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Authority of the President to Restrict Munitions Imports Under the Arms Export Control Act: Memorandum Opinion for the Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council [February 9, 1996]
"This letter addresses and explains the basis for the oral advice that we provided in early April 1995 regarding the President's authority under the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. §§ 2751-2799aa-2, ('AECA') to restrict the import of certain munitions from the Russian Federation in furtherance of United States foreign policy. The question arises in connection with the Administration's plan, as part of a general program of eliminating Cold War restrictions on trade and economic cooperation with Russia, to take steps to remove Russia from the International Traffic in Arms Regulations ('ITAR') list, which provides that it is the policy of the United States to deny licenses for the import of defense articles originating in certain countries, including Russia. […] Russia's presence on the ITAR list means American businesses are not granted licenses necessary to import Russian munitions. Once Russia is off the ITAR list, there would be no general prohibition on gun imports from Russia. We understand that the issue concerns the negotiation of voluntary export restraints with Russia to ensure that, once Russia is removed from the ITAR list, munitions imports from Russia would not jeopardize public safety. The question has been raised whether the President possesses authority under the AECA to limit the import of munitions from Russia. We have concluded that restricting the import of Russian munitions to certain classes of firearms and ammunition is a legitimate use of the President's authority under the AECA to restrict the import of munitions in furtherance of United States foreign policy."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-02-09
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Public Law 104-104: Telecommunications Act of 1996
"An Act to promote competition and reduce regulation in order to secure lower prices and higher quality services for American telecommunications consumers and encourage the rapid deployment of new telecommunications technologies."
United States. Government Printing Office
1996-02-08
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Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare (C2W)
"This publication concentrates on command and control warfare (C2W) and is not intended to present comprehensive doctrine for the broader concept of information warfare (IW). It introduces and defines IW in general terms with the objective of clarifying its overarching relationship to C2W. The scope of C2W is defined in the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum of Policy 30, but the full dimensions of IW policy and its implementation are still emerging. This publication provides guidelines for integrating C2W into joint military operations and exercises by addressing the following doctrinal areas: C2W, a warfighting application of IW; Joint C2W organization; The elements of C2W; Intelligence support to C2W; C2W planning; C2W training and exercises; and C2W in multinational operations. While C2W has applications at the strategic and tactical levels of combat, this publication focuses on C2W as a part of military strategy for planning or conducting combat at the operational level. The operational level is the level at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within specific theaters or areas of operations."
United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
1996-02-07
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Executive Order 12988: Civil Justice Reform
Executive Order 12988 was enacted to promote the just and efficient resolution of civil claims.
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1996-02-05
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Assistance by State and Local Police in Apprehending Illegal Aliens: Memorandum Opinion for the United States Attorney, Southern District of California [February 5, 1996]
"Subject to the provisions of state law, state and local police may constitutionally detain or arrest aliens for violating the criminal provisions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act. State and local police lack recognized legal authority to stop and detain an alien solely on suspicion of civil deportability, as opposed to a criminal violation of the immigration laws or other laws. State and local police may detain aliens reasonably suspected of a criminal violation of the immigration laws for periods of as long as 45 to 60 minutes when detentions of that length are necessary to allow for the arrival of Border Patrol agents who are needed for the informed federal disposition of the suspected violations."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-02-05
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Summary Report California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Evaluation of Full-Face Air-Purifying Respirators for Wildland Fire Fighting Use
"Wildland fire suppression personnel employed by the CDF [California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection] do not currently have the equipment to protect themselves from the short-term acute affects of smoke from wildland fires. In addition, no regulations exist that specify appropriate respiratory protection and the current air-purifying respirator technology and carbon monoxide monitoring has not been adapted to fit wildland fire suppression requirements. This three-year limited study evaluated the ability of wildland fire fighters to perform their normal job function while wearing full-face air-purifying respirators. In the first two years of this study we designed, developed and field tested a prototype 'smart' air-purifying respirator which incorporated a real-time carbon monoxide monitor into a commercial full-face respirator. Data on carbon monoxide exposure while fighting wildland fires was collected. During the third year of this study we evaluated eight different commercially available full-face air-purifying respirators equipped with a variety of cartridges. Apparatus to aid the fire fighter in carrying the respirator and carbon monoxide personal monitor was designed and fabricated. A smoke exposure test method was developed and a laboratory study on the penetration of smoke through respirator cartridges was conducted."
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Beason, Donald G.; Johnson, James S.; Foote, Kenneth L. . . .
1996-02
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National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement [1996]
From the Introduction: "Our national security strategy is therefore based on enlarging the community of market democracies while deterring and limiting a range of threats to our nation, our allies and our interests. The more that democracy and political and economic liberalization take hold in the world, particularly in countries of strategic importance to us, the safer our nation is likely to be and the more our people are likely to prosper. [...] To that broad end, the three central components of our strategy of engagement and enlargement are: (1) our efforts to enhance our security by maintaining a strong defense capability and employing effective diplomacy to promote cooperative security measures; (2) our work to open foreign markets and spur global economic growth; and (3) our promotion of democracy abroad. It also explains how we are pursuing these elements of our strategy in specific regions by adapting and constructing institutions that will help to provide security and increase economic growth throughout the world."
United States. White House Office
1996-02
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NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations AMedP-6(B)
"The purpose of this handbook is to provide a guide for medical officers on the medical aspects of NBC [Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical] operations. The handbook is intended as a compilation of reference material and as a source of information for training. It does no constitute an official position of NATO nations; certain aspects, however, are already covered by STANAGs and this is being extended. In addition, it provides the basic philosophy for the development of concepts of operations and in the management, including evacuation and treatment, of NBC casualties as well as conventional battle casualties in a NBC environment. There are many unresolved problems and it must be appreciated that a number of the philosophical concepts presented are provisional; their validity will require reassessment in the light of future trials and exercises. The handbook is in three parts, Part I-Nuclear, Part II-Biological, and Part III-Chemical. Each part is self-contained and presented separately. There is some necessary overlap and several aspects are common to all three, for example: combined injuries; the effect of radiation on the response to infection and on the healing of thermal and chemical burns; psychological factors and morale; public health aspects; and medical care in a mass casualty situation. It should be noted that detailed information on the treatment of burns and traumatic injuries is contained in the Emergency War Surgery Handbook covered by STANAG 2068, which should be used in conjunction with this handbook."
United States. Department of the Army
1996-02-01
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Joint Force Quarterly: Winter 1995-96, Issue 10 [February 1996]
"NDU Press produces Joint Force Quarterly in concert with ongoing education and research at National Defense University in support of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman's joint military and security studies journal designed to inform and educate national security professionals on joint and integrated operations; whole of government contributions to national security policy and strategy; homeland security; and developments in training and joint military education to better equip America's military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow's challenges while protecting freedom today."
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Mendel, William W.
1996-02
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Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)
"Lists of the thirty United States deadliest and costliest land falling hurricanes during this century have been compiled from all data sources available at the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC). Damages are given both before and after adjustment for inflation. In addition, all major hurricanes which have made landfall in the United States during this century are listed. Some additional statistics on United States hurricanes of this and previous centuries and tropical cyclones in general are also presented."
United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Mayfield, Max, 1948-; Jarrell, Jerry D.; Hebert, Paul J.
1996-02
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Plutonium: The First 50 Years, United States Plutonium Production, Acquisition, and Utilization from 1944 Through 1994
This report from 1996 contains previously classified information pertaining to nuclear weapons. From the Executive Summary: "The report contains important newly declassified information regarding the U.S. production, acquisition, and removals of plutonium. This new information, when combined with previously declassified data, has allowed the DOE [Department of Energy] to issue, for the first time, a truly comprehensive report on the total DOE plutonium inventory. At the December 7, 1993, Openness Press Conference, the DOE declassified the plutonium inventories at eight locations totaling 33.5 metric tons (MT). This report declassifies the remainder of the DOE plutonium inventory. Newly declassified in this report is the quantity of plutonium at the Pantex Site, near Amarillo, Texas, and in the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile of 66.1 MT, which, when added to the previously released inventory of 33.5 MT, yields a total plutonium inventory of 99.5 MT. This report will document the sources which built up the plutonium inventory as well as the transactions which have removed plutonium from that inventory. From 1944 to September 1994, the U.S. Government produced and acquired a total of 111.4 metric tons of plutonium. During the same period of time, 12.0 MT of plutonium were removed resulting in an actual inventory of 99.5 MT as of September 30, 1994."
United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information
1996-02
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Statistical Report United States Attorneys Offices: Fiscal Year 1995
"The Executive Office for United States Attorneys provides oversight, general executive assistance and direction to the offices of the United States Attorneys and serves as liaison between the United States Attorneys and other Department components and federal agencies. One of its responsibilities on behalf of the United States Attorneys is the publication of this annual report. The charts and tables below reflect statistical summary of the matters and cases handled by the United States Attorneys offices. These charts and tables, however, cannot and do not reflect the quality and complexity of the criminal prosecutions and civil litigation conducted by the offices. Additionally, the statistics are woefully inadequate in presenting realistic picture of the time, effort and skill required to prosecute and litigate the cases. Some examples of cases handled during the year are included in the text to illustrate caseload composition, and more importantly, the successful efforts of the many men and women who work in the United States Attorneys offices. Finally, the significant liaison work performed by the United States Attorneys Assistant United States Attorneys and other members of the staff, with federal state and local law enforcement entities, the victims of crime the local community schools and other organizations cannot be quantified."
Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys
1996-02
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South China Sea: Future Source of Prosperity or Conflict in South East Asia?
The South China Sea, an area of 648,000 square nautical miles between the coast of Asia and the islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, is dotted with hundreds of islets, reefs, rocks and shoals, which are the subject of conflicting territorial claims. The presumed existence of large oil and gas deposits in these waters and the strategic importance of shipping lanes between East Asia and South Asia, the Middle East and Europe have increased the risk of confrontations over disputed areas of the South China Sea and the urgency of averting these possible confrontations through a peaceful settlement
National Defense University. Institute for National Strategic Studies
Hull, Richard E.
1996-02
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Counterfeit U.S. Currency Abroad: Issues and U.S. Deterrence Efforts
U.S. currency is counterfeited by a diverse group of perpetrators using a variety of methods. Although counterfeiters may engage in this activity for direct economic gain, counterfeiting is sometimes linked with other more nefarious criminal endeavors, such as drug trafficking, aims dealing, and alleged terrorist activities. According to law enforcement officials, counterfeiters run the gamut from office workers to organized crime and terrorist groups, and the equipment used for counterfeiting U.S. currency ranges from photocopiers to sophisticated offset presses. Moreover, the quality of counterfeit notes varies significantly, and even those made using the same method vary according to the sophistication of the perpetrator and the type of equipment used. Of increasing concern is the fact that certain foreign counterfeiters are becoming extremely sophisticated and are producing very high- quality counterfeit notes that are more difficult to detect than any previous counterfeits. Due to the criminal nature of this activity, the true extent of counterfeiting of U.S. currency abroad cannot be determined. The total level of counterfeit-currency detections-$208.7 million in fiscal year 1994-represented less than one one-thousandth of U.S. currency in circulation. Both Treasury and Secret Service officials agreed that counterfeiting of U.S. currency is a threat to be taken seriously, but that it is not now at a level that poses an economic threat to the U.S. monetary system. Treasury Department and Secret Service officials use counterfeit-detection data from the Secret Service to help assess the extent of counterfeiting. The Secret Service has also used these data to demonstrate significant increases in counterfeiting activity abroad, citing a 300-percent rise in detections in fiscal year 1993.
United States. General Accounting Office
1996-02
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Evaluations of Fiber Optic Sensors for Interior Applications
"This report addresses the testing and evaluation of commercial fiver optic intrusion detection systems in interior applications. The applications include laying optical fiber cable above suspended ceilings to detect removal of ceiling tiles, embedding optical fibers inside a tamper or item monitoring blanket that could be placed over an asset, and installing optical fibers on a door to detect movement or penetration. Detection capability of the fiber optic sensors as well as nuisance and false alarm information were focused on during the evaluation. Fiber optic sensor processing, system components, and system setup are described."
Sandia National Laboratories
Sandoval, Martin W.; Malone, Timothy P.
1996-02
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Implementation Challenges in Community Policing: Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing in Eight Cities
This brief discusses "an NIJ-sponsored evaluation of Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (INOP) programs, which were established with Bureau of Justice Assistance support in eight urban and suburban sites in 1990. Distinguished by their focus on neighborhood drug problems, the programs used community policing techniques, particularly police-community partnerships, to attempt to lower the demand for illegal drugs. Implementation issues received special emphasis in the study: the extent to which police officers understood and supported the projects and the degree to which other public agencies and the community were involved. The study also examined police and residents perceptions of INOP's impact. Because the evaluation was conducted relatively soon after the programs were adopted, it could not assess long-term effects."
National Institute of Justice (U.S.)
1996-02
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Five Minutes Past Midnight: The Clear and Present Danger of Nuclear Weapons Grade Fissile Materials (February 1996)
"Growing stockpiles of nuclear weapons grade fissile materials (plutonium and highly enriched uranium) are a 'clear and present danger' to international security. Much of this material is uncontrolled and unsecured in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Access to these materials is the primary technical barrier to a nuclear weapons capability since the technology know-how for a bomb making is available in the world scientific community. Strategies to convince proliferators to give up their nuclear ambitions are problematic since those ambitions are a party of largest regional security. There is no national material control and accounting in Russia. No one knows exactly how much fissile materials they have, and if any is missing. A bankrupt atomic energy industry, unpaid employees and little or no security has created a climate in which more and more fissile materials will likely be sold in black markets or diverted to clandestine nuclear weapons programs or transnational terrorist groups. Control over these materials will ultimately rely on the continuous and simultaneous exercise of several measures. While there is little one can do now to stop a determined proliferator, over time international consensus and a strengthened non-proliferation regime will convince proliferators that the costs outweigh the gains."
USAF Institute for National Security Studies
Roberts, Guy B.
1996-02
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Operational Assessment for Screener Proficiency Evaluation and Reporting System (SPEARS) Threat Image Projection
"This document is the Operational Assessment (OA) of the threat image projection training and testing component of the Screener Proficiency Evaluation and Reporting System (SPEARS) conducted at Los Angeles International Airport in 1995. This OA covers the test and evaluation of the EG&G Astrophysics Training and Testing (TnT) system which focused on determining its effectiveness in meeting the requirements set forth in the Critical Operational Issues and Criteria, Critical Technical Issues and Criteria and Test and Evaluation Plan provided by the Federal Aviation Administration. The TnT system did not meet 2 of the 3 Critical Operational Criteria and 4 of 7 Critical Technical Criteria during this test and should be considered ineffective and unsuitable in its current configuration."
United States. Federal Aviation Administration
Fobes, J. L.; Cormier, Stephen; McAnulty, D. Michael . . .
1996-02
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DOE Handbook: Process Safety Management for Highly Hazardous Chemicals
"This handbook provides information necessary to determine if a chemical process is covered by the PSM Rule and provides an interpretation of the 14 elements of the PSM Rule. An overview of these elements is given in Table 1.1. This handbook also describes DOE programs that may, with or without modification, satisfy the requirements of this Rule. Questions and answers, based on OSHA's responses to questions from industry and labor, are provided at the end of most sections. Applicable question numbers are referenced in the text in brackets. Sample programs are included that may be used to satisfy provisions of the PSM Rule. These sample programs are adapted from industry and are not mandatory, even though some contain directive language (e.g., will, shall, should). Appendix D lists additional sources of detailed PSM information. For specific guidance on the Process Hazards Analysis element , the reader is referred to the handbook, "Chemical Process Hazards Analysis" (DOE-HDBK-1100-96)."
United States. Department of Energy
1996-02
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DOE Handbook: Chemical Process Hazards Analysis
"The purpose of this handbook is to facilitate, within the DOE, the performance of chemical process hazards analyses (PrHAs) as required under the PSM Rule. It provides basic information for the performance of PrHAs, and should not be considered a complete resource on PrHA methods. Likewise, to determine if a facility is covered by the PSM rule, the reader should refer to the handbook, "Process Safety Management for Highly Hazardous Chemicals" (DOE-HDBK-1101-96). This handbook explains the minimum requirements for PrHAs outlined in the PSM Rule. Nowhere have requirements been added beyond what is specifically required by the rule."
United States. Department of Energy
1996-02
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Commercial Trucking: Safety and Infrastructure Issues Under the North American Free Trade Agreement
Because there are major differences between U.S. and Mexican trucking regulations and operating practices that could adversely affect highway safety and infrastructure in the United States, this GAO report evaluates the major implementation efforts associated with opening the U.S.-Mexican border to commercial trucking. Specifically, this report (1) reviews efforts to make compatible the differing trucking regulations of the United States and Mexico; (2) identifies major differences in U.S. and Mexican trucking regulations and operating and enforcement practices that could adversely affect highway safety and infrastructure; and (3) reviews federal and state governments' readiness to ensure that trucks from Mexico comply with U.S. trucking regulations.
United States. General Accounting Office
1996-02
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Immigration Emergency Fund: Memorandum for Stephen R. Colgate, Assistant Attorney General for Administration [January 26, 1996]
"The $20 million in the Immigration Emergency Fund for the reimbursement of states and localities for certain immigration-related assistance is available on an annual basis. You have asked us whether the $20 million in the Immigration Emergency Fund for reimbursement of states and localities for certain immigration-related assistance is available annually or whether a total of $20 million is available from the account for such expenses. We conclude that the $20 million is available annually."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-01-26
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Whether the District of Columbia's Clean Air Compliance Fee May Be Collected from the Federal Government: Memorandum for Emily C. Hewitt, General Counsel, General Services Administration [January 23, 1996]
"The District of Columbia's Clean Air Compliance Fee is a tax and may not be imposed on the federal government, because the D.C. Council lacks authority to impose taxes on the property of the United States. This memorandum responds to your request for our opinion on whether the District of Columbia ('District') may collect from the General Services Administration the Clean Air Compliance Fee ('Clean Air Fee' or 'Fee') established by a District of Columbia statute, the Clean Air Compliance Fee Act of 1994 ('Act'), D.C. Act 10-387, reprinted in 42 D.C. Reg. 86 (Jan. 6, 1995). As discussed below, we conclude that the District may not collect the Fee with respect to property owned by the United States."
United States. Department of Justice. Office of Legal Counsel
1996-01-23
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Department of Defense Instruction 5400.14: Procedures for Joint Public Affairs Operations
This document assigns responsibilities and procedures for the conduct of public affairs programs in support of joint, combined, and unilateral military operations. The manual contains a detailed list of updated responsibilities, procedures and definitions.
United States. Department of Defense
1996-01-22?
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Alternatives to Incarceration
"With the advent of prison and jail overcrowding in the early 1990's, alternatives to incarceration became a topic of great interest to facility administrators and tax payers. The costs of incarcerating individuals is ever increasing and fewer empty jail beds are available. 'The U. S. correction system has felt the effect of many developments over the past 20 years. But perhaps no event has challenged the system more than the social, economic, and political consequences of prison crowding' (Baer, 1989). To meet the needs of society in rehabilitating/ punishing those convicted of major or violent crimes, and insure that the offender spends an adequate amount of time behind bars, a means of providing rehabilitation and or punishment for those that commit lesser crimes must be found and implemented."
Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas
Humphrey, Richard G.
1996-01-14
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Executive Order 12985: Establishing the Armed Forces Service Medal
"By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including my authority as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: There is hereby established the Armed Forces Service Medal with accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, for award to members of the Armed Forces of the United States who, on or after June 1, 1992, in the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: (a) Participate, or have participated, as members of United States military units in a United States military operation in which personnel of any Armed Force participate that is deemed to be significant activity; and (b) Encounter no foreign armed opposition or imminent hostile action."
United States. Office of the Federal Register
Clinton, Bill, 1946-
1996-01-11
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Department of Defense Directive: Joint Public Affairs Operations
This document serves to update public affairs responsibilities for the Unified Combatant Commanders. This document also establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for the conduct of public affairs programs in support of joint, combined, and unilateral military operations.
United States. Department of Defense
1996-01-09
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Public Law 104-93: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996
"An Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1996 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes."
United States. Government Printing Office
1996-01-06
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1996 Selected Explosives Incidents
This report contains data on incidents involving explosives that occurred during 1996. Data reported includes the number of fatalities, injuries and property damage, motives for bombings and types of bombs and/or explosives used. The data is considered highly representative and sufficient to permit valid chronological, geographical, and trend analyzes. Categories appearing in this publication are those used by ATF in its intra-agency tracking of explosives incidents.
United States. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
1996
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Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) - Operational Plan
The objective of the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) is to establish an organized and integrated capability for timely, coordinated response by Federal agencies to peacetime radiological emergencies. The FRERP: provides the Federal Government's concept of operations based on specific authorities for responding to radiological emergencies; outlines Federal policies and planning considerations on which the concept of operations of this Plan and Federal agency specific response plans are based; and specifies authorities and responsibilities of each Federal agency that may have a significant role in such emergencies. There are two Sections in this Plan. Section I contains background, considerations, and scope. Section II describes the concept of operations for response.
United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1996
