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National Security Directive 40: Decisions on START Issues
National Security Directive (NSD) 40 laid out the administration's best faith effort to resolve various issues in the upcoming START [Strategic Arms Reduction Talks] summit. Included are decisions on air launched cruise missiles (ALCM) and submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCM), the verification of non-deployed mobile missile production, limits on heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), and limits on mobile ICBMs and mobile ICBM reentry vehicles (ICBM RV).
United States. White House Office
1990-05-14
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Computer Viruses: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
There has been, of late, considerable interest in the topic of computer
viruses. The debate has been especially brisk since the so-called
"Internet Virus" of November 1988. At one extreme are those who declare
that viruses are an essentially new phenomenon, against which we are
powerless. At the other end of the spectrum are those who treat viruses as
more of a semantics problem than a technical one, claiming that the problems
they pose have already been solved under different terminology. Where then is
reality? This paper makes the case that the situation, while certainly not
ideal, is not nearly as bleak as some of the alarmists would claim, and that
existing technology and security-oriented procedures are extensible to the
virus threat. Further, these are largely captured in the DoD Trusted Computer
System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC). However, while the available techniques
are relevant, they supply only partial solutions; perfect and universal
countermeasures against all possible virus scenarios do not exist. If we
are to determine whether or not such are possible, much less develop them,
further R&D activity is required.
United States. Department of Defense
1990-05-12
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Protection of Merchant Shipping
"Although the Department of Defense has become sensitized to problems regarding the availability of assets to meet strategic sealift requirements, the need to provide for the protection of both strategic sealift and economic shipping in time of conflict has been overlooked. This study reviews the historical problem of providing for the protection of merchant shipping during the twentieth century and, using lessons learned regarding the vulnerability of merchant shipping to enemy threat, implications as a result of the current and future threat for merchant shipping are discussed. The purpose of this study is to review historical lessons learned; to examine applicability to future situations requiring protection of merchant shipping; to point up weaknesses in current philosophy and planning for the protection of merchant shipping; to draw conclusions regarding the current philosophy for the protection of merchant shipping; and to make recommendations."
Army War College (U.S.)
Neshiem, Paulette R.
1990-05-08
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Sealift Dilemma... Is Not the Decline but the Inability to Change
"The health of the US Merchant Marine directly effects national security either by its contribution or lack thereof of strategic sealift. The deplorable conditions of the maritime industries, both ship operators and ship builders, has been well documented and extensively publicized. The reasons for the deterioration of the industry are complex. They are deeply rooted within governmental policies and programs, as well as the vested economic and political interests of those involved. Any serious attempt to do more than slow the decline of the merchant marine will necessitate a new approach to fixing the problem. There is little agreement among the participants, except that something needs to be done to insure sufficient sealift for defense needs. This paper assesses the situation from outside the norm, because the norm hasn't worked in the past and is unlikely to work in the future."
Army War College (U.S.)
Miles, Robert A., Jr.
1990-05-03
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Understanding Islam
"The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of Islam to commanders and other military personnel who may be assigned to Islamic countries, be serving with persons following the Muslim faith, and those who would like to learn more about the faith. It is intended to provide the reader with a general knowledge of Islam, the fastest growing religious group in the world today. Its followers, who are called Muslims, comprise one-fifth of the world's population. The greatest concentration of Muslims in the world is in the Middle East and Northern Africa. The rise of the consciousness of Islam in the United States is recent and was heightened by the 1979 Iranian Revolution; the hostage crisis which was a result of that revolution and the call or a return of Islamic Fundamentalism in Iran. The Oil crisis, terrorist activities, and turbulence in the Middle East have also increased the awareness of Islam's presence in the world today. The United States is interacting socially, economically, and militarily with Muslim countries. Some people are confused about Islam because they are uninformed about its religious history, beliefs, and practices. They are also confused about jihad or holy war which many terrorists invoke when they participate in, or justify those activities. This paper addresses itself to the history, beliefs, and practices of Muslims. This study also gives a general and concise analysis of Islamic Fundamentalism and its impact upon jihad and its relation to terrorism. It concludes with answers to frequently asked questions about the religion of Islam."
Army War College (U.S.)
Sydnor, Calvin H., III
1990-05-03
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International Terrorism and the United States: Policy Considerations for the 1990's
"Over the years, the U.S. has not enjoyed much success in dealing with international terrorism. Its lack of success is often attributed to the absence of a coherent national policy to combat terrorism. Historically, the U.S. reacted to terrorism with declaratory policy statements based on the tenet of not giving-in to terrorist demands. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the U.S. has responded to terrorism and conclude by discussing policy considerations for the 1990s."
Army War College (U.S.)
Wilson, Thomas G.
1990-05-01
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Is Presence Still a Viable Naval Mission?
"This paper addresses the issue of whether naval presence remains viable as a means of naval diplomacy. Since World War II, the U.S. Navy has been capable of maintaining a naval presence of sufficient combat strength to decisively effect the military balance in virtually every maritime crisis area. With the proliferation of sophisticated weapons throughout the Third World, the growth of independent regional military powers, and the anticipated reduction in the number of deployable carrier battle groups, the capability of the U.S. Navy to effectively use naval diplomacy in support of U.S. foreign policy appears to be significantly reduced. This paper argues that there remains a viable mission for naval presence, especially in view of the continuing focus of U.S. foreign poliicy [sic] on combating terrorism and illicit drug-trafficking. However, continued viability of naval presence will be dependent upon establishment of a policy of retaliation in the event presence forces are attacked, changing from a strategy based upon routine presence to one of intermittent presence, and greater selectivity in the employment of naval forces in a presence role."
Army War College (U.S.)
Lasswell, James A.
1990-05-01
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Natural Disaster Survey Report: Hurricane Hugo, September 10-22, 1989
"NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] pronounced 1989's Hurricane Hugo as the strongest storm to strike the United States in 20 years. [...] Hugo's dangerous winds and storm surges had the potential of exacting a heavy death toll in the Carolinas and the Caribbean. Some 216,000 people evacuated from the coasts before the storm struck. The key to these evacuations, which undoubtedly saved hundreds of lives, was communications -- long before Hugo, in the days immediately before the storm and during the event."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1990-05
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Strategic View of Insurgencies: Insights from El Salvador
"This following commentary is an exploration of the overwhelming need to maintain a strategic perspective in fighting an insurgency, illustrated by close examination of the continuing insurgency in El Salvador. We believe that in El Salvador, as in all other insurgencies of this sort, three strategic considerations must be kept in mind: The insurgent is dedicated to total victory and all his actions must be judged accordingly; the fundamental goal of the insurgent is not military, but political, namely to undermine the legitimacy of the government; and finally, conducting a counterinsurgency strategy cannot be done in a business-as-usual manner--a special organization and tactics are necessary."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Manwaring, Max G.; Prisk, Court
1990-05
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Service Assessment Report Hurricane Hugo September 10-22, 1989
"The National Weather Service (NWS) performs many reviews of the information entered into Service Assessment Reports, and takes great strides to avoid errors. However, from time to time errors or inconsistencies can occur. This sheet points out some factual errors and inconsistencies in the Service Assessment Report for 'Hurricane Hugo September 10-22, 1989.' In general the report states Hurricane Hugo was a category 4 storm when it struck Puerto Rico."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1990-05
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Arming Our Allies: Cooperation and Competition in Defense Technology
At the request of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and the House Committee on Government Operations, OTA undertook an assessment of international collaboration in defense technology. This Special Report is the frost product of that assessment. It provides an overview of the subject and analyzes the impact that changes in the environment of defense technology and reduced East-West tensions will exert on defense industrial cooperation and
associated alliance relations.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1990-05
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Passwords Security: An Exploratory Study
"One of the most common control mechanisms for authenticating users of computer-based information systems is the use of passwords. However, despite the widespread use of passwords, only little attention has been given to the characteristics of their actual use. This paper addresses the gap in evaluating the characteristics of real-life passwords and presents the results of an empirical study on passwords usage. It investigates the core characteristics of user-generated passwords in a DoD [Department of Defense] environment and associations between those variables."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Zviran, Moshe; Haga, William James
1990-05
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Report of the National Advisory Commission on Law Enforcement
From the Document: "This report presents the findings and recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Law Enforcement (NACLE). The Commission was established by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. It was charged with studying pay, benefits, and other issues related to the recruitment, retention, and morale of federal law enforcement officers. The Commission's data and analysis show that there are many critical issues that need to be addressed to assure that federal law enforcement agencies are able to attract and retain high-quality staff. What follows in this report is a series of recommendations to cover the range of critical issues that the Commission believes must be addressed over time to provide that assurance. These include the need to increase starting salaries for most federal law enforcement occupations and the need to establish some type of locality pay differentials for federal law enforcement personnel working in certain high-cost cities. Other important issues involve the need to provide a housing relocation allowance for law enforcement personnel transferred to high-cost areas, and the need to have more consistency and equity among federal agencies in their pay of overtime."
United States. Government Accountability Office
1990-04-25
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Unification of Germany: Background and Analysis of the Two-Plus-Four Talks [April 16, 1990]
From the Summary: "The decision of the Soviet Union to curtail sharply its presence and influence in Eastern Europe has led to a critical point in the process of resolving post-war Europe's central issue: the unification of Germany and the new Germany's role on the continent. The legal framework established in 1945 after Germany's unconditional surrender by the four allied powers -- the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain -- has been altered by a series of agreements and by the Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) steadily growing importance in political, economic, and security matters. The Two-plus-Four talks that include the two Germanys and the allied powers are intended to address the process of unification and the emergence of a fully sovereign German state. […] Great Britain has cautiously embraced unification and recognizes the Soviet need for reassurances as Moscow takes decisions to withdraw from Central Europe. London intends to pursue a settlement at the talks on Germany's future that will secure Bonn's continued commitment to NATO and to a politically visible nuclear umbrella for the Atlantic Alliance which includes a substantial U.S. political and military presence in Europe."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Gallis, Paul E.
1990-04-16
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Project SLAMMER Interim Report (U) [Redacted]
From the Document: "Project SLAMMER is an innovative Community research program using state-of-thee-art behavioral science techniques. The intent is to better understand and deter espionage through the direct assessment of convicted American spies. The interim report attached reflects much of the more recent work of the group engaged in the project. This program is conducted under the sponsorship of the Personnel Security Committee (PSC) of the Advisory Group/Security Countermeasures (AG/SCM), with personnel from the various Community organizations participating. The report is provided to Forum members for information, with the permission of the Chairman, PSC."
United States. Central Intelligence Agency
1990-04-12
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Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East: What is the Proper Response
"The use of chemical weapons in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa in recent regional and ethnic conflicts illustrates the proliferation of chemical weapons and use in the Third World. The use of these weapons has been indiscriminate and intentionally directed at noncombatants and combatants. This paper will focus on chemical weapons proliferation in the Middle East. This paper assesses the motivations behind the proliferation and provides a perspective on the nature of the threat, as well as the role Western industry plays in facilitating the development and proliferation. The study points out that Middle East countries have greatly expanded their chemical capability and that they have every intention of using it. Moreover, foreign suppliers are providing assistance to these countries as negotiations are underway to decrease worldwide chemical armaments through a Chemical Weapons Treaty. Finally, the study suggests that the proper response ought to be a strategy with a multi- dimensional approach aimed at the political and economic sources of passion that drive nations in the Middle East to acquire chemical weapons. Keywords: Chemical weapons proliferation, Middle East, Nature of Threat, Western Connection, Third World countries, Deterrence, Denial, Preemption, Defense, Arms control, Peace."
Army War College (U.S.)
DeShazer, MacArthur, Sr.
1990-04-09
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DoD Directive 5210.63: Security of Nuclear Reactors and Special Nuclear Materials
"It is DoD policy to ensure that nuclear reactors and Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) receive special protection because of their operational importance and the serious consequences of unauthorized possession or use of nuclear materials. The conservation of SNM; the safety of the public, operating personnel, and property; and the protection of SNM from sabotage, theft, loss, or diversion are of paramount importance during all phases of operations. This directive re-affirms DoD policy regarding responsibilities, procedures, and minimum standards for safeguarding DoD nuclear reactors and special nuclear materials (SNM)."
United States. Department of Defense
1990-04-06
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Strategic Risk Assessment: Where We are and How We Got There
From thesis abstract: "The concept of risk is one which is prevalent throughout our society. We are constantly faced with the necessity to evaluate risks in areas such as economics, health, and government policy making, only to name a few. The decisions we make today, based on our assessment of these risks, will continue to have an impact, sometimes positive - sometime negative, far into the future. The military association with risk is no different than that of the civilian sector. The military evaluates the risk(s) associated with the structure and capabilities of the Armed Forces measured against the stated Strategic Objectives of the Nation. This study examines the Strategic Risk Assessment process as it has evolved in the last twenty years. It further examines the current methodology which is utilized in this Strategic Risk Assessment process. It concludes with some thoughts about the importance of Strategic Risk Assessment to the future of the Military and the Nation."
Army War College (U.S.)
McDougle, John B.
1990-04-06
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Department of Defense Directive: Security of Nuclear Reactors and Special Nuclear Materials
"This Directive reissues reference (a) to update policy, responsibilities, procedures, and minimum standards for safeguarding DoD [U.S. Department of Defense] nuclear reactors and special nuclear materials (SNM)."
United States. Department of Defense
1990-04-06
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National Policy, Goals and Objectives After Chemical Disarmament
From the thesis abstract: "Since World War I, the United States has been in the forefront of peacekeeping nations in trying to ban the use of lethal weapons. Today, negotiations for a bilateral and multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention banning the development, production and use of chemical weapons and eliminating all stocks globally are closer to success than anytime in the past. In light of the ongoing negotiations on chemical disarmament, this paper reexamines current U.S. policy statements, elaborates on the full spectrum of possible threats, and enumerates U.S. vulnerabilities in light of the foregoing threat analysis. From this analysis, suggested changes to the U.S. national security objectives are proposed and recommendations relating to chemical weapons training, intelligence gathering and required advancements in research and development are provided."
Army War College (U.S.)
Fahl, Robert G.
1990-04-02
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Nine Elderly Fire Victims in Residential Hotel
"Early in the morning of April 6, 1990, a fire in a Miami Beach hotel killed nine occupants and injured 24, including 4 firefighters The building, known as the Fontana Hotel, was originally constructed in 1951. Although the building was officially designated as a hotel, most of its occupants were elderly and used the building as a permanent residence. Of the nine fatalities, the youngest was over 75 years old."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1990-04
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National Guard Drug Interdiction Mission: Circumvention of Posse Comitatus?
"The concept of Posse Comitatus is well understood by all three branches of the government. As a statute, the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 prohibits the use of U.S. military forces to enforce civil law without a Presidential Proclamation of National Emergency. Drug interdiction requirements in the U.S. have exceeded the capability of civil authorities at all levels, federal, state, and local. The Congress mandated that the Department of Defense take the lead in this area. This places the military in the difficult position of executing a mission that encroaches on the intent of Posse Comitatus. The National Guard, by virtue of its unique dual role as a federal force, and as a state militia, is exempt from some of the restrictions imposed upon the active military. As such, the Guard is being committed to training missions under Title 32 of the U.S. Code in direct support to civil authorities. The extended use of the Guard in a drug interdiction role appears to violate the intent of Posse Comitatus. Such an interpretation by the courts could obviate any success achieved by DOD [Department of Defense] in attempting to accomplish its mission."
Army War College (U.S.)
Flynn, Robert B.
1990-04
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Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1989
This document produced by the State Department in April 1990 provides graphs and analysis of international terrorist acts for the year of 1989. Topics discussed include assessments of acts of terrorism in the regions of the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and North America, Asia an Sub-Saharan Africa; chronology of major terrorist-related events in 1989 as well as background information the terrorist groups discussed the report.
United States. Department of State
1990-04
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Presidential Authority to Displace Customary International Law: A Department of Justice Fantasy
"This thesis analyzes the legal bases of a 1989 Department of Justice (DOJ) opinion that claims the President has the authority to order the Federal Bureau of Investigation to arrest individuals for violations of United States law in a foreign country without that country's consent. The DOJ opinion could have a tremendous impact on United States law enforcement efforts and foreign policies. The author concludes that there is no legal basis for the DOJ opinion and argues that the President is bound by customary international law."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
1990-04
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Strategic Mobility: Can We Get There in Time
"The dramatic changes in the world starting in the fall of 1989 will enable the United States to reduce its large military forces in Europe for the first time in 40 years. The collapse of communism and the decline of the Warsaw Pact military threat resulted from the inability of the communist system to provide for their people economically. Everyone agrees that there is no longer an imminent threat of a war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. But before the United States dismantles its military forces, there is a need to look at the rest of the world. […] This paper looks at the capabilities and requirements for strategic mobility and discusses ways to innovatively use the dwindling resources to achieve the greatest capability. With a dramatically smaller Army and fewer forces forward deployed around the world, the need for strategic airlift and sealift is increasing not decreasing We need the planned production of the C-17 and to fund sufficient Fast Sealift Ships to move and sustain our contingency forces. The U.S. Merchant Marine industry is in steep decline and the country, not the military, mu t take action. To counter the inability of the military to count on civilian shipping to move 95%-99% of its requirements in a crisis, this paper, looks at potential prepositioning alternatives and the need for an activ4e, manned sealift capability."
Army War College (U.S.)
Price, William J. (William James), 1918-
1990-03-30
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Patient Regulating to and Within the Continental United States
"This directive prescribes uniform procedures and establishes responsibilities during peacetime and contingencies for regulating the transfer of patients from overseas to the continental United States (CONUS); the transfer of patients between uniformed services, Veterans Affairs (VA), or civilian medical treatment facilities (MTF) within the CONUS; and the assignment of beds in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC) for members of the uniformed services who will require further hospitalization or nursing home care after separation or retirement from all military services."
United States. Coast Guard
1990-03-30
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Will the Current CONUS Transportation System Provide Adequate Highway Movement Control During Mobilization?
"The ability to mobilize military units will become more critical to our nations ability to project military forces in support of national security policies as the country starts to reduce the size of the active army and the reserve components. The ability of government organizations and agencies responsible for controlling units and their material as they move from home stations to mobilization station will be severely tested if the need to mobilize ever arises. This study analyzes the current system (or system of systems), and reviews the roles and responsibilities of organizations with movement control functions. The current readiness of these organizations to perform their missions is evaluated. The automation of systems which support movement control during mobilization is an important part of this assessment. Progress has been made in various organizations towards automating complex, repetitive, time consuming, and controllable tasks. This study evaluates these systems and determines their compatibility with each other. This plans for future automation are considered regarding systems compatibility and timeliness. Finally, conclusions are drawn, problems areas highlighted and potential solutions or approaches are offered to meet the extremely critical need for an adequate highway movement control system for mobilization."
Army War College (U.S.)
Fields, Jerry W.
1990-03-29
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To Predict or Not Predict: Crossroads for Tactical Intelligence?
From the thesis abstract: "This monograph discusses the nature of tactical intelligence prediction in military operations. Such prediction is extremely complex and involves a broad range of factors from traditional military ones such as terrain and doctrine to more non-traditional ones of human behavior and perceptual mechanisms. While the traditional factors are important, the non-traditional ones are no less so and often hinder accurate prediction. The monograph first examines the U.S. Army's doctrinal requirement for tactical intelligence prediction, both past and present. Next, it discusses and clarifies the relationships of the concepts of 'capabilities,' 'enemy intent,' and 'prediction.' Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) is then examined as a vehicle for intelligence prediction. The monograph then moves on to describe the behavioral aspects of prediction in terms of individual and organizational factors which inhibit objective analysis. Historical examples are provided. Finally, an expanded version of IPB is offered as an analytical model offering a more comprehensive and objective approach to tactical intelligence prediction. The monograph conclusion is that U.S. Army doctrine does require tactical intelligence to be predictive in nature, that IPB is inadequate as the current predictive method, and that the suggested analytical model will improve our ability to predict enemy courses of action."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Linden, Linda L.
1990-03-26
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Dissemination of Terrorist Threat Information: Who Should Be Warned
"The U.S. Government has been criticized for not publicizing a telephoned threat that some believe was a warning of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. These critics believe that the U.S. Government did warn government employees to avoid the flight. Although the telephoned threat was a hoax, even if it had been valid, the Government would not have disseminated the information to the public. If the Government receives information on a threat to the public facility or conveyance, it disseminates the information only to the security organizations responsible for protecting the alleged target. The information is not routinely disseminated to the public or to other groups (such as government employees) for their personal use. After a review of the Pan Am 103 controversy and arguments for and against the Government's policy, this paper examines the policy from two ethical viewpoints: utilitarianism and autonomy. The paper also discusses an ethical dilemma that arises for U.S. Government employees who have access to the threat information. A government official must make a choice between obeying the current policy or personally disseminating the information to persons he or she knows. The resolution of this dilemma in favor of not obeying U.S. policy is a serious issue within the Government--one that should be receiving more attention."
Army War College (U.S.)
Thomas, Cathy H.
1990-03-22
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Is Political Extremism Within the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Germany a Threat That Can Be Managed?
From the thesis abstract: "In the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany both identified and unidentified members of extremist political parties perform their service. Most of them are draftees who join the armed forces in the same percentage as political extremists are found in the overall German population. However, some political groupings send their members into the armed forces in order to corrupt their morale or to acquire specialized military knowledge. For that reason extremists also serve as temporary-career volunteers or regulars in the armed forces. Using authentic source material such as investigations conducted by the German military counterintelligence service, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Has the number of political extremists serving in the federal armed forces increased over the last years? 2) Which movement is considered to be more dangerous--the leftwing extremists or the rightwing? What are the objectives of the different groupings? 3) What kind of legal rulings are available against the extremist
soldiers? 4) Does the problem require any immediate countermeasures? Focused on the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany the paper could serve as a study subject for other armed forces."
Army War College (U.S.)
Bergenthal, Alex
1990-03-13
