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Legality in Cyberspace: An Adversary View
"The United States and its allies are in general agreement on the legal status of conflict in cyberspace. Although key principles remain unresolved, such as what precisely constitutes an armed attack or use of force in cyberspace, overall there is a broad legal consensus among Euro-Atlantic nations that existing international law and international commitments are sufficient to regulate cyber conflict. This principle is described in multiple authoritative legal commentaries. But these can imply misleadingly that this consensus is global and unchallenged. In fact, China, Russia, and a number of like-minded nations have an entirely different concept of the applicability of international law to cyberspace as a whole, including to the nature of conflict within it. These nations could therefore potentially operate in cyberspace according to entirely different understandings of what is permissible under international humanitarian law, the law of armed conflict, and other legal baskets governing conduct during hostilities. […] This Letort Paper explores the Russian approach to legal constraints governing actions in cyberspace within the broader framework of the Russian understanding of the nature of international law and commitments, with the aim of informing U.S. military and civilian policymakers of views held by a potential adversary in cyberspace. Using a Russian perspective to examine the legal status of various activities in cyberspace, including what constitutes hostile activity, demonstrates that assumptions commonly held in the United States may need to be adjusted to counter effectively--or engage with--Russian cyber initiatives."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Giles, Keir; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-03
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Effects of Scientific Messages and Narratives About Vaccination
From the Abstract: "A fundamental challenge complicates news decisions about covering vaccine side effects: although serious vaccine side effects are rare, less severe ones do occur occasionally. The study was designed to test whether a side effect message could induce vaccine hesitancy and whether that could be countered by pro-vaccine messages about vaccine safety. A large (N = 2,345), nationally representative experiment was conducted by randomly exposing participants to one of six videos about the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine edited from news programs produced during the 2019 measles outbreak in the United States. The design was a 2x3 factorial crossing the presence or absence of a hesitancy- inducing narrative message with a pro-vaccine science-supporting message (i.e., no message, science-supporting expert message, or pro-vaccine narrative message), leading to a total of six conditions. A general linear model was used to assess the effects of these videos on respondents' (1) vaccine risk perceptions, (2) policy views on vaccination, (3) willingness to encourage others to vaccinate their children, and (4) intention to send a pro-vaccine letter to their state representative. Findings indicated that the science-supporting expert message about vaccine safety led to higher pro-vaccine evaluations relative to other conditions [e.g., b = -0.17, p < .001, a reduction in vaccine risk perceptions of 0.17 as compared to the control]. There was also suggestive evidence that the hesitancy-inducing narrative may limit the effectiveness of a science-supporting expert message, although this finding was not consistent across different outcomes. When shown alone the hesitancy-inducing narrative did not shift views and intentions, but more research is needed to ascertain whether exposure to such messages can undercut the pro-vaccine influence of science-supporting (expert) ones. All in all, however, it is clear that science-supporting messages are effective and therefore worthwhile in combating vaccine misinformation."
PLoS ONE
Kuru, Ozan; Stecula, Dominik Andrzej; Lu, Hang . . .
2021-03-24
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Preparing for War? Moscow Facing an Arc of Crisis
From the Summary: "This Letort Paper explores Russian state mobilization. It first frames how Moscow sees the world and then turns to explore the range of measures that the Russian leadership is implementing to address a series of threats, both real and perceived, as well as numerous internal challenges. These are emergency measures, tantamount to putting the country onto a war footing. It has been plain for some time that the world is seen very differently by policymakers in Washington, D.C. and Moscow. However, the differences are becoming evermore stark as the United States-and many of its allies-and Moscow increasingly drawn different conclusions from the same bodies of evidence. This is true whether the topic is Euro-Atlantic security issues, such as NATO enlargement, missile defense, or-most notably-Ukraine, or whether the security questions are further afield, such as the wars in Libya and Syria. The Russian view contains a multiplicity of challenges, from the potential for war to erupt, to instability in the aftermath of U.S.-led wars of regime change. Many in the Russian leadership are particularly concerned about the possibility of such a regime change campaign being conducted against Russia itself. Russian President Vladimir Putin and others in the leadership circle have been explicit that they see events in Libya, Syria, and Ukraine in this light, and that Russia must learn lessons from these developments."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2016-12
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Extreme Temperature and COVID 19 in Texas Prisons
From the Executive Summary: "Texas is one of at least thirteen states in the U.S. that does not have universal air-conditioning in state prisons. Throughout the history of imprisonment in Texas, incarcerated people have experienced great harm from extreme heat and a lack of adequate protections. Although 87 percent of households in the U.S. use air-conditioning equipment, only 30 percent of Texas prison units are fully air-conditioned. Temperatures inside units have been shown to regularly reach 110 degrees and in at least one unit have topped 149 degrees. [...] Findings from this report demonstrate how current heat mitigation policies do not result in adequate protections against heat-related illness for incarcerated people. The experiences of incarcerated people in Texas prisons illuminate systemic issues and patterns across units and also expand the understanding of heat-related illness and death as an ongoing but preventable disaster. Additionally, surveys and letters collected in 2020 reveal how the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, which has disproportionately impacted incarcerated populations in Texas, created further challenges to the individually focused heat mitigation strategies in Texas prisons. Incarcerated people have described the environment of extreme heat and the COVID-19 pandemic as a 'living hell.' Each section includes descriptions of how heat-mitigation practices were impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in addition to a separate section which provides a more in depth look at the relationship between the two hazards of extreme heat and COVID-19."
Texas A & M University; Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center
Purdum, J. Carlee; Dominick, Amite; Dixon, Benika C.
2022-07
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Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization
"This monograph by Mr. Henry Plater-Zyberk seeks to explain the SCO [Shanghai Cooperation Organization] through reviewing its history and stated aspirations, and measuring these against actual achievements. It concludes that with the notable exception of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), the great majority of SCO accomplishments are of little significance other than to provide an additional multinational vehicle through which China, and in particular Russia, can seek to counter U.S. and Western activity in Central Asia. Specific policy aims of the SCO, (or of Russia or China through the medium of the SCO), should not be analyzed according to U.S. policy criteria. It is not necessary for an event to take place that would be considered by the United States as a substantial policy achievement, in order for Russia to believe that the SCO has contributed to countering U.S. aims as part of an overall strategy. The Strategic Studies Institute therefore recommends this monograph as a key to understanding the real implications of development of the SCO for U.S. interests, and where and how these should be resisted."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-08
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COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance
From the Document: "CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] uses several data sources and systems to track antimicrobial resistance in the United States and abroad. Knowing where and how changes in resistance are occurring helps us find solutions to prevent spread and slow resistance, especially in outbreak responses. Recently, the United States has been building a solid foundation for public health preparedness to address antimicrobial resistance. [...] More resources are needed to continue establishing a resilient public health system that can maintain capacity to respond to antimicrobial resistance while also responding to other threats. Without an infrastructure and supply chains grounded in preparedness, critical antimicrobial resistance data will be delayed again when the next threat emerges. We must address gaps identified before the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic, including expanding the public health workforce, increasing local access to the best detection tools and technology, and expanding global lab capacities." This document includes charts, tables, and graphs to illustrate the text.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)
Antibiotic Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit
2022-06
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European Missile Defense and Russia
From the Summary: "When U.S. President Barack Obama cancelled a scheduled September 2013 summit meeting with his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, 'lack of progress on issues such as missile defense' was cited as the primary justification. Despite widespread and wellfounded assumption that the real trigger for the cancellation was the Russian decision to offer temporary asylum to Edward Snowden, the citing of missile defense was indicative. The comment marked one of the periodic plateaus of mutual frustration between the United States and Russia over U.S. attitudes to missile defense capability, stemming from a continued failure to achieve meaningful dialogue over U.S. plans and Russian fears."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Giles, Keir; Monaghan, Andrew, Dr
2014-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 471, Members of Congress Pension Opt Out Clarification Act
From the Bill Summary: "S. 471 would allow Members of the House of Representatives who are elected after enactment and all Senators, including those elected before enactment, to opt out of the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) but allow them to participate in the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-21
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: H.R. 7734, Timely Delivery of Bank Secrecy Act Reports Act
From the Document: "H.R. 7734 would require the Department of Treasury to fulfill Congressional requests for suspicious activity reports under the Bank Secrecy Act within 30 days of the request. Also, the bill would allow Congressional committees and subcommittees to subpoena financial institutions for the reports and for the information on which the reports are based. Information from the Treasury indicates that the department does not currently provide these reports directly to Congressional staff within the 30-day period specified in the bill. Using the costs of similar reporting requirements, CBO [Congressional Budget Office] estimates that the costs to carry out the requirements in the bill would not be significant; any such spending would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-20
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Tribal Broadband: National Strategy and Coordination Framework Needed to Increase Access, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "Broadband is critical to modern life. Despite federal efforts, broadband access on tribal lands has traditionally lagged behind the rest of the country. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review federal efforts for improving broadband on tribal lands. This report examines: (1) the extent to which federal funding programs have supported the deployment of broadband infrastructure on tribal lands; (2) barriers tribes and providers face in accessing federally funded programs to serve tribal lands; and (3) the extent to which federal agencies focus on tribal issues related to broadband access."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-06
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Preventing a Dirty Bomb: Vulnerabilities Persist in NRC's Controls for Purchases of High-Risk Radioactive Materials, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives
From the Highlights: "Radioactive materials are commonly used throughout the U.S. in technological devices for medical, industrial, and research purposes. However, these materials, if used improperly, can be harmful and dangerous. For example, in the hands of terrorists, even a small amount could be used to construct a radiological dispersal device, also known as a dirty bomb. A dirty bomb uses conventional explosives to spread radioactive material. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review NRC's [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] license verification system for high-risk radioactive materials. This report examines (1) the effectiveness of NRC's license verification system for ensuring that high-risk radioactive materials are not purchased using a forged or altered license and (2) vulnerabilities that could affect NRC's ability to verify licenses for the purchase of high-risk radioactive material."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Economic Toll of Gun Violence
From the Document: "The loss to the victims, families and communities affected by gun violence cannot be calculated, but the harms caused by gun violence cascade through the rest of our economy in real and measurable ways. The economic toll creates costs for families, communities and society overall. [1]Gun violence injuries cost victims and their families more than $1 billion each year in initial direct medical costs alone. [2] Exposure to gun violence negatively effects educational attainment, leading to worse lifetime outcomes for children. [3] Increased school security measures in response to gun violence cost more than $3 billion each year, straining school budgets. [4] Gun violence harms local economies by slowing business development and decreasing housing prices. From health care to education and business formation to housing, the economic effects of gun violence are lasting and significant. Available research likely underestimates the economic toll of gun violence, leaving sections of costs undercounted or unaccounted for entirely. However, looking at the known costs gives insight into the wide scope of the economic impact of gun violence and huge losses it creates."
United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Beyer, Donald S., Jr.
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China's Space and Counterspace Programs: Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, Second Session, February 18, 2015
This is the February 18, 2015, hearing on "China's Space and Counterspace Programs," held before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Three panels covered the topics: (1) China's Civilian/Dual-Use and Military Space Programs; (2) Inputs to China's Space Program; and (3) Implications for the United States. Statements, letters and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Kevin Pollpeter, Joan Johnson-Freese, Dean Cheng, Alanna Krolikowski, Tate Nurkin, Mark Stokes, Richard Fisher, Roger Handberg, and Phillip Saunders.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission
2015
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National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan
"The National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan (Strategy and Action Plan) will improve our Nation's preparedness to address the hazard of near-Earth object (NEO) impacts over the next 10 years. Its primary role is to help organize and coordinate NEO-related efforts within Federal Departments and Agencies (agencies), with a particular focus on efforts that are already existing and resourced. It seeks to leverage and enhance existing assets and capabilities--National and international, public and private--to effectively manage the risks associated with NEOs. The Strategy and Action Plan builds on efforts by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and Department of Energy (DOE) to detect and characterize the NEO population and to prevent and respond to NEO impacts on Earth."
United States. Executive Office of the President; National Science and Technology Council (U.S.)
2018-06
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Maritime Cargo Security: CBP Should Provide Additional Guidance for Certain Non-Containerized Cargo Inspections, Report to Congressional Requesters
From the Highlights: "In 2020, non-containerized cargo accounted for about 32 percent of the $1.5 trillion total maritime cargo value. Non-containerized cargo includes goods, such as liquids, grains, and those transported individually or packaged and shipped on pallets or crates. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to review CBP's [U.S. Customs and Border Protection 's] policies and procedures for securing non-containerized maritime cargo. This report examines the extent to which CBP's inspections of inbound non-containerized maritime cargo vary across selected U.S. seaports. GAO reviewed CBP policies, procedures, and documentation for inspecting inbound non-containerized maritime cargo. GAO also interviewed CBP headquarters and field officials to gather information about how the agency implemented the policies and procedures. This included interviewing officials from a non-generalizable sample of 11 U.S. seaports and four field offices. GAO selected seaports that varied based on port size (i.e. total volume of cargo processed), types of non-containerized maritime cargo processed, and geographic location. [...] GAO recommends that CBP (1) identify additional actions that CBP personnel at seaports should take to address the identified risks of crated cargo and (2) update national maritime cargo processing guidance to reflect the identified actions. The Department of Homeland Security concurred with these recommendations."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-06
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Promoting the Long-Term Sustainability and Security of the Space Environment
"I view this [Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN, Regional Forum, or ARF] Workshop as an opportunity to discuss how ARF participants can benefit from space and how we can work together to ensure the long-term sustainability and security of the space environment in the face of pressing dangers such as the growth of space debris. As more and more Asian-Pacific nations develop space capabilities, cooperation among Asian-Pacific governments will be essential to preserving the space environment for us all." Sections in these remarks include the following: "The Urgent Challenge of Orbital Debris," "The Contribution of Transparency and Confidence-building Measures," and "Concrete TCBMs in Action." TCBM is Transparency and Confidence-building Measure.
United States. Department of State
Rose, Frank A.
2014-10-09
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Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States Specified in Section 491 of 10 U.S.C.
"The Secretary of Defense, on behalf of the President, is submitting this report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of the United States in accordance with Section 491 of 10 U.S.C. Section 491 states: By not later than 60 days before the date on which the President implements a nuclear employment strategy of the United States that differs from the nuclear employment strategy of the United States then in force, the President shall submit to Congress a report setting forth the following: (1) A description of the modifications to the nuclear employment strategy, plans, and options of the United States made by the strategy so issued. (2) An assessment of effects of such modification for the nuclear posture of the United States. (3) The implication of such changes on the flexibility and resilience of the strategic forces of the United States and the ability of such forces to support the goals ofthe United States with respect to nuclear deterrence, extended deterrence, assurance, and defense. ( 4) The extent to which such modifications include an increased reliance on conventional or non-nuclear strike capabilities or missile defenses of the United States. With the President's issuance of new nuclear weapons employment guidance, this report is being provided in advance of implementation and, thus, fulfills the requirements of Section 491. Implementation of this new employment strategy will consist of updating Department of Defense (DoD) military guidance and plans over the next year."
United States. Department of Defense
2013-06-12
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Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms
This is the text of the Strategic Arms Threat Reduction Treaty (START). This treaty achieves the following: "1,550 developed weapons, which is about one-third below the current level; 700 deployed ICBMs -- intercontinental ballistic missile -- and anti-ballistic missiles and heavy bombers, and this represents more than twofold reduction below the current levels; and 800 deployed and non-deployed launchers for such missiles -- deployed and non-deployed heavy bombers, which again represents a twofold reduction below the level that existed prior to the signature on this treaty." The Protocol and Annexes to this treaty are a seperate document. Although this treaty is in English, it is also available in Russian.
United States. Department of State
2010-04-08
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American Nuclear Society [website]
"The American Nuclear Society is a not-for-profit, international, scientific and educational organization. It was established by a group of individuals who recognized the need to unify the professional activities within the diverse fields of nuclear science and technology. December 11, 1954, marks the Society's historic beginning at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. ANS has since developed a multifarious membership composed of approximately 11,000 engineers, scientists, administrators, and educators representing 1,600 plus corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies. It is governed by four officers and a board of directors elected by the membership."
American Nuclear Society
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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [website]
"The IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] is the world's center of cooperation in the nuclear field. It was set up as the world's 'Atoms for Peace' organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. The Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies."
International Atomic Energy Agency
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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The NPT is a collection of eleven articles designed to prevent new countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, to promote disarmament, and to establish a system for safeguards and verification.
United States. Department of State. Bureau of Nonproliferation
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Future World of Illicit Nuclear Trade: Mitigating the Threat
"Of the roughly two dozen countries that have pursued or obtained nuclear weapons during the last fifty years, almost all of them depended importantly on foreign supplies. As a short term projection over the next five to ten years, illicit nuclear trade is likely to be conducted by several nations seeking nuclear weapons or wanting to maintain existing nuclear weapons arsenals or capabilities. Additional states in regions of proliferation concern may utilize smuggling methods to acquire advanced, ostensibly civilian, nuclear technology including uranium enrichment and plutonium production and separation capabilities. And despite many recent, particularly United States-led, successes, stopping this trade will remain difficult. Absent mitigating actions, several existing or expected trends are projected to make it easier for smugglers to succeed in acquiring nuclear and nuclear-related goods and technology. Future illicit trade can be stopped through measures taken today as long as the political will is there to foresee and address future threats. A range of countermeasures aimed at mitigating or eliminating these future threats must be employed today to stop them from emerging in the next five to ten years. Preventing the future world of illicit trade is imperative to U.S. and international security and to the creation of a world safer from the spread and use of nuclear weapons." Note: This document has been added to the Homeland Security Digital Library in agreement with the Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC) as part of the PASCC collection. Permission to download and/or retrieve this resource has been obtained through PASCC.
Institute for Science and International Security
Albright, David; Stricker, Andrea; Wood, Houston
2013-07-29
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State Department: Additional Actions Needed to Improve Workplace Diversity and Inclusion, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "State leaders have highlighted the importance of fostering an inclusive workforce that reflects the diversity of the U.S. State has made efforts to increase DEIA [diversity,
equity, inclusion, and accessibility]. However, in January 2020, GAO [Government Accountability Office] found that State continued to face longstanding diversity issues. These included underrepresentation of historically disadvantaged racial or ethnic groups and women in the senior ranks. Federal guidance requires State to systematically identify, assess, and remove barriers to equal participation in its workforce and to report on such barriers annually. GAO was asked to review issues related to State's DEIA efforts. This report examines (1) the extent to which State's actions address leading practices for managing diversity and inclusion in the workplace, and (2) the extent to which State has taken steps to identify, investigate, and eliminate barriers to workforce diversity since January 2020."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Foreign Assistance: State and USAID Are Taking Actions to Advance Equity Abroad and Mitigate Challenges, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate
From the Highlights: "The President issued several executive orders and a memorandum (executive directives) that expressed policy commitments on behalf of the administration in 2021. These commitments include advancing racial equity and supporting underserved communities, preventing and combating discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation, and promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBTQI+ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex] persons in the U.S. and abroad. In response to these directives, State [U.S. Department of State] and USAID [U.S. Agency for International Development] have committed to better incorporating racial and ethnic equity into U.S. foreign assistance and to supporting historically marginalized or underserved groups abroad. GAO [Government Accountability Office] was asked to assess State and USAID efforts to advance equity and support for marginalized groups abroad, among other things. This report examines: (1) how State and USAID incorporate support for marginalized groups abroad into their strategies and activities, (2) how State and USAID track progress toward achieving goals and objectives that support such groups, and (3) actions State and USAID have undertaken to respond to recent directives related to advancing equity and support for such groups."
United States. Government Accountability Office
2022-07
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Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate: S. 3293, Post-9/11 Veterans' Mental Health Care Improvement Act of 2021
From the Bill Summary: "S. 3293 would require the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to provide mental health consultations to veterans who are seeking other VA benefits. The bill also would require VA to hire, train, and recruit additional employees who specialize in mental health care. Finally, the bill would require VA to conduct several studies related to mental health."
United States. Congressional Budget Office
2022-07-22
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Read-out of the President's Call with Russian President Medvedev [December 23, 2010]
This December 23, 2010 readout describes a call between President Obama and President Medvedev to discuss the new START Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) and continued cooperation on a range of issues.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Obama, Barack; Medvedev, Sergei A.
2010-12-23
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Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials on Al Shabaab Terrorist Organization [July 14, 2010]
From the Document: "In this July 14, 2010 conference call, senior administration officials discuss the Al Shabaab Terrorist Organization and the July 2010 terrorist attacks in Uganda. From the Document: "Al Shabaab has what I'd refer to as a dual persona. In one respect, they are engaged in a domestic fight in order to advance their political agenda, but they do use terrorist tactics and exceptionally violent means to advance their agenda inside of Somalia."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2010-07-14
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New Counter-Terrorism and Cyberspace Security Positions Announced [October 9, 2001]
In this announcement, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice and Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge appoint Dick Clarke as Special Advisor to the President for Cyber Security. They also appoint General Wayne Downing to be National Director for Combating Terrorism.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2001-10-09
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Fact Sheet: Mission of Liberation Around the World [September 25, 2007]
From the Document: "Today, President Bush addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called on every UN member to join a mission of liberation from tyranny, hunger, disease, illiteracy, and poverty. Achieving the promise of the UN's commitment to 'freedom, justice, and peace' laid out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights requires both confronting long-term threats and answering the immediate needs of today. The UN must work to free people from tyranny and violence, hunger and disease, illiteracy and ignorance, and poverty and despair."
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
2007-09-25
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Presidential Proclamation -- National Cybersecurity Awareness Month [October 1, 2010]
This proclamation, given by President Obama on October 1, 2010, underscores the importance of cybersecurity to the country's "economic prosperity, government efficiency, and national security," and declares October, 2010 to be National Cybersecurity Awareness Month.
United States. Office of the White House Press Secretary
Obama, Barack
2010-10-01
