authorities for Enforcing Against Forced Labor in China
From the Document: "The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) strongly cautions that any individual or entity with a presence in the United States that is engaged in any business in China, including but not limited to procuring goods from China, must comply with U.S. laws. This includes the federal crime of forced labor in Title 18, Section 1589 of the U.S. Code and the associated jurisdiction conferred in Title 18, Section 1596. Violators may be fined or imprisoned up to 20 years. In the event of certain aggravating factors, violators may be sentenced to life in prison. U.S. courts are required to order restitution for victims of forced labor, pursuant to Title 18, Section 1593. DHS is ready to assist victims who identify themselves to DHS and want to understand their rights and the possible benefits of supporting a criminal investigation."
United States. Department of Homeland Security
2021-07
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Continued Presence Resource Guide for Submitting Law Enforcement Agencies and Civil Attorneys
From the Document: "Decades of successful human trafficking investigations and prosecutions all point to using a victim-centered approach as a reason for their success. A victim-centered approach places equal value on the investigation and prosecution of human traffickers and on the identification and stabilization of victims of human trafficking. It means considering the victim's rights, safety, and interests throughout the investigation and prosecution. The goal of this approach is to focus the investigation and prosecution around the victim while minimizing stress, harm, and trauma. Requesting CP [Continued Presence] for noncitizen trafficking victims in an investigation, prosecution, or federal civil action as described in this Resource Guide is a critical element of victim-centered law enforcement."
Center for Countering Human Trafficking (U.S.); U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2021-07
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Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism National Priorities
From the Document: "The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), after consulting with the U.S. Department of the Treasury's (Treasury's) Offices of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes, Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), and Intelligence and Analysis, as well as the Attorney General, Federal functional regulators, relevant state financial regulators, and relevant law enforcement and national security agencies, is issuing these first governmentwide priorities for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/ CFT) policy (the 'Priorities'). [...] As explained in more detail below, the Priorities are, in no particular order: (1) corruption; (2) cybercrime, including relevant cybersecurity and virtual currency considerations; (3) foreign and domestic terrorist financing; (4) fraud; (5) transnational criminal organization activity; (6) drug trafficking organization activity; (7) human trafficking and human smuggling; and (8) proliferation financing. The establishment of these Priorities is intended to assist all covered institutions6 in their efforts to meet their obligations under laws and regulations designed to combat money laundering and counter terrorist financing."
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (U.S.)
2021-06-30
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 2795, DHS Blue Campaign Enhancement Act
This is the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on May 18, 2021. From the Document: "H.R. 2795 would direct the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to develop Internet-based training programs for federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement officers and others as part of the department's Blue Campaign. The Blue Campaign is aimed at combating human trafficking. The bill also would create an advisory board of DHS officials who would provide information and data on human trafficking to the Blue Campaign."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2021-06-29
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U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services: USCIS Policy Manual
"U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) makes decisions on benefit and service requests that not only affect foreign nationals and their future, but also the well-being of U.S. citizens, families, organizations, businesses, industries, localities, states, the nation, and international communities. Accordingly, USCIS strives to secure America's promise as a nation of immigrants by providing accurate and useful information to customers, promoting awareness and understanding of citizenship rights and responsibilities, and making adjudication decisions in a consistent and accurate manner that furthers the goals and integrity of our nation's immigration system. Our policies drive our benefit and services decisions and ensure that our guidance to USCIS officers who make those decisions reflects our agency's mission, and strategic vision. These policies also greatly affect our interaction with USCIS's diverse customer and stakeholder community. […] The USCIS Policy Manual provides transparency to our customers, including outlining policies that are easy to understand, while also furthering consistency, quality, and efficiency in our adjudications and customer service. The USCIS Policy Manual contains the official policies of USCIS and must be followed by all USCIS officers in the performance of their duties. The Policy Manual does not create any substantive or procedural right or benefit that is legally enforceable by any party against the United States or its agencies or officers or any other person."
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
2021-06-17
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Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Role in Criminal Justice Data Collection and Dissemination [June 15, 2021]
From the Document: "The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), established in 1979, is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP). Its mission is 'to collect, analyze, publish, and disseminate information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. These data are critical to federal, state, and local policymakers in combating crime and ensuring that justice is both efficient and evenhanded.' BJS facilitates its mission by operating statistical, grant-making, and dissemination activities. Many BJS projects involve a combination of these activities. As debates over criminal justice in the United States continue to unfold, policymakers may further examine BJS' role in data collection and dissemination to help inform these discussions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hanson, Emily J.; Finklea, Kristin
2021-06-15
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U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview [Updated June 7, 2021]
From the Document: "The United States maintains sanctions on Russia related to Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, malicious cyber activities and influence operations (including election interference), human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to the governments of Syria and Venezuela, and use of energy exports as a coercive or political tool. Sanctions against Russian individuals, entities, vessels, and aircraft (hereinafter, 'persons') may include the blocking of assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction; limits on access to the U.S. financial system, including transactions involving U.S. individuals and businesses; and denial of entry into the United States. The United States also tightly controls exports to Russia's defense and energy sectors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Rennack, Dianne E.; Welt, Cory
2021-06-07
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ICE Faces Challenges in Its Efforts to Assist Human Trafficking Victims
From the Highlights: "We determined the extent to which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) identifies and tracks human trafficking crimes to assist victims. Human trafficking involves a trafficker compelling a victim to engage in labor or services or a commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion. Anyone under 18 years old compelled to engage in a commercial sex act is a victim of child sex trafficking. [...] ICE did not adequately identify and track human trafficking crimes. Specifically, ICE Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) did not accurately track dissemination and receipt of human trafficking tips, did not consistently follow up on tips, and did not maintain accurate data. Additionally, HSI special agents did not consistently and properly maintain human trafficking case files from initiation to closure. Finally, we found several examples of incomplete and inaccurate victim assistance data."
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Office of Inspector General
O'Malley, Patrick; Brand, Stephanie; Meehan, Christine . . .
2021-06-04
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Sex Trafficking: Online Platforms and Federal Prosecutions, Report to Congressional Committees
From the Highlights: "Online marketing and communication platforms can enable sex trafficking-- the commercial sexual exploitation of adults through force, fraud or coercion, or children under the age of 18 (with or without force, fraud, or coercion)--by making it easier for traffickers to exploit victims and connect with buyers. Section 3 of FOSTA [Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017] established criminal penalties for those who promote or facilitate prostitution and sex trafficking through their control of online platforms. It also allows for those injured by an aggravated violation involving the promotion of prostitution of five or more people or reckless disregard of sex trafficking to recover damages in a federal civil action. It also makes federal criminal restitution mandatory for aggravated offenses contributing to sex trafficking. FOSTA includes a provision for GAO [Government Accountability Office] to provide detailed information on restitution and civil damages. This report examines: (1) DOJ [Department of Justice] enforcement efforts against online platforms that promote prostitution and sex trafficking, from 2014 through 2020; and (2) the extent to which criminal restitution and civil damages have been sought and awarded for aggravated violations under section 3 of FOSTA."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2021-06
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Advancing Knowledge to Reduce Gangs and Gang Violence: Perspectives from Researchers and Practitioners
From the Overview: "NIJ [National Institute of Justice] held a virtual meeting with researchers and practitioners to ensure that NIJ's investments in research on gangs and gang violence continue to close gaps in our knowledge on this topic. The goal of this meeting was twofold: first, to inform the development of evidence-based programs, policies, and practices to address problems associated with gangs and gang violence; and second, to advise NIJ on the use of robust research and evaluation methods to address problems associated with gangs and gang violence. The researchers and practitioners invited to the meeting had expertise in several areas, including gangs, program development and implementation, program evaluation and research design, firearms, violent crime, justice policy, juvenile justice, law enforcement, and corrections. [...] This report shares participants' perspectives on the topics discussed. The report may inform the priorities of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as they make investments in studying or developing programs to address gangs and gang violence."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
Carlton, Mary Poulin
2021-06
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Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2021
From the Document: "The COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic is a health crisis with unprecedented repercussions for human rights and economic development globally, including in human trafficking. COVID-19 generated conditions that increased the number of people who experienced vulnerabilities to human trafficking and interrupted existing and planned anti-trafficking interventions. Governments across the world diverted resources toward the pandemic, often at the expense of anti-trafficking efforts, resulting in decreased protection measures and service provision for victims, reduction of preventative efforts, and hindrances to investigations and prosecutions of traffickers. At the same time, human traffickers quickly adapted to capitalize on the vulnerabilities exposed and exacerbated by the pandemic. Despite the significant disruptions to efforts to combat this crime, the anti-trafficking community found ways to adapt and forged new relationships to overcome the challenges. Some governments and organizations conducted in-depth assessments to identify the changing trends. Others leveraged technology to drive innovative solutions. Many aligned policies and practices to current realities. Nonetheless, the challenges uncovered by COVID-19 are monumental and may be long lasting, requiring sustained collaboration among governments, civil society organizations, private sector leaders, survivor leaders, and other anti-trafficking actors to adjust and respond aptly to overcome these challenges. As a result, this year's TIP [Trafficking in Persons] Report introduction highlights human trafficking issues related to COVID-19, with special focus on how anti-trafficking stakeholders adapted in rapidly changing environments."
United States. Department of State
2021-06
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Mexico's Immigration Control Efforts [Updated May 28, 2021]
From the Background: "Since 2014, Mexico has experienced periodic surges in unauthorized migration from the 'Northern Triangle' of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras). Mexico, like the United States, has struggled to deal with large numbers of families and unaccompanied minors, many of whom are seeking asylum. Under the threat of U.S. tariffs, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador accommodated Trump Administration policy changes that shifted some of the burden of interdicting migrants and hosting asylum seekers from the United States to Mexico. The Biden Administration has also sought Mexico's assistance in managing U.S.-bound migration flows."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Seelke, Clare Ribando
2021-05-28
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Immigration Consequences of Criminal Activity [Updated May 28, 2021]
From the Document: "Congress's power to establish rules for the admission of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) has long been viewed as plenary. In the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended, Congress has specified various grounds for the exclusion or removal of aliens, including grounds related to the commission of criminal conduct. Some criminal offenses committed by an alien who is present in the United States may render that alien subject to removal from the country. And certain offenses may preclude an alien outside the United States from either being admitted into the country or being permitted to reenter following an initial departure. Further, committing certain crimes may disqualify an alien from many forms of relief from removal, prevent an alien from adjusting to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, or bar an LPR from naturalizing as a U.S. citizen. This report provides an overview of the major immigration consequences of criminal activity."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Smith, Hillel R.
2021-05-28
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Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress [Updated May 21, 2021]
From the Summary: "The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that as of 2016, nearly 25 million adults and children worked in forced labor, also known as labor trafficking. Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. §1307) prohibits U.S. imports of any product that was mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part by forced labor, including forced or indentured child labor. Amid concerns in recent decades over the statute's lack of use and increasing interest in combatting human trafficking, Congress amended Section 307 in 2015 to make it easier to block the entry of products of forced labor by removing the 'consumptive demand' exception. This exception had permitted imports of goods that were not domestically produced in such quantities as to meet U.S. consumption needs. Since 2016, enforcement of Section 307 has increased in frequency and scope, and to date U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has issued nearly 30 'withhold release orders' (WROs), which bar entry of certain goods made by forced labor. While WROs were typically limited to specific manufacturers and producers, CBP recently has issued broader industry- and countrywide orders. [...] This report provides background and analysis on Section 307 and CBP processes, trends regarding its use, and key issues for Congress regarding Section 307 enforcement and U.S. trade policy."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; Casey, Christopher A.; O'Regan, Katarina C.
2021-05-21
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Section 307 and Imports Produced by Forced Labor [Updated May 20, 2021]
From the Document: "Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. §1307) prohibits importing any product that was mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part by forced labor, including forced or indentured child labor. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforces the prohibition. U.S. customs law has prohibited importing goods produced by certain categories of labor since the end of the nineteenth century. Beginning in 1890, the United States prohibited imports of goods manufactured with convict labor. In 1930, Congress expanded this prohibition in Section 307 of the Tariff Act to include any (not just manufactured) products of forced labor. Although a few Members of Congress brought up humanitarian concerns during debate, the central legislative concern was with protecting domestic producers from competing with products made with forced labor. As such, Section 307 allowed the admission of products of forced labor if it could be shown that no comparable product was made in the United States or the level of domestic production did not meet domestic demand ('consumptive demand' clause). Over the decades, lawmakers and civil society became increasingly concerned about forced labor in the context of human trafficking. The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), for example, included forced labor in its definition of human trafficking. Similarly, Congress removed the 'consumptive demand' clause, as part of the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act (P.L. 114-125) in 2015."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Casey, Christopher A.; Cimino-Isaacs, Cathleen D.; O'Regan, Katarina C.
2021-05-20
