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United States Policy in the Gulf Region
"The Gulf region is an area of vital interest to the United States (US). Its interests lie in the areas of ensuring the continued flow of oil and guaranteeing the security of Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This paper investigates to what extent the US can rely on Saudi Arabia to take a major role in ensuring its own defense and stability of the Gulf region. The US political strategy of dual containment and military strategy of prepositioned equipment and force projection are examined as well. Is the present US approach to the Gulf correct? The paper concludes that security in the Gulf can best be ensured by an enhanced US presence, such as permanent stationing of a heavy division, as the preeminent force in the region. The study recommends a change of US policy for the region by abandoning dual containment in favor of active engagement with Iraq and Iran."
Army War College (U.S.)
Blakeney, John O.
1996-04-15
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Spratly Island Dispute: A Case for a New U.S. Southeast Asia Security Strategy
"For the past forty years, U.S. security strategy in the East Asia-Pacific region has remained relatively unchanged, relying primarily on bilateral alliances to keep peace and security. Triggered by the Fall of the Wall, and growing political and economic realities at home, the Clinton administration unveiled a new East Asia policy of "comprehensive engagement" designed to meet the challenges of a new world order in the Pacific. Yet, the Spratly Archipelago, in the vicinity of the South China Sea, plagued by age old territorial disputes, the hegemonic rise of China, and a diminished U.S. presence now threatens regional stability, calling into question the United States' new policy. This paper examines current U.S. policy, in light of on going tensions in the Spratly Islands and the South China Sea, by examining the risks to our vital interests in the region and recommending policy alternatives."
Army War College (U.S.)
Ham, Stephen P., Jr.
1996-04-15
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Spratly Islands Dispute: Can ASEAN Provide the Framework for a Solution?
"The conflict in the Spratly Islands involves six nations; China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Vietnam. Bach country has at least a partial claim to the islands. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) consists of seven nations; Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, Singapore and since July of 1995, Vietnam. Four of these A S W nations also have claims within the Spratly Islands. This study explores the possibility that A S W , an organization that now hosts a regional forum to address regional security issues, might be able to provide a framework for a solution to the major regional security challenge of the Spratly Islands dispute."
Army War College (U.S.)
Coker, Larry W.
1996-04-15
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Republic of Korea's Security in Northeast Asia: A Regional Strategic Appraisal
"Although the Cold War is over, the security environment in Northeast Asia is not stable. This study summarizes Korea's national interests from a Korean soldier's perspective. The threats and issues are described according to the format of a regional strategic appraisal. This study recommends the organization of a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Northeast Asia (CSCNEA). This organization would be composed of the two Koreas(or eventually a reunified Korea), the United States, Japan, China, and Russia. Before the establishment of the organization, the enlargement of bilateral cooperation is recommended."
Army War College (U.S.)
Jung, Seung Jo
1996-04-15
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Security Assistance: Supporting National Security through Strengthening Our Allies
"Security Assistance is an essential element of U.S. Foreign Policy and is a vital component of the United States National Security Strategy and National Military Strategy. Since the end of World War I1 and the subsequent emergence of the United States as the world's remaining super power, our nation has assumed a leading role in promoting peace. However, this role as the world's policeman is extremely costly in terms of personnel and dollars. Since the end of Desert Storm, U.S. military services have been reduced by nearly forty percent. Our overseas presence has been reduced by fifty percent and will be further reduced. This reduced power projection force, coupled with the current two major regional conflict (2MRC) strategy, means that we cannot fight alone. Security Assistance programs provide the combat multiplier needed to insure success in the next war."
Army War College (U.S.)
Wilson, Stephen D.
1996-04-15
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Post-Hurricane Andrew Review of Trends in Department of Defense Disaster Relief Operations
In a three week period in 1992, three different regions of the United States suffered from the ravages of three major hurricanes. Storms striking Florida, Guam, and Hawaii so devastated local resources that DOD was called upon to respond to FEMA requests. This report outlines the changes in DOD plans and doctrine resulting from response to the storms. LLIS Core Capability: Mass Care and Human Services
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
Youngbluth, Terry R.
1996-04-15?
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Role of the U.S. Army Medical Department in Domestic Disaster Assistance Operations: Lessons Learned from Hurricane Andrew
"This paper reviews the history of Federal disaster relief legislation and DOD's [Department of Defense] role in domestic disaster support. It reviews the Federal Response Plan with emphasis on Emergency Support Function 8 (Health and Medical). The study also addresses the Army Medical Department's role in the Hurricane Andrew operations and closes with a review of the medically related Joint Uniform Lessons Learned and the current status of actions to address those Lessons Learned."
Army War College (U.S.)
Carroll, Dale A.
1996-04-15
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Nation Assistance: A Tool for Promoting Peacetime Engagement in Latin America
From the thesis abstract: "Nation assistance was instrumental in developing and preparing the battlefield for a United States foreign policy in Latin America during the 20th century. Perhaps this resource intensive tool is no longer effective or needed in promoting the peacetime engagement tenet of the Clinton Administration's National Security Strategy. This paper demonstrates that nation assistance could be the most viable and productive vehicle that the DoD has in Latin America to influence political, economic and military environments in the young democracies of Latin America. This study reviews the past successes of this program, the future threats to Latin America and our national interests, and recommends to the Administration and Congress, from three options, that the government put more resources into this cost-effective plank of the foreign security policy of our nation in the fertile but fragile democracies of Latin America."
Army War College (U.S.)
Dinsick, Robert G.
1996-04-15
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ASEAN Regional Forum: How ASEAN Values and Principles are Shaping a Regional Security Framework for the Pacific in the 21st Century
"Asia is changing politically, economically, socially, and militarily as we approach the 21st Century. This study explores the successful development and accomplishments of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) over the last thirty years. It argues that ASEAN values and principles of Resilience, Consensus, Dialogue and Consultation, Constructive Engagement and Non-interference, Gradualism, and Community and Common/Shared Goals undergird the ASEAN vision of a new multilateral security framework for the Pacific. Because of its credible history, ASEAN can make a significant difference in bringing about peace and stability in the Pacific region at this critical moment in world history."
United States. Government Printing Office
1996-04-12
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Recruitment Practices of Extremist Groups
"Strategic leaders have been entrusted with an awesome responsibility from the American people. They must assess societal values, perceptions, and competing interests. As 'gatekeepers,' they must also monitor the boundary of the military organization and its external environment. Such proves to be the example when military and ex-military personnel are involved with extremist organizations or participate in extremist activities. Individuals in strategic leadership positions can change or sustain the organization's culture and communicate its values. Over the past several months, the media, the public, and the military have been concerned about 'the dangerous and growing threat to the republic: Extremist Groups.' This study will examine the origins and recruitment of extremist groups and the responsibility of all citizens to monitor them."
Army War College (U.S.)
Scott, Sir Walter
1996-04-12
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Interoperability: The Cornerstone of Information Warfare
"Information warfare has won the joint acceptance within DoD and may become the biggest threat faced by our nation. The great achievement of interoperability between information-based systems (e-g., computers) also introduced inherent risks and vulnerabilities, which is the cornerstone of information warfare. Information warfare includes the ability to exploit and dominate information made assessable through computers and communications. Should there be concern about these vulnerabilities? Absolutely. Modem societies depend upon these information-based systems to live and work. This paper introduces the recentness of information warfare and highlights some current issues, like who is leading the effort. The success of the information society to make their systems interoperate with other systems greatly increased the potentiality of information warfare. A review of the evolution of system interoperability highlights this phenomenon. As a result of being directly influenced by the industrial-age society, leaders over the age of forty may be too challenged to adequately grasp the issues of information warfare and may lead ineffectively."
Army War College (U.S.)
Barac, Gregory G.
1996-04-12
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Local Law Enforcement Needs Federal Support
This issue of Technology Beat focuses on a law enforcement conference held in April of 1996. From the final page's description: "Technology Beat is a periodical published by NIJ's [National Institute of Justice] National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center that was adapted as a daily newsletter for this conference. This issue highlights the last day's events. Technology Beat is published periodically to highlight the activities of NIJ's Office of Science and Technology and other public safety technology initiatives."
National Law Enforcement & Corrections Technology Center (U.S.)
1996-04-12
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National Missile Defense: A New Mission for the Total Force
"This paper explores the concept of a future National Missile Defense (NMD) System deployed, integrated and manned by the National Guard It first looks at the current status of the NMD discussion within the context of an emerging threat to North America by other than Russian or former Soviet Union States. Framed by that foundation, the paper reviews an historical case study concerning the contribution of the National Guard in the performance of a similar national defense mission, compared to a proposed concept of operations for NMD. The focus of this comparison is on the success of past performance with an expectation of future capability for this critical mission. The paper concludes with an organizational development analysis of this emerging mission and what key attributes should characterize a weapon system which represents a significant investment of our national treasury directly under the operational control of the reserve component."
Army War College (U.S.)
Utecht, Richard J.
1996-04-07
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Implications of the Change Mandated by '...From the Sea'
The publication of the White Paper From The Sea in 1992 and its update in 1994 represent one of the most important changes in United States naval strategic thinning this century. The vision contained in these documents for a new operational concept focused on operations in the littoral areas of the world in order to influence events on land represents a significant departure from the basic tenets of open ocean sea control that formed the basis for the Navy's maritime strategy during the Cold War. This paper analyzes the implications of 'From the Sea' for the naval services and for the future of joint littoral operations. Implementing the White Paper's concepts requires changes that will make the Navy an effective combat force in joint littoral operations. An attempt will be made to determine if the necessary changes have taken place to achieve the visionary goals of From the Sea as well as identifying additional opportunities to develop a synergistic joint littoral warfare capability. The conclusion addresses the risks involved with such change and the prospects for its success.
Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute
Treadway, William D.
1996-04-07
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Executive Order 12998: Amendment to Executive Order No. 11880
"By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including section 3347 of title 5, United States Code, it is hereby ordered that Executive Order No. 11880 of October 2, 1975, as amended, is further amended as follows: A new section 2 of Executive Order No. 11880 shall be added to read: ''The President may at any time, pursuant to law but without regard to the foregoing provisions of this order, direct that an officer, as defined in 5 U.S.C. 3347, and specified by the President shall act as Secretary of Commerce.'' The present section 2 of Executive Order No. 11880, as amended, shall be redesignated as section 3."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1996-04-05
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'Forward...From The Sea': Intelligence Support to Naval Expeditionary Forces
The focus of this paper is the restructuring of Naval and joint intelligence and whether it is meeting the challenges of providing timely, accurate, and relevant intelligence support to joint warfighters. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the imminent, massive, global threat ended. As a result, naval forces shifted from a Cold War, open ocean, blue water naval strategy designed to fight a force at sea against a high-volume, high speed Soviet threat, to a regional, littoral, expeditionary focus. This shift away from operations on the sea to the projection of power from the sea in order to shape events in the littorals poses distinct challenges to both Naval Forces and the intelligence community. The intelligence support structure needs to be adjusted to provide joint forces and sea-based intelligence personnel with more reliable and flexible access to near-real time intelligence. Conclusions: Intelligence support to the warfighter can be enhanced by expanding cross-training opportunities and interoperability, and by increasing the proficiency of ground analysts afloat. The integration of the Navy and Marine intelligence team is essential for successful operations in the littorals. Naval intelligence must continue to ensure that sensors and collection methods, afloat and ashore intelligence centers, and dissemination systems are highly capable and provide timely and accurate sensor- to-shooter connectivity. Naval intelligence is striving to provide the necessary intelligence support for training, exercise, acquisition, and modernization requirements as well as support real-world contingency operations.
Marine Corps Command and Staff College (U.S.)
Baus, Thomas C.
1996-04-04
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Proposed Dental Support Unit: Benchmark Structure for Other Combat Service Support Units
As the United States Army has continued its transition into a new era of radically varied mission requirements, diminished resources, explosive developments in information technology and management, and potential availability of weapons of mass destruction by secondary powers; combat, combat service, and combat service support (C 55) units in both the active and reserve components must be prepared to meet today's unknown challenges. Especially important is the requirement for CSS units to ensure that the 'tooth-to-tail' ratio in deployed forces is balanced allowing a proper force mix necessary to accomplish the mission with optimal force economy. As an important link in the CSS team, health service support (HSS) units are designed to support the soldier far-forward in a theater of operations Cr0) providing him with caring, competent and compassionate medical treatment designed to return him to duty as soon as possible. It has been, and continues to be, the responsibility of medical planners to design units that provide the most efficient force structure required by the Army and the nation.
Army War College (U.S.)
Kulild, James C.
1996-04-03
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Arms Acquisition: An Impediment to ASEAN Collective Security
"Collective Security has received much attention among observers of the Association of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN)because of its unprecedented move in July 1994 to form the ASEAN Regional Forum to discuss security issues. The author examines current arms acquisition by ASEAN nations and traces the reasons for the continuing arms race and tensions among the nations that are fraught with historical conflicts arising from delineation of borders, illegal immigration, fishing rights, border violations and economic competition. Differences in religions, culture and ethnicity have also compounded the problems. As there are forces of integration there are equally a number of sources that tend to erode ASEAN resilience. The author argues that unilateral arms acquisitions will prevent ASEAN from developing collective security -- at least in the near future."
Army War College (U.S.)
Yusof, Rosli Mohd
1996-04-02
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Toward a New Partnership in Responsibility Sharing: An Overview of the 1996 Report on Allied Contributions to the Common Defense
The April 1996 Report on Allied Contribution to the Common Defense contains the U.S. National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement that includes three essential elements: (1) national security interests; (2) U.S. military forces; (3) allied contributions to security. The importance of responsibility sharing with allies of the United States poses an important concern to Congressional leaders. An alliance relationship based upon shared roles, risks, responsibilities and costs allows the United States to align itself in a strategic role with regards to its' allies in Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the Gulf States. This report contains an overview of the strategic context of responsibility sharing and country summaries that include statistics of country responsibility sharing contribution in the following countries: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (i.e. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
United States. Department of Defense
1996-04-01
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Special Operations Forces and Counterproliferation: The Interagency Process at Work
The threat of use of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) in the United States or against American vital interests overseas is real. Combating the proliferation of WMD has become a high priority for the U.S. Government. Within Department of Defense Counterproliferation Initiative (DOD CPI) of 1993 Special Operations Forces (SOF) have become pivotal players in the creation of a full range of military options to counter this threat. SOF provides the National Command Authority (NCA) with flexible and responsive options. In order to successfully execute any type of CP related special operation, the interagency process must be fully engaged and synchronized. This study assesses the nature of the threat, reviews the evolution of the DOD CPI, and focuses on the use of SOF as an instrument of U.S. policy. Specifically this study explores the connectivity of the interagency process to support a U.S. SOF counterproliferation mission.
Army War College (U.S.)
Bakken, Harold L.
1996-04-01
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Security Assistance Support: Providing for the National Security or a Cause of Instability: Are we at the Crossroads of Change?
In a statement before Congress, General Colin Powell spoke about the United States' interests in security assistance policy. His philosophy regarding collective security and international stability was oriented to those countries the United States considers friendly: "Dollars invested to help friends and allies build indigenous military capabilities and to gain their confidence bring tremendous returns in helping the U.S. to meet its regional objectives. He expressed concern, however, for potential problems arising from one country's engagement in policies directed toward another country's need to protect itself from its enemies. It was his opinion that the large diversity of causes of instability would result in greater demands on the United States to provide friendly countries with support to assist them in defending against their regional enemies. He contended that some countries 'will be undemocratic; and many will be threatened by internal unrest, terrorism, drug runners, or guerrillas. As a result, they will be natural candidates for many forms of security assistance.
Army War College (U.S.)
Weeden, John J.
1996-04-01
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Assessing Defense Industrial Capabilities: A DoD Handbook
"This Handbook provides the framework and guidelines for evaluating, on a case-by-case basis, the need for Government action to preserve industrial capabilities vital to national security. A defense industrial capability is a skill, facility, process, or technology needed to design, develop, produce, repair, or maintain products used by the Department of Defense. You should use this Handbook when there is an indication that an important and unique industrial capability could be lost."
United States. Department of Defense
1996-04
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U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series: Aerial Ladder Collapse Incidents
"This report addresses five separate incidents in which fire department aerial ladders collapsed. The most serious of these incidents occurred in New York City, where one man died and his wife, two young children and two firefighters were injured when an aerial ladder collapsed during a rescue attempt. Two of the other incidents also resulted in serious injuries to firefighters. Each of these incidents involved the collapse of an aerial ladder due to structural failure. [...] These incidents indicate a significant potential problem with existing aerial ladders that were not designed to provide the structural capabilities of ladders that are currently in production. Hundreds of similar aerial ladders are currently in service in United States fire departments. This emphasizes the need for aerial ladder operators to be properly trained and thoroughly familiar with the capabilities and limitations of their particular units, so that they will be able to recognize situations that are beyond the safe operating limits of their equipment"
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency; United States Fire Administration
1996-04
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Local Police Departments 1993
"During 1993, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) as a part of its Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program, surveyed a nationally representative sample of the more than 17,000 State and local law enforcement agencies operating nationwide. This report presents data describing the more than 12,000 general purpose local police departments operated by municipal or county governments in terms of their personnel, expenditures and pay, operations, equipment, computers and information systems, and policies. This report excludes sheriffs' departments (covered in a companion report), State police, and special police agencies (those with limited jurisdictions such as parks, transit systems, airports, or schools)."
United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Reaves, Brian (Brian A.)
1996-04
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National Data Collection on Police Use of Force
"This report highlights findings from existing research on police use of force. It describes how the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Institute of Justice will collect data on police contacts with members of the public that result in the use of force by law enforcement officers. The report responds to Section 210402 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which requires the Attorney General to 'acquire data about the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers' and to 'publish an annual summary of the data acquired. . . .'"
National Institute of Justice (U.S.); United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics
McEwen, J. Thomas
1996-04
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Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants: Criteria for Emergency Planning in an Early Site Permit
"The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) have added Supplement 2 to NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Revision 1, to provide guidance for the development, review, and approval of radiological emergency information and plans submitted with an early site permit application under Subpart A of 10 CFR Part 52."
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
Kantor, F.; Fox, E. F., Jr.; Wingert, V. . . .
1996-04
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Health Hazard Evaluation Report 91-0346-2572; FBI Academy Quantico, Virginia
"In July 1991, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from a management representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The request concerned lead exposures during firearms training and associated activities among range technicians, gunsmiths, and firing range instructors. Additionally, the requestor was concerned about the potential for 'take-home' lead contamination of workers' vehicles and homes, and exposure of their families. Workers also expressed concerns about work-related noise-induced hearing loss."
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Barsan, Michael E.; Miller, Aubrey
1996-04
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Regional Deterrence Strategies for New Proliferation Threats
The deterrence of armed aggression against the United States, its vital national interests, or its allies has moved beyond the requirements of conventional force deterrence. The proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons requires a new strategy to ensure effective deterrence against their use by regional states that could not win in a conventional conflict with the United States. Because proliferation has expanded to a number of regional actors, a single strategy is unlikely to be sufficient in deterring states with varied motivations, and social, economic, religious, cultural, and political backgrounds. The Unified Commands--principally the Pacific, Central and European Commands--provide a ready-made framework in which general U.S. deterrence strategies can be tailored to each proliferant state. While the Unified Com-mands would shape the individual deterrence strategies, the national command authority (NCA) would retain control of key decisions. Guidelines for NBC regional deterrence should include developing credible counterproliferation postures, profiling potential adversaries, tailoring our military capabilities to specific threats, integrating NBC preparedness into exercises and warplans, and actively pursuing coalitions designed to deter regional proliferators from threatening to use or using NBC weapons.
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Kahan, Jerome H.
1996-04
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Evaluation of Intrusion Sensors and Video Assessment in Areas of Restricted Passage
"This report discusses an evaluation of intrusion sensors and video assessment in areas of restricted passage. The discussion focuses on applications of sensors and video assessment in suspended ceilings and air ducts. It also includes current and proposed requirements for intrusion detection and assessment. Detection and nuisance alarm characteristics of selected sensors as well as assessment capabilities of low-cost board cameras were included in the evaluation."
Sandia National Laboratories
Ringler, Charles E.; Hoover, Chris E.
1996-04
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Laboratory Evaluation of the IriScan Prototype Biometric Identifier
"One thing that all access control applications have in common is the need to identify those individuals authorized to gain access to an area. Traditionally, the identification is based on something that person possesses, such as a key or badge, or something they know, such as a PIN or password. Biometric identifiers make their decisions based on the physiological or behavioral characteristics of individuals. The potential of biometrics devices to positively identify individuals has made them attractive for use in access control and computer security applications. However, no systems perform perfectly, so it is important to understand what a biometric device's performance is under real world conditions before deciding to implement one in an access control system. This paper will describe the evaluation of a prototype biometric identifier provided by Iriscan Incorporated. This identifier was developed to recognize individual human beings based on the distinctive visual characteristics of the irises of their eyes. The main goal of the evaluation was to determine whether the system has potential as an access control device within the Department of Energy (DOE). The primary interest was an estimate of the accuracy of the system in terms of false accept and false reject rates. Data was also collected to estimate throughput time and user acceptability. The performance of the system during the test will be discussed. Lessons learned during the test which may aid in further testing and simplify implementation of a production system will also be discussed."
Sandia National Laboratories
Ahrens, Janet Steele; Bouchier, Frank
1996-04
