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Oversight on Communications Privacy, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on Privacy in Electronic Communications, September 12, 1984
From the prepared statement of Senator Mathias: "Our subject today is the privacy of electronic communications. Although no specific legislative proposal is on our agenda, we will explore whether existing law adequately protects the privacy of Americans who, in increasing numbers, are using new forms of electronic communications to talk with one another [....] Some of the messages that these new media carry are highly sensitive. A translation of the digital blips racing by wire, microwave, fibre optics and other paths could reveal proprietary corporate data, or personal medical or financial information. The users of these new networks--and that means all of us--expect legal protection against unwarranted interceptions of this communications stream, whether by overzealous law enforcement officers or private snoops. But the law as it now stands may not provide that protection. Under the 1968 wiretap law, the privacy of Americans may turn on technical questions--whether or not the communication is carried by wire, whether it is in analog or digital form--that are simply irrelevant to the legitimate expectations of those who transmit and receive information in today's communication networks." Statements, letters, and materials submitted for the record include those of the following: Patrick J. Leahy, Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., H.W. William Caming, John C. Keeney, Ronald L. Plesser, Stephen Schachman, Marvin S. Cohen, and Roy P. Weber.
United States. Government Printing Office
1985
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Department of Defense Directive 5210.48: DoD Polygraph Program
"This Directive reissues reference DoD Directive 5210.48, 'Polygraph Examinations,' October 6, 1975 (hereby canceled) to update policy governing the use of the polygraph within the Department of Defense, including the selection, training, and supervision of polygraph examiners; the procurement and testing of equipment; and the reporting of data related to polygraph activities. Authorizes the issuance of 'DoD Polygraph program,' consistent with reference DoD 5025.1-M, 'DoD Directive System Procedures,' April 1981, authorized by DoD Directive 5025.1, 'Department of Defense Directives System,' October 16, 1980."
United States. Department of Defense
1984-12-24
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Department of the Interior Departmental Manual, Part 220: U.S. Geological Survey Chapter 8: Disaster Warnings
This U.S. Department of the Interior Departmental Manual, Part 220, Chapter 8 outlines the Delegation of Authority of the U.S. Geological Survey.
United States. Department of the Interior
1984-11-27
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 83-326-1535; Liquid Disposal Incorporated Shelby Township, Michigan
"On June 20, 1983 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request to evaluate possible health effects among firefighters following a fire that occurred on June 15,1983 at Liquid Disposal Incorporated (LOI), a storage site for waste oils, volatile and semivolatile wastes, located in a Detroit suburb. The request also asked NIOSH to advise fire officials on decontamination procedures for personal protective gear, clothing and equipment that may have been exposed to toxic chemicals during the fire. [...] On the basis of the data obtained during this investigation, it was concluded that there were no apparent serious health effects resulting from exposures to chemicals at the fire. It was further concluded that based upon the technology available, decontaminating the firefighters' clothing, gear and equipment was impractical and too costly. We agree with EPA's decision to replace the clothing, gear and equipment. Recommendations pertaining to on-going medical surveillance, care of work uniforms and fire fighting equipment, and an education program about toxic chemicals are presented in Section VII of this report."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Anderson, Kern E.
1984-11
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 83-280-1530; Orange County Fire Department Orlando, Florida
"In May 1983, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request from the International Association of Fire Fighters to evaluate the potential health hazards to firefighters from the Orange County Fire Department in Orlando, Florida, responding to a fire involving burning pesticides at a nursery warehouse on May 5, 1983. [...] Based on the information collected during this survey, firefighters experienced acute illness, apparently caused by smoke and chemical inhalation at the nursery warehouse fire on May 5, 1983. Recommendations concerning protective measures, medical surveillance and planning for potential future exposures are made in Section VII of this report."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Lucas, Cheryl
1984-11
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Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum No. 84-9: Processing Hearing Transcriptions
"The Executive Office for Immigration Review, at the time of its creation, inherited a serious backlog of Immigration Judge hearings requiring transcription. We have attempted to deal with this problem by entering into contracts with a number of independent vendors for the transcription of hearings. We are presently in the process of finalizing additional multiple contracts for transcription services which hopefully will allow us to deal more effectively with the backlog of cases which need transcribing."
United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review
1984-10-17
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Public Law 98-477: Central Intelligence Agency Information Act
"An Act to amend the National Security Act of 1947 to regulate public disclosure of information held by the Central Intelligence Agency, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
1984-10-15
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S. Rept. 98-665: Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, January 1, 1983 to December 31, 1984, October 10, 1984
"The 98th Congress has been an unusually busy one for the Select Committee in Intelligence. During this period, the Committee held 127 meetings, hearings and briefings on record, which compares favorably with the 133 in the 97th Congress and 99 in the 96th. As well, it reported 12 bills or resolutions, and the Committee issued 10 reports. Not only has the Committee maintained a high level of the oversight activities with which it has been charged, but also it has weathered the stresses and strains which have come in the course of fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, particularly with regard to the conduct of covert action activities. [...] In summary, the period of the 98th Congress has been an eventful one for the Select Committee on Intelligence and for Congressional oversight of the American Intelligence Community. It is hoped that the following report of the Committee's activities will also show that this period was a productive one for this important Congressional activity." Sections in this report include the following: In the Central American section--Collection and Analysis, Covert Action, History of Nicaraguan Program, Other Oversight Activities Concerning the Nicaraguan Program, Covert Action Reporting Procedures, and Political Violence in El Salvador; in the Legislation: Freedom of Information Act section--Counterintelligence and Official Representation, Polygraphs, National Historical Intelligence Museum, and Legislation Regarding DCI [Director Central Intelligence] and DDCI [Deputy Director Central Intelligence] Positions; and in the Intelligence and Security Activities Sections--Analysis and Production, Counterintelligence, General Collection, Human Intelligence Collection, and Communications Security Program. Other sections in the report include: General Oversight, Budget Authorization, and Administrative Issues, along with an Appendix at the end of the report.
United States. Government Printing Office
1984-10-10
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Perspectives on Hurricane Preparedness: Techniques in Use Today
"Experts estimate that 80 percent of the more than 40 million people who live in coastal areas along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf Coast have never experienced a major hurricane. Without adequate emergency planning, warning, mitigation, and public awareness programs, we could be headed toward a major hurricane disaster. Public awareness activities are vital in fighting 'hurricane-aware-less-ness' and in raising the level of citizen preparedness to deal with these violent storms. This monograph highlights the successful efforts of various state and local governments, and business and industry in innovative hurricane awareness/education programs. Stories focus on awareness techniques, public response, instructional programs, and private sector and community involvement in hurricane preparedness planning and awareness efforts that can be replicated or adapted by others."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1984-10
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DoD Directive 5230.25: Withholding of Unclassified Technical Data From Public Disclosure
Under Title 10, United State Code, Section 140c, as added by Public Law 98-94, "Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1984," Section 1217, September 24, 1983, this Directive establishes policy, prescribes procedures, and assigns responsibilities for the dissemination and withholding of technical data.
United States. Department of Defense
1984-10
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State Defense Forces: The Missing Link in National Security
"The citizen militia system of the United States has been plagued historically by a confused and often contradictory basic philosophy. On the one hand, the militias were, and are, seen as crucial military resources available to the individual states to be used as local constabularies to assist the civil authorities in situations calling for skills, organization and capabilities beyond the level of local police, fire and disaster relief agencies. On the other hand, the citizen militias have been seen, increasingly in the 20th century, as an essential reserve of trained personnel available for mobilization to active service with the regular Armed Forces of the nation."
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
Stein, George J.
1984-09
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Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1983
This document produced by the State Department in September 1984 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1983. Topics discussed include trends, states that support terrorism, the numbers of total deaths from acts of terrorism, geographic distribution of acts from 1979 to 1983, and a breakdown of the nationality of victims of terrorist attacks.
United States. Department of State
1984-09
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Operating Policy and Procedure Memorandum No. 84-7: Court Proceedings against EOIR Employees
"Occasionally, a tort action or other court proceeding may be instituted against an EOIR [Executive Office for Immigration Review] employee for employment-related matters. In most circumstances, the Department of Justice represents its employees in this litigation. This office has received monographs from the Department of Justice Civil Division which provide information specifically on defense of tort claims. Copies of these monographs are available upon request. In the event that you or any other employee in your office is sued on any job-related matter, whether in an official or individual capacity, please contact your liaison counsel immediately. Similarly, if EOIR is sued or if the organization or an employee is involved in a suit in any way that is job-related, contact your liaison counsel immediately. Please forward any written material that you may receive regarding a lawsuit to your liaison counsel as soon as possible. In this way, we will be able to quickly ascertain the facts, acquire representation, and assist in the defense of the case."
United States. Department of Justice. Executive Office for Immigration Review
Robie, William R.
1984-08-10
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Final Evaluation Report: The Access Control Facility 2 (ACF2)
"The security features of ACF2/MVS were evaluated against the requirements specified by the DoD Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria dated 15 August 1983 and found to satisfy all the requirements of evaluation class C2. The Department of Defense Computer Security Center (DoDCSC) was established in January 1981 to encourage the widespread availability of trusted computer systems for use by facilities processing classified or other sensitive data. In the first quarter of FY83, SKK Inc. requested that the DoDCSC evaluate their commercially available product, the Access Control Facility 2 (ACF2) Release 3.1.3 for IBM's 0S/VS2 MVS [Multiple Virtual Storage] operating system. MVS is an IBM operating system for IBM's 303x, 308x, 4341, 370/158, and 370/168 processors."
United States. Department of Defense
1984-08-03
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Further Actions Needed to Improve Emergency Preparedness Around Nuclear Powerplants
"Since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, state and local emergency planning and preparedness around nuclear powerplants have improved considerably under the leadership of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. All 54 operating nuclear powerplant sites have state and local offsite emergency preparedness plans. FEMA has formally approved 24 of these plans, but it does not anticipate approving the remaining plans before September 1985 primarily because they do not fully comply with FEMA's criteria. Progress has also been made in developing a federal plan for responding to all radiological emergencies. However, the plan being developed does not fully address the need for centralized federal agency control and coordination which special inquiry groups identified after the Three Mile Island accident. Although considerable progress has been made, GAO [General Accounting Office] believes more can and should be done and makes several recommendations to improve preparedness for a nuclear powerplant accident. GAO also presents a matter for Congress to consider concerning the coordination of the federal response to a nuclear powerplant emergency."
United States. General Accounting Office
1984-08-01
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 83-360-1495; Chester Fire Department Chester, Pennsylvania
"On July 20, 1983, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was requested by the International Association of Fire Fighters to evaluate possible long-term health effects in fire fighters in Chester, Pennsylvania, who in 1978 fought a fire at a chemical waste dump. Several of the fire fighters had subsequently developed malignancies. Previous evaluation by the Environmental Protection Agency showed that 32 carcinogens or toxins and five heavy metals were detectable at the dump site. [...] There is a statistically significant excess incidence of all cancers combined among fire fighters and other personnel who extinguished the ABM-Wade fire. The precise explanation for this excess is unclear. It is not likely that the excess is related to that fire even though these workers were exposed to numerous carcinogens and their thermal decomposition products. Whether they may in the future be at an additional risk of cancer cannot be determined."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Ehrenberg, Richard L.; Schulte, Paul A.
1984-08
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US Foreign Intelligence Requirements Categories and Priorities
This directive provides for the establishment and maintenance of comprehensive requirements categories and priorities to serve as basic guidance for the operation, planning, and programming of the overall U.S. foreign intelligence effort.
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1984-07-30
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Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Effects, Nuclear War
"This paper provides a brief and mostly non-technical description of the militarily important features of nuclear weapons, of the physical phenomena associated with individual explosions, and of the expected or possible results of the use of many weapons in a nuclear war. Most emphasis is on the effects of so-called 'strategic exchanges.' Section 2 describes some characteristics of nuclear weapons and how they work. Section 3 considers the first few moments after a nuclear explosion, the interaction of the weapon with its immediate surroundings, and the effects of the first hours. Section 4 deals with possible targets of nuclear attack, how weapons might be used against them and the possible 'collateral' effects on non-target areas near military or industrial targets. Section 5 describes the cumulative prompt effects expected on typical targets in a nuclear war. Section 6 considers longer term physical effects Including those that may be of global extent. The final Section lists useful sources of further Information."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Bing, George F., 1924-
1984-07-03
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Guidelines for Legislation Involving Federal Criminal Law Enforcement Activity
"Authority to perform Federal criminal law enforcement functions -- including exercise of traditional police powers -- has been granted by Congress in the past to numerous Federal agencies. it is necessary, from time to time, to consider whether such authority should be extended to additional agencies. There have never existed any general standards for systematically evaluating the assignment of such authority. Since such authority is critical to the preservation of ordered liberty and at the same time involves the most potentially intrusive of all governmental powers, a responsible government should assure that it is granted cautiously, monitored carefully, and exercised responsibly. It is important -- both from the standpoint of safeguarding the individual liberties of innocent citizens and of assuring the most effective operation of the law enforcement function -- that the Administration employ reasonable standards for evaluating future proposals for further statutory grants of Federal criminal law enforcement authority. Such standards, in the form of guidelines contained in an Administration's Policy Statement, are attached. This policy statement was proposed by the Cabinet Council on Legal Policy, and has been approved by the President. It is effective immediately."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of the Attorney General
1984-06-29
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Hurricane Experience Levels of Coastal County Populations from Texas to Maine
"Population graphs for the period 1900-1980 have been prepared for coastal counties from Texas to Maine which could be affected significantly by hurricane winds and/or tides. The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale (range 1-5) has been used to develop a hurricane climatology for each county for the period 1900-1982. The combined statistics graphically illustrate that nearly 80 percent of all Atlantic and Gulf coastal residents of the United States have never experienced the effects of a direct hit by a major hurricane."
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
Case, Robert A.; Taylor, Glenn (James Glenn); Hebert, Paul J.
1984-06
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 82-310-1475; Hill-Murray High School Maplewood, Minnesota
"On June 22, 1962, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Minnesota Department of Health requested technical assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the assessment of a venting of transformer dielectric oil at the Hill-Murray High School, Maplewood, Minnesota. The oil contained 45% Aroclor 1260 (polychorinated biphenyl-PCB) and 55% chlorinated benzenes (40% trichloro-and 15% tetrachloro-) with trace additives. [...] NIOSH concludes that a potential health hazard existed during the transformer incident at the Hill Murray School in Maplewood, Minnesota. Headaches, itching, exposed skin irritation, unusual, tiredness and subclinical elevations of liver enzymes may have occurred acutely as a result of this exposure. Recommendations are made in the report to reduce the chance of exposure and adverse health effects at similar incidents."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Orris, Peter; Kominsky, John
1984-06
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Trends in Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World by Major Supplier, 1976-1983 [May 7, 1984]
"This report provides unclassified background data on transfers of conventional armaments to Third World nations by the major supplying nations. It covers the years from 1976-1983 and reviews in detail the values of arms transfer agreements and deliveries, as well as the specific numbers of important conventional weapons delivered to the Third World during this time period."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Grimmett, Richard F.
1984-05-07
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Arms Control in Space: Workshop Proceedings
In late 1982 and early 1983, the Subcommittee on Arms Control, Oceans, International Operations, and Environment of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations held hearings on space weapons and arms control. To explore these issues further in a discussion format not easily achieved in hearings, Sen. Larry Pressler, Chairman of the Subcommittee, asked OTA to conduct a workshop focusing on antisatellite (ASAT) weapons as one aspect of space arms control. The workshop, held in Washington, D. C., on January 30 and 31, 1984, provided an opportunity for technical, diplomatic, military, and policy-analysis experts to interact, think out loud, and build upon each other's ideas.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1984-05
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Monthly Weather Review: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1983
A general summary of the 1983 hurricane season is presented. Four named tropical cyclones were tracked during the season. Three landfalls occured. Alicia, the first cyclone of the season, ended a three-year period during which no hurricanes reached the United States coastline.
National Hurricane Center (2012- )
Case, Robert A.; Gerrish, Harold P.
1984-05
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National Security Decision Directive 138: Combating Terrorism
From the Document: "NSDD [National Security Decision Directive] 138 was issued in 1984 by the Reagan administration. Much of this NSDD is classified, but, reportedly permitted the CIA and the FBI to form covert operations teams and to use military special operations forces to conduct guerrilla-style war against guerrillas, pre-emptive operations, retaliation, expanded intelligence collection, and when necessary, killing of guerrillas in 'pre-emptive' self-defense. States that sponsored terrorists (Iran, Libya, Syria, Cuba, North Korea) could be targeted for operations."
United States. White House Office
1984-04-26
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National Security Decision Directive 138: Statement by the Principal Deputy Press Secretary on Combatting Terrorism
Outline of four separate bills to be sent to Congress regarding terrorist activity. Bills outlined: Act for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Hostage-Taking; Aircraft Sabotage Act; Act for Rewards for Information Concerning Terrorist Acts; and the Prohibition Against the Training or Support of Terrorist Organizations Act of 1984.
National Security Council (U.S.)
1984-04-26
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Defense Estimative Brief: Nuclear Weapons Systems in China
"China has established itself as a nuclear power. The nuclear forces in China, however, will remain small when compared to the Soviet nuclear forces. The Chinese will not try to match the superpowers. The Chinese however, will continue to seek Western technology support for their underground nuclear test program. [...] Between 150 and 160 warheads are estimated to be in the PRC [People's Republic of China] stockpile. The limit of the number of warheads is not restricted by nuclear materials production, but on what the Chinese perceive their needs to be."
United States. Defense Intelligence Agency
1984-04-24
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Federal Emergency Management Agency's Plan For Revitalizing U.S. Civil Defense: Review Of Three Major Plan Components
"In 1980, the Congress amended the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, stating that civil defense should be improved. To address this need, the Federal Emergency Management Agency in 1982 proposed a 7-year plan for revitalizing the National Civil Defense Program. The Subcommittee requested GAO to review three components of FEMA's 7-year plan, Nuclear Attack Civil Preparedness, Radiological Defense, and Direction and Control. GAO found that while FEMA has made some program improvements, civil defense generally continues to be characterized by inadequate funding and little interest at all levels of government. Also, some important civil defense systems comprising the components of FEMA's 7-year plan have numerous operational deficiencies. It is unclear whether state and local participation in nuclear attack related civil defense will be adequate to make FEMA's 7-year plan effective. This report discusses the status of the selected components of the 7-year plan, recommends actions for improvement, and presents issues for the Subcommittee's consideration."
United States. General Accounting Office
1984-04-16
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Executive Order 12472: Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions
In order to provide for the consolidation of assignment and responsibility for improved execution of national security and emergency preparedness telecommunications functions, this executive order is handed down by the President. Following increased risk and scrutiny from terrorist threat and infrastructural concern, this executive order is the first in what could be seen as a sweeping effort of strengthening security and emergency response. This Executive Order amends Executive Order 12046.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Reagan, Ronald
1984-04-03
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National Security Decision Directive 136: US Initiative to Ban Chemical Weapons
National Security Decision Directive 136 lists actions for chemical weapons treaty negotiation strategy, stressing need for improved verification and reduced risk of covert chemical weapons capability, and for developing strategy for U.S. chemical warfare modernization program.
United States. White House Office
1984-04-02
