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H. Rept. 116-369, Part 1: Secure 5G and Beyond Act of 2019, Report to Accompany H.R. 2881, January 7, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "Reps. Spanberger (D-VA), Stefanik (R-NY), Slotkin (D-MI), Rooney (R-FL), O'Halleran (D-AZ), and Brooks (R-IN) introduced H.R. 2881, the 'Secure 5G and Beyond Act OF 2019,' on May 21, 2019, and the bill was subsequently referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce on that day. The Secure 5G [5th Generation] and Beyond Act directs the President to develop the ''Secure Next Generation Mobile Communications Strategy'' in consultation with the heads of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as well as the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and Secretary of Defense (DOD)."
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-01-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 1363, AI in Government Act of 2019
This is the Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate as ordered reported by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on November 6, 2019. From the Document: "S. 1363 would establish an Artificial Intelligence Center of Excellence within the General Services Administration (GSA) to promote federal efforts to develop artificial intelligence (AI) and apply it to government agencies. AI allows computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decisionmaking, and translating between languages. The bill also would require the Office of Science and Technology Policy to issues guidance to federal agencies on AI acquisition and best practices. Finally, the Office of Personnel Management would establish an AI jobs series."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2020-01-06
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Defense Primer: Reserve Forces [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The term 'reserve component' (RC) refers collectively to the seven individual reserve components of the Armed Forces. Congress exercises authority over the reserve components under its constitutional authority 'to raise and support Armies,' 'to provide and maintain a Navy,' and 'to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia.... ' (Article I, Section 8) There are seven reserve components: [1] Army National Guard; [2] Army Reserve; [3] Navy Reserve; [4] Marine Corps Reserve; [5] Air National Guard; [6] Air Force; Reserve; [7] Coast Guard Reserve."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-06
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Defense Primer: Military Pay Raise [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The phrase 'military pay raise,' frequently used in discussions of military compensation, almost always refers to the annual increase in 'basic pay' for members of the uniformed services. By law, basic pay is automatically increased at the start of each calendar year by an amount linked to the change in the Employment Cost Index (ECI), although the President or Congress may override this statutory adjustment."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Kapp, Lawrence
2020-01-06
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Energy and Water Development Appropriations: Nuclear Weapons Activities [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Summary: "NNSA [National Nuclear Security Administration] operates three programs: Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, [...] Naval Reactors, [...] and Weapons Activities. The last is the subject of this report. The Weapons Activities account supports programs that maintain U.S. nuclear missile warheads and gravity bombs and the infrastructure programs that support that mission. Specifically, according to DOE's [Department of Energy] budget documentation, these programs 'support the maintenance and refurbishment of nuclear weapons to continue sustained confidence in their safety, reliability, and performance; continued investment in scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities to enable certification of the enduring nuclear weapons stockpile; and manufacture of nuclear weapons components.'"
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.; Medalia, Jonathan E.
2020-01-06
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Hong Kong: Recent Developments and U.S. Relations [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR, or Hong Kong) is a city located off the southern coast of Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China (PRC or China). More than 90% of Hong Kong's population is ethnically Chinese. The first language of the vast majority is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese different from what is spoken in most of China. In part because of its different language and long history as a British colony (1842 to 1997), the people of Hong Kong ('Hong Kongers') have a cultural and social identity distinct from that of Mainland China ('Mainlanders'). This includes a legacy of laissez-faire economics and a common law legal system adopted from the British legal system, along with a passionate support for universal human rights."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Martin, Michael F.
2020-01-06
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Introduction to Financial Services: The Federal Reserve [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 221 et seq.) created the Federal Reserved (Fed) as the nation's central bank in 1913. The Fed is composed of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks overseen by a Board of Governors in Washington, DC. [...] The board is composed of seven governors nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The President selects (and the Senate confirms) a chair and two vice chairs from among the governors; one vice chair is responsible for supervision. The governors serve nonrenewable 14-year terms, but the chair and vice chairs serve renewable 4-year terms. Jerome Powell's term as chair began February 5, 2018. Board members are chosen without regard to political affiliation. Regional bank presidents are chosen by their boards, not by the President, with the approval of the Board of Governors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Labonte, Marc
2020-01-06
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Introduction to Financial Services: Accounting and Auditing Regulatory Structure, U.S. And International [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "This In Focus provides an overview of how accounting and auditing standards are created and regulated in the private sector, the federal government, and state and local governments. Different accounting and auditing standards evolved in the private and public sector to address the specific needs of their respective stakeholders. This In Focus also discusses two policy issues that might be of interest to Congress and investors."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gnanarajah, Raj
2020-01-06
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National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Reinsurance, and Catastrophe Bonds [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-89) revised the authority of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to secure reinsurance from 'private reinsurance and capital markets.' Risk transfer to the private market could reduce the likelihood of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) borrowing from the Treasury to pay claims. In addition, it could allow the NFIP to recognize some of its flood risk up front through premiums it pays for risk transfers rather than after-the-fact borrowing, and could help the NFIP to reduce the volatility of its losses over time. However, because reinsurers charge premiums to compensate for the assumed risk as well as the reinsurers' costs and profit margins, the primary benefit of reinsurance is to manage risk, not to reduce the NFIP's long-term fiscal exposure."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Horn, Diane P.; Webel, Baird
2020-01-06
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Space Weather: An Overview of Policy and Select U.S. Government Roles and Responsibilities [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Introduction: "Space weather refers to the dynamic conditions in Earth's outer space environment. This includes conditions on the Sun, in the solar wind, and in Earth's upper atmosphere. Space weather phenomena include [1] solar flares or periodic intense bursts of radiation from the sun caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy, [2] coronal mass ejections composed of clouds of solar plasma and electromagnetic radiation, ejected into space from the sun, [3] high-speed solar wind streams emitted from low density regions of the sun, and [4] solar energetic particles or highly-charged particles formed at the front of solar flares and coronal mass ejections. [...] This report provides an overview of federal government policy developed under the existing legislative framework, and describes the specific roles and responsibilities of select federal departments and agencies responsible for the study and mitigation of space weather hazards."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Lipiec, Eva; Humphreys, Brian E.
2020-01-06
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U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Since May 2019, U.S.-Iran tensions have heightened significantly, and evolved into conflict after U.S. military forces killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) and one of Iran's most important military commanders, in a U.S. airstrike in Baghdad on January 2, 2020. In 2018, the Trump Administration withdrew from the 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement with Iran (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA), and since mid-2019 has taken several steps in its campaign of applying 'maximum pressure' on Iran. Apparently in response to the maximum pressure campaign, Iran and Iran-linked forces have attacked and seized commercial ships, caused destruction of some critical infrastructure in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, attacked facilities used by U.S. military personnel in Iraq, and downed a U.S. unmanned aerial vehicle. As part of an effort its leaders term 'maximum resistance,' Iran has also reduced its compliance with the provisions of the JCPOA. The Administration has been deploying additional military assets to the region to try to deter future Iranian actions."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Katzman, Kenneth; Thomas, Clayton (Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs); McInnis, Kathleen J.
2020-01-06
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Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "This report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables organized by region, that include the date of each country's independence, the name of the most recently elected president or prime minister, and the projected date of the next presidential election. Information in this report was gathered from numerous sources, including the U.S. State Department, Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) World Fact Book, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), and other news sources."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Davis-Castro, Carla Y.; DeBruyne, Nese F.
2020-01-06
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S. Rept. 116-193: Luke and Alex School Safety Act of 2019, Report to Accompany S. 2779, Including Cost Estimate of the Congressional Budget Office, January 6, 2020
From the Purpose and Summary: "The purpose of S. 2779, the Luke and Alex School Safety Act of 2019 (LASSA), is to codify the Federal Clearinghouse on School Safety Best Practices ('Clearinghouse'). The Clearinghouse will help inform school and community officials and parents on the best practices for school safety measures, as well as available resources for implementing such measures in their schools and specify criteria for best practices and a process for the clearinghouse. Specifically this bill would create a codified structure for the Clearinghouse, which would 'be the primary resource of the Federal Government to identify and publish the best practices and recommendations for school safety for use by State and local educational agencies, institutions of higher education, State and local law enforcement agencies, health professionals, and the general public.' The bill also requires the Federal agencies involved in the development of the Clearinghouse--the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of Justice (DOJ), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Department of Education (Education)--to notify their state counterparts of the Clearinghouse and to identify available Federal and state grant programs for implementing Clearinghouse best practices"
United States. Government Publishing Office
2020-01-06
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U.S.-Taiwan Trade Relations [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Document: "Taiwan is a developed, dynamic, and competitive economy that is highly dependent on global trade. Taiwan has fared relatively well during the recent U.S.-People's Republic of China (PRC) trade conflict as a key link in global technology supply chains, supplying both U.S. and PRC markets. Looking ahead, Taiwan faces significant constraints as it seeks to overcome domestic challenges (such as labor mismatches and energy shortages), generate new sources of growth in emerging technologies, and diversify away from a growing economic dependence on the PRC. Amidst U.S.-PRC tensions, Taiwan is walking a fine line in trying to remain central to both U.S. and PRC technology markets, including supplying PRC companies like Huawei. Central to Taiwan's ambitions is the Taiwan government's effort to start talks with the United States on a free trade agreement (FTA) in the hope that an FTA might not only increase bilateral trade but potentially open the door to other FTAs and trade diversification for Taiwan."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sutter, Karen M.
2020-01-06
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USMCA: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) [Updated January 6, 2020]
From the Background: "The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated among the three parties to update and replace the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). [...] USMCA would make notable changes to NAFTA provisions on intellectual property (IP)--creations of the mind embodied in physical and digital objects. IPR [intellectual property rights] are time-limited rights that governments grant to inventors and artists to exclude others from using their inventions and creations without permission. [...] IP-intensive goods and services are an important part of U.S. trade with Canada and Mexico. The United States has expressed concern over certain IPR policies in both countries in recent years."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fergusson, Ian F.; Akhtar, Shayerah Ilias
2020-01-06
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CISA Insights: Increased Geopolitical Tensions and Threats
From the Document: "Increased geopolitical tensions and threats of aggression may result in cyber and physical attacks against the Homeland and also destructive hybrid attacks by proxies against U.S. targets and interests abroad. Knowing how you, your organization, and your personnel may be exposed or targeted during increased tensions can help you better prepare. In many cases, implementing the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Cyber Essentials can dramatically improve your defenses. Should an incident occur, engage with partners, like CISA, and work with cyber or physical first responders to gain technical assistance. Review your organization from an outside perspective and ask the tough questions--are you attractive to Iran and its proxies because of your business model, who your customers and competitors are, or what you stand for?"
United States. Department of Homeland Security. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
2020-01-06
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Cable Franchising Authority of State and Local Governments and the Communications Act [January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Companies that provide cable television service (cable operators) are subject to regulation at the federal, state, and local levels. Under the Communications Act of 1934, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) exercises regulatory authority over various operational aspects of cable service. [...] This report first outlines the FCC's role in regulating cable operators and franchising authorities, beginning with the Commission's approach under the Communications Act through the passage of the Cable Act and its amendments. The report then turns to a discussion of recurring legal issues over the FCC's power over franchising authorities. The report concludes with a discussion of possible legal issues that may arise in current legal challenges to FCC regulations and offers considerations for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Linebaugh, Chris D.; Holmes, Eric N.
2020-01-03
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Defense Primer: Congress's Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The power 'To declare War' has long been construed to mean not only that Congress can formally take the nation into war, but also that it can authorize the use of the Armed Forces for military expeditions that may not amount to war. While a restrictive interpretation of the power 'To declare War' is possible, for example, by viewing the Framers' use of the verb 'to declare' rather than 'to make' as an indication of an intent to limit Congress's ability to affect the course of a war once it is validly commenced, Congress's other powers over the use of the military would likely fill any resulting void. In practice, courts have not sought to delineate the boundaries of each clause relating to war powers or identify gaps between them to find specific powers that are denied to Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer K.
2020-01-03
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Defense Primer: Legal Authorities for the Use of Military Forces [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "By the Framers' apparent design, in order to keep the nation's 'purse' and the 'sword' in separate hands and in other ways hinder its embroilment in unnecessary wars, the Constitution divides war powers between Congress and the President. Congress is empowered to declare war, provide for and regulate the Armed Forces, and issue letters of marque and reprisal, as well as to call forth the militia to suppress an insurrection, repel an invasion, or 'execute the Laws of the Union.' The President, as the Commander in Chief, has the responsibility to direct the Armed Forces as they conduct hostilities, put down insurrections, or execute the law when constitutionally authorized to do so. But the extent to which the President has independent authority under the Constitution, without explicit statutory support, to use the military for purposes other than to repel a sudden attack is the subject of long-standing debate."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Elsea, Jennifer K.
2020-01-03
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Defense Primer: RDT&E
From the Document: "Advanced technology plays a critical role in ensuring U.S. national security. To maintain technological superiority on the battlefield, the Department of Defense (DOD) relies on scientific and technical knowledge developed in large measure through research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) funded by the department and performed by industry, universities, federal laboratories, and others. DOD also relies increasingly on technology developed by the private sector for commercial markets. This In Focus describes DOD's RDT&E appropriations structure and funding levels."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Sargent, John F.
2020-01-03
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U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Summary: "Even though the United States has reduced the number of warheads deployed on its long-range missiles and bombers, consistent with the terms of the 2010 New START [Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty] Treaty, it is also developing new delivery systems for deployment over the next 10-30 years. The 116th Congress will continue to review these programs, and the funding requested for them, during the annual authorization and appropriations process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2020-01-03
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Enforcing International Trade Obligations in USMCA: The State-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism [January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "Enforcement of many obligations in the proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which would replace the existing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) if ratified, is covered by the dispute settlement mechanism in USMCA's Chapter 31. This mechanism would permit any of the three Parties who intend to join the Agreement (i.e., the United States, Mexico, and Canada) to bring a claim against another Party that is allegedly violating its USMCA obligations. Chapter 31, which draws substantially on NAFTA's Chapter 20 mechanism, applies to a majority of the Parties' USMCA obligations, but there are exceptions. For instance, article 32.12 exempts certain investment decisions reviewed under the 'Investment Canada Act' from Chapter 31. Additionally, USMCA includes more complex enforcement provisions for some of its chapters, including the Environment and Labor Chapters. This InFocus provides an overview of USMCA's Chapter 31 process."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Hart, Nina M.
2020-01-03
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Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The construction of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico borders to control unauthorized crossings has been a matter of significant debate since President Donald Trump made construction of a border wall a key element of his campaign for the presidency. This Insight provides a brief overview of the funding history for these barriers and how the current administration is redirecting federal funds to support construction of additional mileage."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.; Mann, Christopher T.
2020-01-03
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Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2020: In Brief [Updated January 3, 2020]
From the Document: "The homeland security appropriations bill includes all annual appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), providing resources to every departmental component. This report reviews the budget authority provided to DHS for FY2019 and requested by the Trump Administration for FY2020, as well as the funding levels proposed by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees in their reported legislation for FY2020 and ultimately enacted in P.L. [Public Law] 116-93, Division D. In the process, it also includes information on DHS funding from two enacted FY2019 supplemental appropriations measures: P.L. 116-20, a disaster relief supplemental; and P.L. 116-26, a supplemental appropriations bill funding humanitarian and security operations at the U.S.-Mexico border. The report provides a look at the resources available to DHS components that are described in appropriations committee reports, and examines 'net discretionary annual appropriations' for DHS--a perspective on the net impact of legislation funding DHS on congressionally tracked budget totals."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Painter, William L.
2020-01-03
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MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, January 3, 2020
The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [It] is the agency's primary vehicle for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate, objective, and useful public health information and recommendations. This issue of MMWR contains the following articles: "State-Specific Prevalence and Characteristics of Frequent Mental Distress and History of Depression Diagnosis Among Adults with Arthritis -- United States, 2017"; "Description of Eschar-Associated Rickettsial Diseases Using Passive Surveillance Data -- United States, 2010-2016"; "Characteristics of Patients Experiencing Rehospitalization or Death After Hospital Discharge in a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury -- United States, 2019"; "Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Professionals Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Suspected E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury and for Reducing the Risk for Rehospitalization and Death Following Hospital Discharge -- United States, December 2019"; "Erratum: Vol. 68, No. 46"; "Erratum: Vol. 68, No. 47"; and "QuickStats: Percentage of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Who Had Lower Back Pain in the Past 3 Months, by Sex and Age Group -- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2018." Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables from this issue can be accessed at the following link [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index2020.html]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
2020-01-03
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Commerce in Explosives; 2019 Annual List of Explosive Materials
From the Document Summary: "This notice publishes the 2019 List of Explosive Materials, as required by law. The 2019 list is the same as the 2018 list published by ATF [Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives], except that the 2019 list adds four explosives not previously listed."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
2020-01-02
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Suicide Bombings Worldwide in 2019: Signs of Decline Following the Military Defeat of the Islamic State
From the Document: "Suicide bombings in 2019, despite a sharp decline in number from the previous year, remained one of the most effective tactics available to terrorist groups. The drop in number is in keeping with an ongoing (albeit more modest) decline seen in recent years, but the figures of 2019 can be attributed to the final military defeat of the Islamic State. Therefore, while the Islamic State and its affiliates - the organizations that since 2015 have committed the most suicide bombings - remain the groups primarily responsible for suicide bombings, the actual number of attacks plummeted."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Schweitzer, Yoram; Mendelboim, Aviad; Ayalon, Dana
2020-01-02
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Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations [Updated January 2, 2020]
From the Summary: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, often referred to as the Baltic states, are close U.S. allies and considered among the most pro-U.S. countries in Europe. Strong U.S. relations with these three states are rooted in history. The United States never recognized the Soviet Union's forcible incorporation of the Baltic states in 1940, and it applauded the restoration of their independence in 1991. These policies were backed by Congress on a bipartisan basis. The United States supported the Baltic states' accession to NATO and the European Union (EU) in 2004. Especially since Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, potential threats posed to the Baltic states by Russia have been a primary driver of increased U.S. and congressional interest in the region. Congressional interest in the Baltic states has focused largely on defense cooperation and security assistance for the purposes of deterring potential Russian aggression and countering hybrid threats, such as disinformation campaigns and cyberattacks. Energy security is another main area of U.S. and congressional interest in the Baltic region."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Mix, Derek E.
2020-01-02
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EMR-ISAC: InfoGram, Volume 20 Issue 1, January 2, 2020
The Emergency Management and Response Information Sharing and Analysis Center's (EMR-ISAC) InfoGram is a weekly publication of information concerning the protection of critical infrastructures relevant to members of the Emergency Services Sector. This issue includes the following articles: "Antibiotic-resistant infections are up but deaths are down"; "Hospital Surge Evaluation Tool"; "Ways to help people with autism during emergency situations"; "Webinar: Catch Them Before They Fall - Preventing Suicide"; and "Cyber Threats."
Emergency Management and Response-Information Sharing and Analysis Center (U.S.)
2020-01-02
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Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization [Updated January 2, 2020]
From the Introduction: "This report [...] is divided into five sections. The first section describes Russia's nuclear strategy and focuses on ways in which that strategy differs from that of the Soviet Union. The second section provides a historical overview of the Soviet Union's nuclear force structure. The third section details Russia's current force structure, including its long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM), and heavy bombers and shorter-range nonstrategic nuclear weapons. This section also highlights key elements of relevant infrastructure, including early warning, command and control, production, testing, and warhead storage. It also describes the key modernization programs that Russia is pursuing to maintain and, in some cases, expand its nuclear arsenal. The fourth section focuses on how arms control has affected the size and structure of Russia's nuclear forces. The fifth section discusses several potential issues for Congress."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Woolf, Amy F.
2020-01-02
