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Civilian Demonstrations Near the Military Installation: Restraints on Military Surveillance and Other Intelligence Activities
"Anti-war and anti-military demonstrations have occurred during every modern conflict. When such demonstrations are anticipated outside an installation, the commander wants to know as much as possible about any potential threat to installation facilities, personnel, or operations. Unfortunately, internal military procedures for obtaining the desired information are inconsistent and confusing. Commanders attempting to follow this guidance may collect and retain information in violation of the Privacy Act and the First Amendment. To cure these problems, this thesis proposes significant changes to an existing Department of Defense Directive."
Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School (United States. Army)
Peterson, Paul M.
1992-03
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Design and Implementation of ZTRAX: A Training, Readiness and Flight Hour Relational Database Management Tracking System
"In an era of diminishing budgets, information technology must help direct operational commanders in the maximum utilization of their available resources. The institution of a relational database management system to identify and exploit an organization's strengths will aid in keeping forces combat ready at all times. The design and implementation of ZTRAX; a training, readiness and flight hour relational database management system. ZTRAX is expected to provide historical information of home and deployed, operational and training flight evolutions which will aid in the process of training and readiness planning. The ZTRAX application was implemented in November, 1991 and is a menu driven program which permits the addition, editing and querying of data contained on two source documents; the Monthly Training and Readiness Report and the Monthly Flight Hour Report. Ztrax is run concurrently from within the Paradox program to permit a vast array of ad hoc queries, reports and the importation of graphical display mechanisms. [...] Chapter II will detail the design of the RDBMS. Chapter III discusses implementation of the RDBMS [relational database
software application] and its interaction with other commercial software applications for graphical representation purposes. The users manual is contained in Appendix E. Chapter IV discusses the issue of computer security and its relevance to all microcomputer operations. Chapter V provides recommendations and conclusions for the use of a relational database management system to provide accurate and timely readiness and training information. Appendix A-E will provide the data input documents, object diagrams, object definitions, domain definitions and the users manual, respectfully."
Naval Postgraduate School (U.S.)
Hodgkins, Richard E.
1992-03
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Alert Series: Kuwait: Human Rights after February 28, 1991 [Draft]
"On February 28, 1991, allied military forces ousted an occupying Iraqi army from Kuwait. Since that time, it has been reported that three principal groups appear to be facing or have faced either discrimination or human rights violations. First, numerous human rights abuses against suspected Iraqi collaborators, including executions, were reported during the period March through May 1991. A State Security Court was the official apparatus responsible for trying suspected collaborators, having taken this responsibility from the dissolved martial-law courts. Many suspected collaborators remained in prison for extended periods although all death sentences were commuted to life in prison when martial law was lifted in June 1991. Second, as part of an attempt to abate a perceived potential security threat, Kuwait has made re-entry nearly impossible for Palestinians and others who fled during the Gulf War, some of whom have 'habitually resided' in Kuwait. Of those remaining in Kuwait, accounts of Palestinians and Bedoons (stateless individuals) facing official harassment and deportation, some in possible violation of international law, have been reported. Third, supporters of a pro-parliament movement have been violently suppressed and many of its supporters, including exparliamentarians, have been arrested or detained."
INS Resource Information Center
1992-03
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Aviation Research: Information on Funding, Staffing, and Timing of FAA's Research Projects, Fact Sheet for Congressional Requesters
Although the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is spending billions to modernize the air traffic control system, accommodating increased air travel and maintaining air safety continue to pose long-term challenges. To help FAA meet these challenges, recent legislation requires the agency to allocate at least 15 percent of its Research, Engineering, and Development Program funding to long-term research for fiscal years 1989 and 1990. In light of congressional oversight of FAA's fiscal year 1993 budget request, GAO studied the agency's research programs. This fact sheet provides information on project funding, staffing, and scheduling data for fiscal years 1988-91. GAO summarized this report in testimony before Congress; see: Aviation Research: Progress Has Been Made but Several Factors Will Affect Program Success, by Kenneth M. Mead, Director of Transportation Issues, before the Subcommittee on Technology and Competitiveness, House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. GAO/T-RCED-92-39, Mar. 10, 1992 (14 pages).
United States. General Accounting Office
1992-02-28
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Forging a New National Military Strategy in a Post-Cold War World: A Perspective from the Joint Staff
"This report concerns the role of process and people in the making of the U.S. National Military Strategy in the immediate aftermath of the cold war. Although the title suggests that the perspective is from the Joint Staff, the view is really of a Joint Staff officer who has observed and participated in the forging of that strategy. Hence this is a personal account, with all of the biases and prejudices familiar to such endeavors. The report consists of two parts. The first examines the new military strategy as a major departure from previous cold war military strategies in the calculations of ways and means. The second compares and contrasts the way military strategy was supposed to be made, and the manner in which the major participants really developed it. In this latter part, the author concludes that people and not process were more important in the forging of the new strategy. He further proposes that strategic formulation is more art than science, more judgment than fact. He also makes some observations on the impact of the Goldwater-Nichols Act on strategic formulation, and stresses the importance of the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) in the process. The main theme is that strategic vision is vital to formulating strategies."
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Rothmann, Harry E.
1992-02-26
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Conflict with Libya: Operational Art in the War on Terrorism
From the thesis abstract: "The relevance of operational art in the low intensity conflict (LIC) environment must not be overlooked. A study of the series of U.S. military operations against Libya in 1986, and the events leading up to them, provides insights into how operational level thinking drove the military element of the long-term campaign against Qaddafi. This case study approach to the conflict examines how operational art was used in planning the operations, and the degree to which it supported achievement of strategic and operational objectives. It also addresses unique challenges faced by cognizant operational commanders in politically-dominated LIC scenarios. The paper is not a critique of actions at the tactical level, nor does it suggest alternatives to original operational plans. Rather, it asserts the overall validity of operational level thinking in the LIC environment, and concludes that the applicability of operational art in LIC should be formally recognized in relevant joint warfare publications."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Arnold, David R.
1992-02-22
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Theater Applications of the Future Bomber Force
From the thesis abstract: "The author examines the advantages and disadvantages for the operational commander of using the future bomber force in conventional and contingency scenarios. The inherent strategic bomber capabilities of range, payload, and flexibility are discussed. The technological advances in stealth and advanced munitions are examined, as are USAF [United States Air Force] plans for the future bomber force incorporating these technologies. The author contends the combination of inherent bomber characteristics with the technologies of stealth and advanced munitions creates a revolution in the commander's power projection capabilities. The author examines the application of force in three conventional scenarios: counter-terrorism, peacetime contingency, and major regional conflict. One finding is the improved capabilities facilitates the use of the military option for decision makers; this may preclude adequate consideration of diplomatic, economic, and political options. The author concludes that the commander can apply the bomber force across the spectrum of conflict; that the force's ability to provide rapid initial response, precision, mass, and sustained firepower are useful in all three scenarios. The author contends the bomber force can free the commander of some forward basing constraints, allows the commander to retain the option of unilateral action, and provides the commander with a rapid response force option to show resolve or disrupt an adversary's plans. Recommendations for the theater commander include integration of bomber units into the planning process, ensuring targets are of sufficient value, and providing the intelligence network to exploit the rapid response capability."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Kowalski, James M.
1992-02-22
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Kim Il Sung (North Korea), Another Saddam Hussein (Iraq)?: Countering and Deterring Aggression in the Northern Pacific
"The demise of the global Soviet threat has brought about a fundamental shift in the National Military Strategy of the United States. Future employment of American military forces must be considered through the focus of regional contingencies. The most threatening of future regional contingencies are those exacerbated by the Hostile Proliferator, the radical and unstable regime equipped with weapons of mass destruction. The regime of Kim Il Sung armed with nuclear weapons has grave and adverse implications for the security interests of the United States and her allies in the Northern Pacific; prospects of war with nuclear overtones, nuclear blackmail and regional destabilization leading to global proliferation. Therefore, U.S. operational forces must be considered for employment in a wide spectrum to counter the threat posed by the next Hostile Proliferator , ranging from preemptive military strikes to supporting sustainment of dialogue and negotiation."
Naval War College (U.S.)
Crumplar, Robert K.
1992-02-13
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National Security Directive 65: Organizing to Manage On-site Inspections Under the CFE Treaty
From the Document: "This directive defines organizational structures and responsibilities to implement the on-site inspection provisions of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) and the policy structure for providing guidance on matters involving on-site inspections. This directive complements National Security Directive 41, which expanded the mission of the On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA). Planning to implement this directive should begin immediately so that the United State is fully prepared to conduct appropriate monitoring of the CFE activities of successor states to the former Soviet Union and East European CFE participants as soon as the Treaty enters into force."
United States. White House Office
1992-02-11
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National Guard Counterdrug Lessons Learned
"This bulletin contains lessons developed from National Guard Counterdrug Support to Law Enforcement Agencies. It includes a section on Counterdrug Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (CDIPB)." Lessons are drawn from missions on ground surveillance, aerial reconnaissance, aerial transportation support, cargo inspection, aerial photo reconnaissance, and admin and maintenance support. Lessons are also given for general and security communications, logistics issues, and other miscellaneous issues.
National Interagency Counterdrug Institute
Schnaubelt, Christopher M.
1992-02-10
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Executive Order 12789: Delegation of Reporting Functions Under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including my authority as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered that Executive Order No. 12754 of March 12, 1991, is amended as follows: Section 1 is amended by deleting in the second sentence 'Armed Forces' and by inserting in lieu thereof 'Uniformed Services.'"
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1992-02-10
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Triad - A Relook - Should the United States Retain Its Land Based ICBM Force?
From the thesis abstract: "The United States has maintained a Triad of strategic nuclear delivery systems since the early 1960's. This Triad includes strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), and submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBM). The redundancy and mutual support provided by the Triad provided the United States with a credible nuclear deterrent during the Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union. Each element of the Triad has distinct attributes for deterrent and warfighting roles. In the emerging aftermath of the Cold War it is appropriate to determine if the United States needs to retain its ICBM force of 1,000 missiles. This study reviews the evolution of the Triad and U.S. nuclear strategy, and examines the continuing need for the ICBM force against the following criteria: threat, alternatives to the ICBM, the advantages and disadvantages to retaining the ICBM capability, and the impact of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) on the ICBM force? This study determines that the threat issue is the dominant criteria and concludes that the United States can sometime in the not too distant future retire most of its ICBM force, but first must negotiate with the former Soviet republics to achieve a significant reduction or total elimination of their strategic nuclear forces. Although those fledgling new republics should have no desire to threaten the United States, the existence of their vast nuclear capabilities, particularly ICBMs, must be seriously considered by U.S. defense planners."
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies
Skelton, John D.
1992-02-10
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Indianapolis Athletic Club Fire
This technical report series looks at a fire at a complex mixed-use facility in Indianapolis (IN). Two Indianapolis firefighters and an elderly guest died in this fire which occurred while the building housed the jury hearing testimony in heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson's trial.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1992-02-05?
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National Transportation Safety Board Eazardous Materials Special Investigution Report: Cargo Tank Rollover Protection
"Between January and May 1991, the National Transportation Safety Board investigated seven highway accidents in which bulk liquid cargo tanks, Department of Transportation (DOT) specification MC 306 or MC 312, overturned and released hazardous materials through damaged closures or fittings on top of the tanks. In three of the accidents, structural failure of the rollover protection devices for the top fittings resulted in impact damage to the fittings and the release of the cargo; in four of the accidents, the design and configuration of the devices were not adequate to protect and shield the top fittings from external objects or from plowing into the ground As a result of these accidents, the Safety Board conducted a special investigation on c?(g') tank rollover protection. The safety issues discussed in this report are the adequacy of DOT regulations regarding the design and performance of rollover protecti0n devices installed on bulk liquid cargo tanks; the effectiveness of oversight pertaining to the design and construction of the cargo tank; and the adequacy of accident reporting to and data collected by the DOT. Recommendations concerning these issues were made to the Research and Special Programs Administration and to the Federal Highway Administration."
United States. National Transportation Safety Board
1992-02-04
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DOE Guideline: Root Cause Analysis Guidance Document
"This document is a guide for root cause analysis specified by DOE Order 5000.3A, 'Occurrence Reporting and Processing of Operations Information.' Causal factors identify program control deficiencies and guide early corrective actions. As such, root cause analysis is central to DOE Order 5000.3A. The basic reason for investigating and reporting the causes of occurrences is to enable the identification of corrective actions adequate to prevent recurrence and thereby protect the health and safety of the public, the workers, and the environment. Every root cause investigation and reporting process should include five phases. While there may be some overlap between phases, every effort should be made to keep them separate and distinct."
United States. Department of Energy
1992-02
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After the Cold War: Living With Lower Defense Spending
This is the first report of OTA's assessment of Technology and Defense Conversion, requested by several congressional committees and members of the Technology Assessment Board to examine effects of the defense build-down on the civilian side of the economy. This report focuses on ways to handle the dislocation of workers and communities that is, to some degree, inevitable in the defense cutback. It opens a discussion of how defense technologies might be converted to commercial applications. The second and final report of the assessment will continue that discussion and will concentrate on opportunities to channel human and technological resources into building a stronger civilian economy.
United States. Government Printing Office
United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
1992-02
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Annual Report to the President and the Congress [February 1992]
From the Document: "The President's United States Oceans Policy Statement of March 10, 1983, states 'The United States will exercise and assert its navigation and overflight rights and freedoms in a worldwide basis in a manner that is consistent with the balance of interests reflected in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. The United States will not, however, acquiesce in unilateral acts of other states designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of the international community in navigation and overflight and other related high seas uses.' When nations appear to acquiesce in excessive maritime claims and fail to exercise their rights actively in the face of constraints on international navigation and overflight, those claims and constraints may, over time, come to be considered to have been accepted by the international community as reflecting the practice of nations and as binding upon all users of the seas and superjacent airspace. Consequently, it is incumbent upon maritime nations, such as the United States, to protest through diplomatic channels all excessive claims of coastal or island nations, and to exercise their navigation and overflight rights in the face of such claims. The United States has accepted this responsibility as an element of its national policy, and the Department of Defense conducts an active program of Freedom of Navigation operational assertions. Freedom of Navigation assertions were conducted against the following countries for the listed excessive maritime claims during the year from October 1, 1990, to September 30, 1991. Countries are listed alphabetically."
United States. Department of Defense
Cheney, Richard B.
1992-02
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Collocation Impacts on the Vulnerability of Lifelines during Earthquakes with Applications to the Cajon Pass, California
"This report presents a new analysis method to identify the increase in the seismic vulnerability of individual lifeline systems (communication systems, electric power systems, fuel pipelines, and transportation lifeline) due to their proximity to other lifelines in the Cajon Pass. The method calculates a parameter that can be used to adjust the damage state values for shaking as determined by the ATC 13 damage probability matrices. The primary objective of the study was to determine how the time to restore full service would be affected by the collocation of several types of lifelines in the same congested corridor. The new method is applied to the Cajon Pass lifelines. The design program, AutoCAD, is used to develop overlays of the lifeline routes with seismic and geologic information presented in the inventory report (FEMA 225)."
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1992-02
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Africa's Realignment and America's Strategic Interests in the Postcontainment Era
"Africa has not ranked as one of the core concerns of our traditional security interests, nor is it anticipated that, at least in sub-Saharan Africa, we will encounter challenges requiring massive armed intervention. However, the 1991 war with Iraq has uncovered important new developments that make our close monitoring of that continent imperative. Generally, Africa's more dangerous conflicts are characterized by substantial external intervention-which previously had concerned mostly the activities of the Soviet Union, various members of the Warsaw Pact, Cuba, and Libya. Much is made of Africa's unfortunate social conditions, and many have assumed a simple causal connection between Africa's violence and poverty. This is an unwarranted assumption and may detract from a full comprehension of these conflicts. Similarly, much of our previous African policy focused on the assumed importance of southern Africa's strategic minerals, the sea-lanes around South Africa, and our undisturbed access to Africa's oil. In view of the rapid extrication of the Soviet Union and Cuba from their previous commitments in Africa, these traditional security concerns also require our reexamination. We may also be advised to reassess our standard assumptions regarding our assertive stance on Africa's democratization process and our insistence on rather orthodox free-market structures, which may not be appropriate models and which may produce counterproductive results in these extremely fragile societies."
Air University (U.S.)
Magyar, Karl P.
1992-02
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Foundations of a Security Policy for Use of the National Research and Educational Network
"The purpose of this report is to explore the foundations of a security policy and propose a security policy for the NREN, one that is applicable to and identifies responsibilities of all major network constituents: end users, system administrators, management at all levels, vendors, system developers, service providers, and the Federal Networking Council. In order to establish an appropriate context for the development of a national network security policy and also provide for an understanding of the culture of open computer networks, this report first traces the evolution of 'national' networks in the U.S. From the structure and operation of the existing NSFNET and Internet, the probable characteristics of the evolving NREN are projected. Foundations for specification of a policy are established through a review of the basic concepts of 'security' and 'security policy' and through the examination of existing policies, codes of ethics, and Federal legislation regarding computer information security. A draft policy is then abstractly stated, one that is independent of current technologies and organization-specific practices. Since the development of a widely-accepted and meaningful security policy requires the participation of all major constituents, this draft policy is intended to provide the basis for continuing discussion and further development."
National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Oldehoeft, Arthur E.
1992-02
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Advisory Circular: Design Standards for an Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Training Facility
"This advisory circular contains standards, specifications, and recommendations for the design of an aircraft rescue and firefighting training facility utilizing either propane or a flammable liquid hydrocarbon (FLH) as the fuel."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
1992-01-31
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Quarantine Regulations of the Armed Forces
"This directive implements current quarantine policies and procedures of the U.S. Public Health Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in military programs. If also outlines compliance requirements with foreign quarantine regulations. These regulations conform to regulations of the United States Departments of Health and Human Services; Agriculture; Treasury; Interior; and Commerce. The regulations are intended to prevent the introduction and dissemination, domestically or elsewhere, of diseases of humans, plants and animals, prohibited or illegally taken wildlife, arthropod vectors, and pests of health and agricultural importance. Introduction and dissemination may occur by movements of vessels, aircraft, or other transport of the Armed Forces arriving at or leaving Armed Forces installations in the United States and foreign countries or ports or other facilities under the jurisdiction of the above Federal agencies in the United States and its territories, commonwealths, and possessions."
United States. Department of Defense
1992-01-24
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Issues Raised by Provisions Directing Issuance of Official or Diplomatic Passports: Memorandum Opinion for the Counsel to the President [January 17, 1992]
"This memorandum responds to your request for our opinion on several issues raised by the nearly identical provisions of section 129(e) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Pub. L. No. 102-138, 105 Stat. 647, 662 (1991), and section 503 of Departments of Commerce, Justice and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-140, 105 Stat. 782, 820 (1991), an act making appropriations for the State Department and other agencies. Specifically, you asked whether these provisions are unconstitutional to the extent that they purport to prohibit the issuance of more than one official or diplomatic passport to United States government officials, whether they are severable from the remainder of the two bills, and whether the President may decline to enforce them. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that the relevant portions of section 129(e) and section 503 are unconstitutional to the extent that they limit the issuance of official and diplomatic passports and that those sections are severable from the remainder of the two statutes. Under the circumstances, we further conclude that the President is constitutionally authorized to decline to enforce these provisions."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1992-01-17
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Executive Order 12788: Defense Economic Adjustment Program
Executive Order 12788 provides coordinated Federal economic adjustment assistance necessitated by changes in Department of Defense activities. "The Secretary of Defense shall, through the Economic Adjustment Committee, design and establish a Defense Economic Adjustment Program."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Bush, George, 1924-
1992-01-15
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Radiological Assistance Program
The purpose of this manual is "to establish three policies. The first policy is to establish and maintain response plans and resources to provide radiological assistance to other Federal agencies, State, local, and tribal governments, and private groups requesting such assistance. The second policy established by this manual is to assist state, local, and tribal jurisdictions in preparing for radiological emergencies. The third and final policy set forth by this manual is in the event of a real, or potential radiological accident, provide resources and monitoring and assessment assistance- to other Federal, agencies, State, local, tribal governments."
United States. Department of Energy
1992-01-14
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Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012
This article discusses the origins of a fictionalized essay which tells the story, looking back from 20 years in the future, of how trends led to a military coup in the United States in the year 2012. The author proposes advice within his fictional scenario that could have prevented the situation from occurring: "Clearly, the curious tapestry of military authoritarianism and combat ineffectiveness that we see today was not yet woven in 1992. But the threads were there. Knowing what I know now, here's the advice I would have given the War College Class of 1992 had I been their graduation speaker: Demand that the armed forces focus exclusively on indisputably military duties; acknowledge that national security does have economic, social, educational, and environmental dimensions, but insist that this doesn't necessarily mean the problems in those areas are the responsibility of the military to correct; readily cede the budgetary resources to those agencies whose business it is to address the non-military issues the armed forces are presently asked to fix; divest the defense budget of perception-skewing expenses; continue to press for the elimination of superfluous, resource-draining Guard and Reserve unites; educate the public to the sophisticated training requirements occasioned by the complexities of modern warfare; resist unification of the services not only on operational grounds, but also because unification would be inimical to the checks and balances that underpin democratic government; assure that officer accessions from the service academies correspond with overall force reductions (but maintain separate service academies) and keep ROTC on a wide diversity of campuses; orient recruiting resources and campaigns toward ensuring that all echelons of society are represented in the military, without compromising standards. Accept that this kind of recruiting may increase costs. It's worth it; [and] work to moderate the base-as-an-island syndrome by providing improved incentives for military members and families to assimilate into civilian communities."
Army War College (U.S.)
Dunlap, Charles J., 1950-
1992
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Jihad: Islamic Thought and Practice
"Jihad, commonly translated in Western publications as 'holy war,' has become a disturbingly familiar term. Saddam Hussein called for a jihad against the Western Coalition forces in late 1990; and at the same time, Saudi Arabia declared a jihad against Hussein's invading Iraqi forces. (1:51) Understanding the historical development and use of the concept of jihad is important to comprehend current events within the Islamic spheres of influence and their relations with the West. This paper traces the origin and development of the Islamic concept of jihad. It emphasizes the historical roots of the doctrine of jihad and its manifestations and justification as a means to understand the role of jihad in current Islamic thought and practice."
Air University (U.S.). Air War College
Middleton, Gordon R.
1992
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Army Veterinary Service Role in Low-Intensity Conflict
"National security of the United States depends on stability in the Western Hemisphere, and this stability in turn depends in large part on the respective governments being able to control disease, malnutrition, and poverty in their exploding populations. In spite of the remarkable trend of democratization in Latin America, there continues to be widespread political unrest and terrorism as fledgling democracies strive for moral legitimacy to govern. Terrorism and insurgency are basically rooted in economic and social inequality that can only be improved by providing a broader and more equitable access to economic resources and the benefits they imply (health, education, housing, etc..) The low-intensity conflict environment of Latin America then extends beyond military confrontation. It is characterized more by confrontation between man and his socioeconomic and political situation, of which health and nutrition are integral parts. Properly applied veterinary medicine programs can make a difference in this struggle. They impact on health, economics, and nutrition more than any other single discipline."
Army War College (U.S.)
Stamp, Gary L.
1992
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Guarding Against Politicization
Politicization can manifest itself in many ways, but in each case it boils down to the same essential elements: "Almost all agree that it involves deliberately distorting analysis or judgments favor a preferred line of thinking irrespective of evidence. Most consider 'classic' politicization to be only that which occurs if products are forced to conform to policymakers' views. A number believe politicization also results from management pressures to define and drive certain lines of analysis and substantive viewpoints. Still others believe that changes in tone or emphasis made during the normal review or coordination process, and limited means or expressing alternative viewpoints, also constitute forms of politicization."
Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)
Gates, Robert Michael, 1943-
1992
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Need for Ethical Norms
"The word 'ethics' turns off many and confuses more. Yet the notions of shared values and an agreed-on process for dealing with adversity and change-what many people mean when they talk about corporate culture-seem to be at the heart of the ethical issue. People who are in touch with their own core beliefs and the beliefs of others and are sustained by them can be more comfortable living on the cutting edge. At times, taking a tough line or a decisive stand in a mussel of ambiguity is the only ethical thing to do. If a manger is indecisive and spends time trying to figure out the "good" think to do, the enterprise may be lost. One of the foremost costs has been our seemingly sustained reluctance to formalize the ethical minimums which should govern our business and to pass these findings on to those who join the Agency. Although many of us have discussed the ethics of our profession, little has been done organizationally to capture these thoughts. Rather than possibly hamstringing future options by formalizing Agency dos and don'ts, we seem to prefer risking a repetition of behaviors which have jeopardized our organization standing and credibility in the past. We can ill afford to allow this trade-off to continue."
Center for the Study of Intelligence (U.S.)
Ericson, Paul G.
1992
